Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-13T18:34:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final impressa.pdf: 3412882 bytes, checksum: dec9624f6912de6df9fc6499743eda18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-16T19:15:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final impressa.pdf: 3412882 bytes, checksum: dec9624f6912de6df9fc6499743eda18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:15:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final impressa.pdf: 3412882 bytes, checksum: dec9624f6912de6df9fc6499743eda18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Na região sul do estado do Amazonas, o arroz de terras altas normalmente é produzido no período chuvoso, com produtividade média inferior à de outros estados, a exemplo do Rio Grande do Sul. Nesse período, o elevado índice de precipitação pluviométrica na região provoca a subida do lençol freático, o que tende a favorecer o cultivo de arroz irrigado com irrigação suplementar e aumento da produtividade. No entanto, os solos apresentam elevada acidez potencial e quando submetidos ao alagamento, não apresentam um aumento adequado do pH. Nesse sentido, os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar atributos do solo e do arroz em função da calagem e do manejo de água; atributos agronômicos em função do manejo de água e cultivares de arroz irrigado no período chuvoso e seco. Para isso foi conduzido um experimento com arroz irrigado em casa de vegetação e dois experimentos à campo. Os resultados do experimento com calagem e manejo de água em casa de vegetação revelaram que, a calagem é necessária e promove o maior estado de redução e um aumento mais acentuado do pH da solução do solo em relação ao manejo alagado e saturado sem calagem. Os resultados do experimento à campo no período chuvoso mostraram que, com níveis adequados de nutrientes no solo e no tecido das plantas de arroz, as produtividades foram semelhantes entre os manejos aeróbio, saturado e alagado em condições de elevada precipitação pluvial. Os manejos de água proporcionaram teores de nutrientes variáveis no tecido, porém todos em níveis adequados ou superior. O manejo alagado proporcionou de forma mais pronunciada que o manejo saturado, a diminuição da severidade de brusone e mancha parda na folha do arroz. Os manejos saturado e aeróbio proporcionaram uma economia aproximada de 75 e 100% respectivamente, de água aplicada em relação ao manejo alagado. Os resultados do experimento à campo no período seco mostraram que, o manejo alagado promoveu a maior produtividade de grãos em relação aos manejos saturado e capacidade de campo. Conclui-se que, a calagem é indispensável nos solos dos campos naturais no cultivo de arroz por alagamento. No período chuvoso, os manejos aeróbio, saturado e alagado proporcionam produtividades semelhantes em condições de elevada precipitação pluvial e elevação natural do lençol freático. Os manejos saturado e aeróbio propiciam o menor volume total de água consumida no cultivo do arroz e maior eficiência do uso da água. No período seco, o manejo alagado promove maior produtividade de grãos em relação aos manejos saturado e capacidade de campo. Os valores do consumo de água nos manejos alagado e saturado são extremamente elevados no período seco, devido às perdas de água por fluxo lateral e por percolação em profundidade. O manejo de água capacidade de campo propicia o menor consumo de água e maior eficiência do uso da água no período seco. / In the southern region of the state of Amazonas, upland rice is normally produced in the rainy season, with average productivity lower than that of other states, such as Rio Grande do Sul. During this period, the high rainfall index in the region causes the water table to rise, which tends to favor irrigated rice cultivation with additional irrigation and increased productivity. However, the soils present high potential acidity and when submitted to flooding, do not present an adequate increase of pH. In this sense, the objectives of the work were to evaluate attributes of soil and rice as a function of liming and water management; agronomic attributes as a function of water management and irrigated rice cultivars in the rainy and dry season. For this, an experiment was conducted with irrigated rice in a greenhouse and two field trials. The results of the experiment with liming and greenhouse water management revealed that liming is necessary and promotes a higher state of reduction and a more pronounced increase in pH of the soil solution in relation to flooded and saturated management without liming. The results of the field experiment in the rainy season showed that, with adequate levels of nutrients in soil and rice plant tissue, yields were similar between aerobic, saturated and flooded managements under conditions of high rainfall. Water management provided variable nutrient contents in the tissue, but all at appropriate levels or higher. The flooded management provided in a more pronounced way than the saturated handling, the reduction of the severity of blast and brown spot in the rice leaf. The saturated and aerobic managements provided an approximate saving of 75 and 100%, respectively, of applied water in relation to the flooded management. The results of the field experiment in the dry period showed that, the flooded management promoted the highest grain yield in relation to the saturated managements and field capacity. It is concluded that liming is indispensable in soils of natural fields in rice cultivation by flooding. In the rainy season, aerobic, saturated and flooded managements provide similar productivity in conditions of high rainfall and natural elevation of the water table. Saturated and aerobic management provide the lowest total volume of water consumed in rice cultivation and greater water use efficiency. In the dry season, flooded management promotes higher grain yield in relation to saturated management and field capacity. The values of water consumption in flooded and saturated water management are extremely high in the dry period, due to losses of water by lateral flow and percolation in depth. The management of water field capacity provides the lowest water consumption and greater efficiency of water use in the dry period.

No description available.

L’objectif de ce travail était de caractériser la variabilité saisonnière des échanges gazeux des arbres de la canopée en forêt tropicale humide guyanaise confrontés à des saisons sèches.L’étude s’est orientée sur la mesure des flux de carbone et d’eau au cours des saisons sèches dans deux habitats contrastés du point de vue hydrique, afin de préciser leur sensibilité et réponse à la sècheresse. Nos résultats montrent qu’une proportion non négligeable d’arbres ne subit pas de sécheresse marquée en saison sèche, malgré la forte diminution de la teneur en eau du sol en surface. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que ces arbres possèdent alors des racines en profondeur qui leur permettent d’accéder aux horizons qui restent humides malgré la faible pluviométrie. Durant les longues saisons sèches, nous observons une diminution de l’assimilation nette de CO2 foliaire, de l’efflux de CO2 des troncs ou de la densité de flux de sève, et dans une moindre mesure de la respiration foliaire. Cette diminution concerne un nombre plus important d’arbres, quand l’intensité de la sécheresse est plus forte (2008 par rapport à 2007). Néanmoins, de grandes différences de réponse à la sècheresse du sol ont été observées, suggérant des sensibilités et des mécanismes de réponse différents entre ces arbres. En habitat de bas-fond, nous montrons une plus faible diminution des flux carbonés et hydriques en saison sèche, suggérant un accès pour ces arbres aux horizons humides, proches de la nappe phréatique. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent pour certains arbres un effet négatif des conditions d’anoxie sur ces flux en saison des pluies.Si l’accentuation de l’intensité des saisons sèches en forêt tropicale humide Amazonienne se confirme, comme suggérée par les modèles climatiques, ce travail suggère des modifications rapides de la composition spécifique des forêts, au profit des espèces plus résistantes aux contraintes hydriques / The aim of this work was to characterize the seasonal variations in leaf and trunk gas exchange of tropical rainforest canopy trees exposed to dry seasons. This study focused on measuring gas exchange (CO2 and H2O) at the leaf and trunk level during dry seasons in a Terra firme forest and in a seasonally flooded forest in order to specify their sensitivity and response to drought.Our results showed that part of the studied trees do not encounter a large reduction in soil water content during dry seasons, suggesting that they display deep rooting systems.During long dry periods, we recorded a decrease in leaf photosynthesis, trunk CO2 efflux or sap flow density, and foliar respiration to a lesser extent, for a majority of the trees. Nevertheless, large differences among trees in their response to these conditions were observed, suggesting distinct sensitivities and response to soil drought among trees. Furthermore, these variations were greatest when soil drought was highest (2008 as compared to 2007).In seasonally flooded forest, the decrease in gas exchange was less, suggesting that these trees do have access to wet layers during the dry season, close to the groundwater. However, during wet seasons, we observed a negative effect of anoxia for some trees, whereas others did not display any response, suggesting large differences in tolerance to anoxia among trees abundant in these seasonally flooded forests.We conclude that would seasonal soil droughts increase over the next decades, large vegetation changes might occur because of the large differences among trees in their functional response to soil drought conditions

The thesis aims to determine the influence partial or complete submerge of hollow cone valve by outflow on its capacity without space restrictions, by outflow into discharge chamber and by outflow into water tunnel of circular cross section. The valve capacity is for mutual comparability purposes usually characterized by discharge coefficient. Research works have been performed on a spatial hydraulic model of the valve with inlet diameter D = 67 mm and an apex angle of a cone 90°. Values of the discharge coefficient obtained from measurements were statistically analyzed. The dependence of discharge coefficient, expressed by energy head, on submerged level was approximated by an exponential function. Exponent value of this function express the dependance rate of valve capacity on downstream water level. This procedure didn’t demonstrate signifiant dependance downstream water level on hollow cone valve capacity, only on tests at outflow to water tunel showed a low increase in the discharge coefficient partly due to the influence of kinetic energy of the stream flowing out of the tunnel on the energy head and also due to underpressure. Independence of discharge coefficient value on valve head has been prooved for head greather than 232 mm. Also was defined 3 stages of interaction outflow jet from valve and downstream water, some of them may cause on real waterworks structures unfavorable situations (may affect excessive load on valve by pressure pulsations). The presented results allow better evaluation of bottom outlets capacity at higher water levels, when the valves are flooded. Significant effect of sufficient aeration (especially in long water tunnels) on valve capacity was also confirmed. Taking into account on the specifics of hollow jet valves and cone valves, it is possible to generalize some of this resultos on them as well.

This Master thesis compares growth of Percidae and Cyprinidae in flooded mining pit Most with water reservoir Vír, which is stable, fifty years old. Fish were cought using toils by workers from Hydrobiology institute, Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic, which are exploring fish stock. Otoliths, scales, and operculas from both families, Cyrinidae and Percidae, were removed from fish for age determination and growth back-calculation in individual years. Due to surplus of nutrients and food in flooding mining pit is assumed a huge growth difference in the first two years of life. The aim of this thesis is not only to describe the difference in the expected growth of individual species, but also to estimate its causes. At the same time will be in a very contrasting conditions compared different methods of age determination. Key words: otolith, fish age, fish population, fish growth, water reservoir, flooded mining pit, growth back-calculations

This doctoral thesis deals with the valuation of damage to buildings affected by floods. In its individual parts, it researches floods as a risk, focuses on the damage caused by this natural phenomenon and examines the methods used to assess the damages caused by floods. With the beginnings of human settlement, the vicinity of rivers has been inhabited for the many befits that watercourses bring. However, there are many dangers associated with this, especially the ones associated with the spillage of riverbeds – with floods. This phenomenon causes considerable damage to property, the environment or human health and lives. There are many measures to eliminate the risk of flooding, or at least mitigate its effects. This work further researches the mitigating of impacts – it examines the methods of determining the amount of damage to buildings caused by floods, looks for factors and parameters influencing the amount of damage and focuses on streamlining these methods. The aim of the thesis is to find a suitable methodology/model that can automate the calculation of the amount of damage, or in other words, to find a quick and at the same time sufficiently accurate solution to this problem. The main output of the thesis is the equation of the damage curve and a model for the amount of damage calculation based on the principle of damage curves using the hybrid genetic algorithm. Another output is a practical tool that works on the basis of the said algorithm and automatically calculates the amount of damage to the building when entering very basic information about the damaged object.