This research describes a method of using distributed acoustic sensing to noninvasively measure volumetric flow rate via multiple unique sensor styles. This work modifies previously used methods of flow detection via fiber optic acoustic sensors affixed onto the exterior body of a flow apparatus. Flow rate measurement methods for two unique sensor styles are described. Weak trends are additionally observed as a function of flow temperature that may represent opportunity for future optimization. A discussion of current noninvasive flow rate measurement methods is given as well as their limitations. A background of distributed acoustic sensing is presented along with a summary of its fundamentals as well as its functionality in noninvasive flow rate measurement. A description of previous techniques that utilized distributed acoustic sensing in conjunction with fiber optic acoustic sensing is shown. The acoustic properties of the fluid-induced vibrations are measured as a function of flow rate and flow temperature utilizing a special type of fiber optic sensor. Numerically smoothed frequency domain acoustic peaks are evaluated by intensity, area, central frequency, and full width at half maximum as flow conditions vary. All tested sensors were found to yield a strong dependence between peak intensity and flow rate. A dependence between central frequency and flow temperature was observed in some cases. The sensor system developed was able to measure fluid-induced vibration intensity and vibrational central frequency and offers potential uses in a myriad of vibrational applications. / Master of Science / This research provides a method of measuring fluid-induced vibrations caused by internal pressure fluctuations stemming from a variety of flow conditions. In this case, a specially fabricated optical fiber is applied to the external surface of the pipe. As water flows at a known volumetric flow rate and temperature, the acoustic signal generated is detected by the optical sensor signal demodulation system. The fiber used is a silicate material designed to transmit optical signals over long distances with minimal loss. Modifications to the fiber can be made to differentiate the measured optical signal loss by frequency band, as well as to designate the spatial position on a fiber sensor to locate where loss is occurring. By measuring optical loss of distinct fiber spatial positions at high sampling frequencies, an abundance of sensing opportunities become available. In knowing optical signal travel time of select wavelengths to corresponding strain characteristics amongst a section of fiber, optoelectronic devices with strong computing power called interrogators can powerfully measure the intensity and rate of fiber strain at a significantly high sampling frequency. Fiber optic sensors have been used in many areas where monitoring of changes in positional microstrain is desired. Such sensors are embedded in-ground for seismic monitoring, as well as on the ocean floor for submarine structural characterization with long singular fibers. Flow rate measurement is performed with fiber coils and various other geometries for active oil wells, fission reactors, and other areas. Improving the performance and applicational flexibility of these sensors allows for greater opportunity for scientific advancement in an array of fields. This research was completed to offer a new method of flow rate measurement while also gauging if flow temperature was able to be measured via a single fiber optic sensor. Fiber strain was observed to be strongly dependent on flow rate, whereas the rate at which strain occurred suggests simultaneous flow and temperature measurement is possible in certain types of fiber arrangements. The work produced in this research is a step towards singular-fiber flow rate and temperature sensing.

In this study, effect of surface roughness on convective heat transfer and fluid flow in two dimensional parallel plate microchannels is analyzed by numerically. For this purpose, single-phase, developing, laminar fluid flow at steady state and in the slip flow regime is considered. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations for Newtonian fluids are solved numerically for constant wall temperature boundary condition. Slip velocity and temperature jump at wall boundaries are imposed to observe the rarefaction effect. Effect of axial conduction inside the fluid and viscous dissipation also considered separately. Roughness elements on the surfaces are simulated by triangular geometrical obstructions. Then, the effect of these roughness elements on the velocity field and Nusselt number are compared to the results obtained from the analyses of flows in microchannels with smooth surfaces. It is found that increasing surface roughness reduces the heat transfer at continuum conditions. However in slip flow regime, increase in Nusselt number with increasing roughness height is observed. Moreover, this increase is found to be more obvious at low rarefied flows. It is also found that presence of axial conduction and viscous dissipation has increasing effect on heat transfer in smooth and rough channels.

The path to future aero-engines with more efficient engine architectures requires advanced thermal management technologies to handle the demand of refrigeration and lubrication. Oil systems, holding a double function as lubricant and coolant circuits, require supplemental cooling sources to the conventional fuel based cooling systems as the current oil thermal capacity becomes saturated with future engine developments. The present research focuses on air/oil coolers, which geometrical characteristics and location are designed to minimize aerodynamic effects while maximizing the thermal exchange. The heat exchangers composed of parallel fins are integrated at the inner wall of the secondary duct of a turbofan. The analysis of the interaction between the three-dimensional high velocity bypass flow and the heat exchangers is essential to evaluate and optimize the aero-thermodynamic performances, and to provide data for engine modeling. The objectives of this research are the development of engine testing methods alternative to flight testing, and the characterization of the aerothermal behavior of different finned heat exchanger configurations. A new blow-down wind tunnel test facility was specifically designed to replicate the engine bypass flow in the region of the splitter. The annular sector type test section consists on a complex 3D geometry, as a result of three dimensional numerical flow simulations. The flow evolves over the splitter duplicated at real scale, guided by helicoidally shaped lateral walls. The development of measurement techniques for the present application involved the design of instrumentation, testing procedures and data reduction methods. Detailed studies were focused on multi-hole and fine wire thermocouple probes. Two types of test campaigns were performed dedicated to: flow measurements along the test section for different test configurations, i.e. in the absence of heat exchangers and in the presence of different heat exchanger geometries, and heat transfer measurements on the heat exchanger. As a result contours of flow velocity, angular distributions, total and static pressures, temperatures and turbulence intensities, at different bypass duct axial positions, as well as wall pressures along the test section, were obtained. The analysis of the flow development along the test section allowed the understanding of the different flow behaviors for each test configuration. Comparison of flow variables at each measurement plane permitted quantifying and contrasting the different flow disturbances. Detailed analyses of the flow downstream of the heat exchangers were assessed to characterize the flow in the fins¿ wake region. The aerodynamic performance of each heat exchanger configuration was evaluated in terms of non dimensional pressure losses. Fins convective heat transfer characteristics were derived from the infrared fin surface temperature measurements through a new methodology based on inverse heat transfer methods coupled with conductive heat flux models. The experimental characterization permitted to evaluate the cooling capacity of the investigated type of heat exchangers for the design operational conditions. Finally, the thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger at different points of the flight envelope during a typical commercial mission was estimated by extrapolating the convective properties of the flow to flight conditions. / Villafañe Roca, L. (2013). Experimental Aerothermal Performance of Turbofan Bypass Flow Heat Exchangers [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34774 / TESIS