Self consolidating concrete (SCC) is widely used in the construction industry. SCC is a high performance concrete with high workability and consistency allowing it to flow under its own weight without vibration and making the construction of heavily congested structural elements and narrow sections easier. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement, with its excellent mechanical properties and non-corrosive characteristic, is being used as a replacement for conventional steel reinforcement. In spite of the wide spread of SCC applications, bond and flexural behaviour of SCC beams reinforced or prestressed with FRP bars has not been fully studied. Furthermore, the ACI 440.1R-06 equation for determining the development length of FRP bars is based on Glass FRP (GFRP) bars and may not be applicable for Carbon FRP (CFRP) bars. This research program included an experimental and analytical study to investigate the flexural and bond behaviour of SCC beams reinforced with FRP bars and SCC beams prestressed with CFRP bars. In the experimental phase, fifty-six beams were fabricated and tested. Sixteen of these beams were prestressed with CFRP bars and forty beams were reinforced with non-prestressed GFRP or CFRP bars. Four concrete batches were used to fabricate all the specimens. Three mixes were of self consolidating concrete (SCC) and one mix was of normal vibrated concrete (NVC). The test parameters for the non-prestressed beams were the concrete type, bar type and bar diameter, concrete cover thickness and embedment length while the test parameters for the prestressed beams were the concrete type and the prestressing level (30%, 45% and 60%). The transfer length of the prestressed CFRP bars was determined by means of longitudinal concrete strain profile and draw-in methods. All beams were tested in four-point bending to failure. Measurements of load, midspan deflection, bar slip if any at the beam ends, strain in reinforcing FRP bar at various locations, and strain in concrete at the beam midspan were collected during the flexural test. The concrete compressive strength at flexural tests of SCC mix-1, mix-2, and mix-3 were 62.1MPa, 49.6MPa and 70.9MPa, respectively and for the NVC mix was 64.5MPa. The material test results showed that SCC mixes had lower modulus of elasticity mechanical properties than the NVC mix. The modulus of elasticity of the SCC mixes ranged between 65% and 82% of the NVC mix. The modulus of rupture of the SCC mixes was 86% of the NVC mixes. The test results for beams prestressed with CFRP bars revealed that the variation of transfer length of CFRP bars in SCC versus their prestressing level was nonlinear. The average measured transfer lengths of 12.7mm diameter CFRP bars prestressed to 30%, 45% and 60% was found to be 25db, 40db, 54db, respectively. Measured transfer lengths of the 12.7mm diameter CFRP bar prestressed to 30% in SCC met the ACI440.4 prediction. However, as the prestressing level increased, the predicted transfer length became unconservative. At a 60% prestress level, the measured/prediction ratio was 1.25. Beams prestressed with CFRP bars and subjected to flexural testing with shear spans less than the minimum development length had local bar slippage within the transmission zone. Beams that experienced local bond slip, their stiffness was significantly decreased. A modification to the existing model used to calculate the transfer and development lengths of CFRP bars in NVC beams was proposed to account for the SCC. The test results for beams reinforced with FRP bars indicated that the average bond strength of CFRP bars in NVC concrete is about 15% higher than that of GFRP bars in NVC. The ACI 440.1R-06 equation overestimated the development length of the CFRP bars by about 40%, while CAN/CSA-S6-06 equation was unconservative by about 50%. A new factor of (1/1.35) was proposed to estimate the development length of the CFRP bars in NVC when the ACI440.1R-06 equation is used. Beams made from SCC showed closer flexural crack spacing than similar beams made from NVC at a similar loading. The deflection of beams made from SCC and reinforced with CFRP bars was found to be slightly larger than those made from NVC. The average bond stresses of GFRP and CFRP bars in SCC were comparable to those in NVC. However, FRP bars embedded in SCC beams had higher bond stresses within the uncracked region of the beams than those embedded in NVC beams. In contrast, FRP bars in SCC had lower bond stresses than FRP bars in NVC within the cracked region. The average bond strength of GFRP in SCC was increased by 15% when the concrete cover thickness increased from 1.0db to 3.0db. Cover thicknesses of 2db and 3db were found to be sufficient to prevent bond splitting failure of GFRP and CFRP bars in SCC, respectively. Bond splitting failure was recorded when the cover thickness dropped to 1.5db for the GRP bars and to 2.0db for the CFRP bars. An insignificant increase in average bond stress was found when the bar diameter decreased from 12.7mm to 6.3mm for the CFRP bars, and a similar increase occurred in GFRP bars when the bar diameter decreased from 15.9mm to 9.5mm. New models to calculate the development length of GFRP and CFRP bars embedded in SCC were proposed based on the experimental results. These models capture the average bond stress profile along the embedment length. A good agreement was found between the proposed model and the experimental results. Analytical modeling of the load-deflection response based on the effective moment of inertia (ISIS Canada M5) was unconservative for SCC beams reinforced with CFRP bars by 25% at ultimate loading. A new model for bond stress versus Ma/Mcr (applied moment to cracking moment) ratio was developed for GFRP and CFRP bars in SCC and for CFRP bars in NVC. These bond stress models were incorporated in a new rigorous model to predict the load-deflection response based on the curvature approach. The FRP bar extension and bond stress models were used to calculate the load-deflection response. With these models 90% of the calculated deflections were found to be within ± 15% of the experimental measured results for SCC beams reinforced with FRP bars. Analytical modeling of the load-deflection for NVC and SCC beams prestressed with CFRP bars are proposed done. The moment resistance was calculated using Sectional Analysis approach. The deflection was calculated using simplified and detailed methods. The simplified method was based on the effective moment of inertia while the detailed method was based on effective moment of inertia and effective centroid. The experimental results correlated well with the detailed method at higher loads range. This study provided an understanding of the mechanism of bond and flexural behaviour of FRP reinforced and prestressed SCC beams. The information presented in this thesis is valuable for designers using FRP bars as flexural reinforcement and also for the development of design guidelines for SCC structures.

Epoxy resin is an important engineering material in many industries such as electronics, automotive, aerospace, etc not only because it is an excellent adhesive but also because the materials based on it provide outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Epoxy resin has been proved to be an excellent matrix material for the nanocomposites when including another phase such as inorganic nanofillers. The properties of a nanocomposite material, in general, are a hybrid between the properties of matrix material and the nanofillers. In this sense, the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of a nanocomposite may be affected by the corresponding properties of matrix material. When the sonication is used to disperse the nanofillers in the polymer matrix, with the dispersal of the nanofillers, there comes some modification in the matrix as well and it finally affects the properties of nanocomposites. In this regard, we attempted to study the thermal, mechanical, and dynamic properties of EPON 862 epoxy resin where ultrasonic processing was taken as the effect causing variable. Uncured epoxy was subjected to thermal behavior studies before and after ultrasonic treatment and the cured epoxies with amine hardener EPICURE 3223 (diethylenetriamine) after sonications were tested for mechanical and dynamic properties. We monitored the ultrasonic processing effect in fictive temperature, enthalpy, and specific heat capacity using differential scanning calorimetry. Fictive temperature decreased whereas enthalpy and specific heat capacity were found to increase with the increased ultrasonic processing time. Cured epoxy rectangular solid strips were used to study the mechanical and dynamic properties. Flexural strength at 3% strain value measured with Dillon universal testing machine under 3-point bending method was found to degrade with the ultrasonic processing. The storage modulus and damping properties were studied for the two samples sonicated for 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Our study showed that the 60 minutes sonicated sample has higher damping or loss modulus than 120 minutes sonicated sample.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the flexural strength of 5 ceramic dental materials and to compare the marginal fit of crowns made with e.max press and a new experimental (EXP) press ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials tested for flexural strength included: E.max press, E.maxCAD, ENAMIC, Experimental press, and Experimental-CAD. Each group (N= 10) was tested using the Instron 5566A using the piston-on-three-balls test. For the crown fit experiment an Ivorine tooth was prepared with a chamfer finish and used as the master die. Wax up crowns were made on the die and pressed with E.max press and the Experimental press. 5 crowns per material were obtained. A similar procedure was used with standard aluminum crown dies. Copings were waxed up and pressed: 3 copings of E.max and 6 copings of EXP. Eight measurements of marginal fit per restoration were obtained with an optical microscope at 200×. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey-HSD test (Significance level = 0.05). RESULTS: Mean and SD Flexural Strength values (MPa) per group were: E.max press: 486.96 (30.42). EXP press 378.16 (88.13). E.maxCAD 493.28 (55.2). EXP-CAD 420.63 (86.05). ENAMIC 157.59 (6.27). Mean and SD values for margin fit per group (Microns) were: E.max press 74 (19). EXP press 65 (19). CONCLUSIONS: E.max press has 28.8% higher FS than EXP press (P=0.0044). ENAMIC had the lower FS (as expected). EXP press had significantly lower marginal gap than E.max press by 12.2%. / 2018-09-28T00:00:00Z

A radiopacidade dos materiais restauradores deve permitir distinguí-los da estrutura dental. Os adesivos dentinários normalmente, não possuem radiopacidade satisfatória a qual pode ser buscada com o acréscimo de substâncias que apresentem essa característica. Entretanto, esses materiais não devem interferir negativamente nas propriedades do polímero formado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da adição de substâncias radiopacificantes em uma resina adesiva experimental nas propriedades do polímero. Uma resina adesiva experimental foi formulada com 50 % de Bis- GMA, 25 % TEGDMA, e 25 % HEMA, em peso, acrescido de Canforoquinona e EDAB (1% /mol). Para formar os grupos experimentais seis substâncias foram adicionadas à resina base: dióxido de titânio, óxido de bismuto, sulfato de bário, quartzo, dióxido de zircônio e trifluoreto de itérbio, em diferentes concentrações. A radiopacidade foi avaliada utilizando um sistema digital com placas de fósforo VistaScan (Dürr Dental GmbH & CO. KG, Bietigheim- Bissingen, Alemanha) sendo analisadas através do software DBSWIN 4.5, quanto a densidade radiográfica. As demais propriedades avaliadas foram: grau de conversão através de FTIR; resistência à flexão, baseada na normatização da ISO 4049/2010. Radiopacidade de resinas adesivas experimentais com ao menos 30% sulfato de bário ou óxido de bismuto ou 40% de zircônia apresentaram radiopacidade semelhante a 2mm de alumínio. Resinas adesivas com ao menos 20% de fluoreto de itérbio apresentaram radiopacidade satisfatória (2mm de Al) sem influenciar outras propriedades. / The radiopacity of restorative materials should be sufficient to allow the clinician to distinguish the material from normal and demineralized tissues. It is recognized that unfilled resin adhesives are radiolucent which could be reached with radiopaquing agents’ addition. The aim of this study is to evaluate, in an experimental adhesive resin, the influence of radiopaquing agents at polymer properties. A model adhesive resin was formulated with 50% of Bis-GMA, 25% of TEGDMA, 25% of HEMA in weight, and camphorquinone and EDAB (1%mol). The experimental groups were formed with addition of six radiopaquing agents: titanium dioxide, bismuth oxide, barium sulfate, quartz, zirconium, and ytterbium trifluoride at different concentration. The radiopacity was evaluated using an aluminum step-wedge and VistaScan (Dürr Dental GmbH & CO. KG, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Alemanha) phosphorous plates radiographs digital system and DBSWIN 4.5 software. The other properties evaluated were degree of conversion with FTIR and flexural strength, based at ISO 4049/2010. Radiopacity of model adhesive resins with at least 30% of barium sulfate or bismuth oxide or 40% of zircon showed no significant differences to 2mm of aluminum. Adhesive resin with at least 20% addition of ytterbium trifluoride presented satisfactory radiopacity (Al 2mm) without influencing other properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 schalch_m_dr_arafo.pdf: 538787 bytes, checksum: 4ca8b6178fc03b9c476272eb4ecb7907 (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fadiga flexural da porcelana feldspática Duceragold (Degudent, processada por sinterização), utilizando a ciclagem mecânica e o método de escada. Foram confeccionados setenta corpos-de-prova, em forma de barra (25mm de comprimento, 5mm de largura, 2mm de espessura - ISO 6872, 1997). Os resultados mostraram resistência à flexão de 93,19MPa e limite de resistência à fadiga de 29,65MPa (redução da resistência de 68,19%). Não houve diferença estatística para a resistência à flexão após ciclagem mecânica entre G1 (87,53MPa), G2 (95,32MPa) e G3 (97,30MPa). Nestas três situações, a ciclagem mecânica empregada não foi capaz de reduzir a resistência à flexão da porcelana feldspática. Embora não tenha havido redução de resistência nos grupos ciclados mecanicamente, a avaliação fractográfica evidenciou a presença de estrias, sinais característicos de fadiga. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural fatigue of a feldsphatic dental porcelain Duceragold (Degudent, convencional fusing), using cyclic loading and staircase method. Seventy specimens were made (25mm length; 5mm width; 2mm thick - ISO 6872). The flexural strength without prior cyclic loading was 93,19MPa and the limit fatigue was 29,65MPa (68,19% reduced strength). Analysis of the flexural strength with prior cyclic loading indicated no significant differences among G1 (87,53MPa), G2 (95,32MPa) and G3 (97,30MPa). On these groups, the cyclic loading did not reduce the flexural strength of a feldsphatic porcelain. Despite no reduce on strength was observed for cyclic loading groups, the fractography showed fatigue signals (striations).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12699.pdf: 1264556 bytes, checksum: ba1866e899ee4bcfff59125ceac32412 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Vergani / Banca: Ana Lucia Machado / Banca: Renata da Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia / Resumo: O procedimento de reembasamento da prótese é normalmente utilizado para restabelecer a adaptação entre a prótese e o tecido bucal. As resinas autopolimerizáveis são um dos materiais indicados para o reembasamento. No entanto, tem sido demonstrado que, após a polimerização das resinas autopolimerizáveis, nem todo o monômero é convertido em polímero e esse monômero residual pode afetar as propriedades mecânicas desses materiais. Estudos têm sugerido que o conteúdo de monômero residual pode ser reduzido pela irradiação em microondas ou tratamento em banho de água. Esse estudo avaliou o efeito dos tratamentos térmicos sobre a resistência à flexão e dureza Vickers de quatro resinas autopolimerizáveis para reembasamento (Duraliner II - D, Kooliner-K, Tokuso Rebase Fast - TR e Ufi Gel Hard - UGH) e uma resina termopolimerizável (Lucitone 550 - L). Para cada material, trinta corpos-de-prova foram confeccionados e igualmente divididos em três grupos. No grupo controle, os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao teste de resistência à flexão imediatamente após sua polimerização. Previamente ao teste, os grupos 2 e 3 foram submetidos ao tratamentos complementares em banho de água e irradiação por microondas, respectivamente. Os corpos-de-prova do material para base de prótese foram armazenados em água por 48 horas a 37o l 1oC previamente ao teste. As medidas de força foram realizadas em máquina de ensaio universal MTS 810 com uma velocidade de 5 mm/min, utilizando o teste em três pontos a uma distância de 50 mm entre os apoios. Em seguida, um dos fragmentos do corpo-de-prova foi submetido ao teste de dureza Vickers. Os valores de dureza foram determinados utilizando-se uma carga de 25 gf (resinas K, TR, L e UGH) e 10 gf para a resina D, após 30 segundos de contato. Doze mensurações de dureza foram realizadas em cada corpo-de-prova e ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: To maintain the prosthesis-tissue relationship, denture base reline procedure is commonly required. Autopolymerizing resins are one of the materials indicated for relining. It has been shown that, after polymerization, not all the monomer is converted to polymer in autopolymerizing resins and this residual monomer could detrimentally affect the mechanical properties of the materials. It has been suggested that the residual monomer could be decreased by microwave irradiation or water bath heat-treatments. This study investigated the effect of heat treatments on the flexural strength and Vickers hardness of four autopolymerizing reline resins (Duraliner II - D, Kooliner-K, Tokuso Rebase Fast-TR and Ufi Gel Hard-UGH) and one heat-polymerized resin (Lucitone 550-L). For each material, 30 specimens were made and equally divided into three groups. In control group, the specimens were submitted to the flexural strength test immediately after polymerization. Before testing, groups 2 and 3 were submitted to water bath and microwave post-cure treatments, respectively. The denture base material specimens were stored in water for 48 h at 37o l 1oC before they were bend-tested. Force measurements were made with a testing machine MTS 810 at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min using a three-point bending fixture with a span of 50 mm. Thereafter, one fragment of specimen was submitted to Vickers microhardness test. The values were determined by using a 25 gf load (resins K, TR, UGH and L) and 10 gf for resin D, after 30 s contact. Twelve hardness measurements were taken on each specimen and the average was then calculated. Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used for determination of statistical significance (p<0.01). The results demonstrated that: compared to the control groups, the flexural strength of TR and...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

A radiopacidade dos materiais restauradores deve permitir distinguí-los da estrutura dental. Os adesivos dentinários normalmente, não possuem radiopacidade satisfatória a qual pode ser buscada com o acréscimo de substâncias que apresentem essa característica. Entretanto, esses materiais não devem interferir negativamente nas propriedades do polímero formado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da adição de substâncias radiopacificantes em uma resina adesiva experimental nas propriedades do polímero. Uma resina adesiva experimental foi formulada com 50 % de Bis- GMA, 25 % TEGDMA, e 25 % HEMA, em peso, acrescido de Canforoquinona e EDAB (1% /mol). Para formar os grupos experimentais seis substâncias foram adicionadas à resina base: dióxido de titânio, óxido de bismuto, sulfato de bário, quartzo, dióxido de zircônio e trifluoreto de itérbio, em diferentes concentrações. A radiopacidade foi avaliada utilizando um sistema digital com placas de fósforo VistaScan (Dürr Dental GmbH & CO. KG, Bietigheim- Bissingen, Alemanha) sendo analisadas através do software DBSWIN 4.5, quanto a densidade radiográfica. As demais propriedades avaliadas foram: grau de conversão através de FTIR; resistência à flexão, baseada na normatização da ISO 4049/2010. Radiopacidade de resinas adesivas experimentais com ao menos 30% sulfato de bário ou óxido de bismuto ou 40% de zircônia apresentaram radiopacidade semelhante a 2mm de alumínio. Resinas adesivas com ao menos 20% de fluoreto de itérbio apresentaram radiopacidade satisfatória (2mm de Al) sem influenciar outras propriedades. / The radiopacity of restorative materials should be sufficient to allow the clinician to distinguish the material from normal and demineralized tissues. It is recognized that unfilled resin adhesives are radiolucent which could be reached with radiopaquing agents’ addition. The aim of this study is to evaluate, in an experimental adhesive resin, the influence of radiopaquing agents at polymer properties. A model adhesive resin was formulated with 50% of Bis-GMA, 25% of TEGDMA, 25% of HEMA in weight, and camphorquinone and EDAB (1%mol). The experimental groups were formed with addition of six radiopaquing agents: titanium dioxide, bismuth oxide, barium sulfate, quartz, zirconium, and ytterbium trifluoride at different concentration. The radiopacity was evaluated using an aluminum step-wedge and VistaScan (Dürr Dental GmbH & CO. KG, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Alemanha) phosphorous plates radiographs digital system and DBSWIN 4.5 software. The other properties evaluated were degree of conversion with FTIR and flexural strength, based at ISO 4049/2010. Radiopacity of model adhesive resins with at least 30% of barium sulfate or bismuth oxide or 40% of zircon showed no significant differences to 2mm of aluminum. Adhesive resin with at least 20% addition of ytterbium trifluoride presented satisfactory radiopacity (Al 2mm) without influencing other properties.

A radiopacidade dos materiais restauradores deve permitir distinguí-los da estrutura dental. Os adesivos dentinários normalmente, não possuem radiopacidade satisfatória a qual pode ser buscada com o acréscimo de substâncias que apresentem essa característica. Entretanto, esses materiais não devem interferir negativamente nas propriedades do polímero formado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da adição de substâncias radiopacificantes em uma resina adesiva experimental nas propriedades do polímero. Uma resina adesiva experimental foi formulada com 50 % de Bis- GMA, 25 % TEGDMA, e 25 % HEMA, em peso, acrescido de Canforoquinona e EDAB (1% /mol). Para formar os grupos experimentais seis substâncias foram adicionadas à resina base: dióxido de titânio, óxido de bismuto, sulfato de bário, quartzo, dióxido de zircônio e trifluoreto de itérbio, em diferentes concentrações. A radiopacidade foi avaliada utilizando um sistema digital com placas de fósforo VistaScan (Dürr Dental GmbH & CO. KG, Bietigheim- Bissingen, Alemanha) sendo analisadas através do software DBSWIN 4.5, quanto a densidade radiográfica. As demais propriedades avaliadas foram: grau de conversão através de FTIR; resistência à flexão, baseada na normatização da ISO 4049/2010. Radiopacidade de resinas adesivas experimentais com ao menos 30% sulfato de bário ou óxido de bismuto ou 40% de zircônia apresentaram radiopacidade semelhante a 2mm de alumínio. Resinas adesivas com ao menos 20% de fluoreto de itérbio apresentaram radiopacidade satisfatória (2mm de Al) sem influenciar outras propriedades. / The radiopacity of restorative materials should be sufficient to allow the clinician to distinguish the material from normal and demineralized tissues. It is recognized that unfilled resin adhesives are radiolucent which could be reached with radiopaquing agents’ addition. The aim of this study is to evaluate, in an experimental adhesive resin, the influence of radiopaquing agents at polymer properties. A model adhesive resin was formulated with 50% of Bis-GMA, 25% of TEGDMA, 25% of HEMA in weight, and camphorquinone and EDAB (1%mol). The experimental groups were formed with addition of six radiopaquing agents: titanium dioxide, bismuth oxide, barium sulfate, quartz, zirconium, and ytterbium trifluoride at different concentration. The radiopacity was evaluated using an aluminum step-wedge and VistaScan (Dürr Dental GmbH & CO. KG, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Alemanha) phosphorous plates radiographs digital system and DBSWIN 4.5 software. The other properties evaluated were degree of conversion with FTIR and flexural strength, based at ISO 4049/2010. Radiopacity of model adhesive resins with at least 30% of barium sulfate or bismuth oxide or 40% of zircon showed no significant differences to 2mm of aluminum. Adhesive resin with at least 20% addition of ytterbium trifluoride presented satisfactory radiopacity (Al 2mm) without influencing other properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 12699.pdf: 1264556 bytes, checksum: ba1866e899ee4bcfff59125ceac32412 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo