<p dir="ltr">The electrification of pneumatic or hydraulic system on aircraft has been shown effective in reducing the fuel burn. Recently, electrifying propulsive loads has attracted a lot of atten- tion to further improve fuel economy. This work focuses on tools to facilitate more electric aircraft at conceptual design stage, particularly assuming a turbo-generator architecture. Specifically, we develop a simulation tool, mimicking SUAVE [1], which allows mission and fuel burn analysis. Major differences from SUAVE include more detailed models of compo- nents in the electric propulsive branch and degrees of freedom to adjust the velocity profile along the entire mission. Based on the simulator, this work further proposes to leverage a gradient-free optimization technique, which optimizes the optimal velocity profile along the entire mission to minimize fuel burn. Simulation results on two aircraft designs, a con- ventional Boeing 737-800 and NASA-STARC-ABL, verify the effectiveness of the proposed tools.</p>

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This thesis work is part of a design process which aims to develop a four-seathybrid-electric aircraft at Smartflyer (Grenchen, Switzerland). In that scope,various mechanisms of the plane had to be developed, including the systemactuating the control surfaces. The objective of this thesis work is to designthe primary flight controls which will be implemented in the first prototypebuilt at Smartflyer.Firstly, the work investigates the calculation of the aerodynamic loads appliedto the control surfaces through the use of three different methods which areanalytical calculations, VLM analysis and CFD simulation. Then, the workconsists in defining the kinematic mechanisms of the flight control to handlethe deflection of the horizontal stabiliser, the ailerons and the rudder. Lastly,the calculation of the forces to which are submitted the components of theflight control is conducted. This step allows to determine the pilot controlforces and ensures to take into account the ergonomic aspect during the designphase. The results of this work highlight the limits of the different methodsused and serves as a basis for a future sizing work and detailed conception. / Detta uppsatsarbete är en del av en designprocess som syftar till att utvecklaett fyrsitsigt hybridelektriskt flygplan vid Smartflyer (Grenchen, Schweiz). Idetta omfång måste olika mekanismer i planet utvecklas, inklusive systemetsom manövrerar kontrollytorna. Syftet med detta uppsatsarbete är att utformade primära flygkontrollerna som kommer att implementeras i den första prototypensom byggdes på Smartflyer.För det första undersöker arbetet beräkningen av de aerodynamiska belastningarnasom appliceras på kontrollytorna genom användning av tre olika metodersom är analytiska beräkningar, VLM-analys och CFD-simulering. Därefter bestårarbetet i att definiera de kinematiska mekanismerna för flygkontrollen föratt hantera avböjningen av den horisontella stabilisatorn, kranarna och rodret.Slutligen genomförs beräkningen av de krafter till vilka komponenterna i flygkontrollenöverförs. Detta steg gör det möjligt att bestämma pilotstyrkrafternaoch säkerställer att man tar hänsyn till den ergonomiska aspekten under designfasen.Resultaten av detta arbete belyser gränserna för de olika metodersom används och tjänar som grund för ett framtida storleksarbete och detaljeraduppfattning.

The interaction of an aircraft's structure and the flight dynamics can degrade the performance of a controller designed only considering the rigid body flight dynamics. These concerns are greater for the next generation adaptive controls. These interactions lead to an increase in the tracking error, instabilities in the control parameters, and significant structural excitations. To improve the understanding of these issues the interactions have been examined using simulation as well as flight testing of a subscale aircraft. The scaling required for such a subscale aircraft has also been examined. For the simulation a coordinate system where the non-linear flight dynamics are orthogonal to the linear structural dynamics was defined. The orthogonality allows the use of separates models for the aerodynamics. For the non-linear flight dynamics, preexisting table lookups with extended vortex lattice are used to determine the aerodynamic forces. Strip theory is then used to determine the smaller, but still important, unsteady aerodynamic forces due to the flexible motion. Because the orientation of the engines is dependent on the structural deformations, the propulsive force is modeled as a non-conservative follower force. The simulation of the integrated dynamics is then used to examine the effects of the aircraft flexibility and resultant ASE interactions on the performance of adaptive controls. For the scaling, the complete similitude of a flexible aircraft was examined. However, this complete similitude is unfeasible for an actual model, so partial similitude is investigated using two approaches. First, the classical approximations of the flight dynamic modes are used to reduce the order of the coupled model, and consequently the number of scaling parameters required to maintain the physics of the system. The second approach uses sensitivity of the response to errors in the aircraft's nondimensional parameters. Both methods give a consistent set of nondimensional parameters which do not have significant influence on the aeroservoelastic interaction. These parameters do not need to be scaled, thus leading to a viable scaled model. A subscale vehicle has been designed which shows significant coupling between the flight dynamics and structural dynamics. This vehicle was used to validate the results of the scaling theory. Output error system identification was used to identify a model from the flight test data. This identified model provides the frequency of the short-period mode, and the effects of the Froude number on the flexibility. / Ph. D.

The nonlinear simulation model of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in MATLAB&reg / /Simulink&reg / environment is developed by taking into consideration all the possible major system components such as actuators, gravity, engine, atmosphere, wind-turbulence models, as well as the aerodynamics components in the 6 DOF equations of motion. Trim and linearization of the developed nonlinear model are accomplished and various related analyses are carried out. The model is validated by comparing with a similar UAV data in terms of open loop dynamic stability characteristics. Using two main approaches / namely, classical and optimal, linear controllers are designed. For the classical approach, Simulink Response Optimization (SRO) tool of MATLAB&reg / /Simulink&reg / is utilized, whereas for the optimal controller approach, linear quadratic (LQ) controller design method is implemented, again by the help of the tools put forth by MATLAB&reg / . The controllers are designed for control of roll, heading, coordinated turn, flight path, pitch, altitude, and airspeed, i.e., for the achievement of all low-level control functions. These linear controllers are integrated into the nonlinear model, by carrying out gain scheduling with respect to airspeed and altitude, controller input linearization regarding the perturbed states and control inputs, and anti integral wind-up scheme regarding the possible wind-up of the integrators in the controller structures. The responses of the nonlinear model controlled with the two controllers are compared based on the military flight control requirements. The advantages and disadvantages of these two frequently used controllers in industry are investigated and discussed. These results are to be evaluated by the designers themselves based on the design criteria of a project that is worked on.