Anthropogenic emissions of acidifying substances, mainly sulfur dioxide, during the second half of the 20th century caused a widespread acidification of many European freshwater environments. Even relatively remote areas, such as inland northern Sweden, experienced reduced pH-values, much due to low buffering capacity in the environment. Extensive liming has taken place in Sweden over the past fifty years to counteract negative effects on limnic ecosystems. Despite a general increase in pH over the last decades, problems with acidification still occur. However, this can be hard to separate from natural acidity due to a large landscape variability. This study aims at describing the temporal and spatial variation of pH and pH-related parameters in Bastuån, a 46 km2 watershed in Jämtland, Sweden, which is being investigated for future liming measures. Existing water chemistry data sets were analyzed and extended with an additional field study, sampling the twelve largest tributaries to Bastuån. Results show that pronounced high and low pH values has become increasingly rare while the average is basically unchanged between 1999 and 2017. Low pH is mainly associated with high discharge during snowmelt or rain events. Anthropogenic SO42- concentrations seems to contribute relatively little to pH-depressions while organic acids plays a more important role. Large water chemical variations in the tributaries indicate that several different biological and physical properties within the watershed regulates pH. However, any credible function that can predict pH using such properties remains to be found.

<p>Promena parametara saobraćajnog toka utiče na promenu elemenata rada vozila JGPP-a, kada ona saobraćaju u me&scaron;ovitom saobraćajnom toku. Elementi rada vozila JGPP-a su definisani redom vožnje pa svako odstupanje od planiranih elemenata rada izaziva određene poremećaje u radu vozila na linijama kao i u celokupnom sistemu JGPP-a. Po pravilu, svaki poremećaj u radu vozila JGPP-a negativno se odražava na kvalitet usluga koje se pružaju korisnicima. U okviru ovog rada, izvr&scaron;ena je analiza uticaja karakteristika saobraćajnog toka na elemente rada vozila JGPP-a. Na osnovu analitičko&ndash;istraživačkog postupka razvijen je model zavisnosti vremena putovanja vozila JGPP-a od saobraćajnog opterećenja, na gradskoj uličnoj mreži. Razvijeni model testiran je na realnim podacima dobijenim istraživanjima na području Novog Sada. Utvrđene su međusobne zavisnosti veličine saobraćajnog toka i vremena putovanja, a indirektno, preko vremena putovanja određene su i zavisnosti ostalih elemenata rada vozila JGPP-a od promene veličine saobraćajnog toka. Poznavanjem zakonitosti promene ispitivanih parametara, moguće je projektovati elemente rada vozila JGPP-a u skladu sa realnim stanjem saobraćajnog toka i na taj način uticati na pobolj&scaron;anje funkcionisanja sistema JGPP-a, a samim tim i na povećanje kvaliteta usluge koji se pruža korisnicima.</p> / <p>Change of the traffic flow parameters cause the change of the function elements of public transport vehicles, when it operate in mixed traffic flow. Function elements of the public transport vehicles are defined by schedule, so that any deviation from the planned function elements cause some disorder in the entire public transport system. As a rule, any disorder in operation of public transport vehicles has negative impact on the quality of service provided to users. In this paper, the influence of traffic flow characteristics on the function elements of public transport vehicles has been analysed. The model depending travel time of public transport vehicles from traffic volume on the city&rsquo;s street network, based on the analytical research process, has been developed. The developed model was tested on real data obtained by research in the area of Novi Sad. Interaction of the volume and travel time has been determined and indirectly, through the travel time to the dependence of other function elements of public transport vehicles of traffic flow has been determined. Through knowledge of regularity of change of the parameters, it is possible to design function elements of the public transport vehicles in accordance with the real situation of the traffic flow and thus affect the improvement of operating of public transport system with increase the quality of service for users.</p>

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22052号 / 工博第4633号 / 新制||工||1722(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 准教授 Sameh Kantoush, 准教授 竹門 康弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Με τη διατριβή έγινε ανασκόπηση των πιο γνωστών θεωριών που διέπουν τις πολυφασικές ροές. Ακολούθησε συλλογή και κριτική αξιολόγηση των θεωρητικών μοντέλων. Εκπονήθηκαν δύο προγράμματα σε Η/Υ, τόσο για την ομογενή ροή όσο και τη χωριστή ροή. Έγινε σύγκριση των θεωρητικών με υπάρχοντα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Σχεδιάστηκε και κατασκευάστηκε πειραματική διάταξη. Λήφθηκαν πειραματικές μετρήσεις και έγινε αξιολόγησή τους και σύγκριση με θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα. Προτάθηκε μέθοδος διόρθωσης της πρόβλεψης λειτουργίας μιας υδροπνευματικής αντλίας με τη βοήθεια του μοντέλου ‘drift-flux’ (μέθοδος CoSM). Προτάθηκαν νέοι ροϊκοί χάρτες κατάλληλοι για την παρουσίαση της λειτουργίας των υδροπνευματικών αντλιών, τον υπολογισμό του κλάσματος κενού και την μετάβαση των ροϊκών καταστάσεων. Προτάθηκε τρόπος προσδιορισμού της μετάβασης ‘slug-churn’ με απλή φωτογραφική μέθοδο (camera) και χρήση του μοντέλου ‘drift-flux’. Τα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής (πειράματα, μέθοδος CoSM, ροϊκοί χάρτες και μετάβαση slug-churn) παρουσιάστηκαν σε συνέδρια και επιστημονικά περιοδικά. / This PhD thesis deals with multiphase flows and air-lift pumps. All well-known theories concerning these two scientific fields are presented and analyzed in detail. Two computational codes were developed for homogeneous two-phase and separated three-phase flow. A comparison between theoretical results and experimental data followed. An experimental investigation was performed in a lab scale air-lift pump installation at Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, University of Patras. A new method for the precise prediction of the performance of a two-phase air-lift pump with the aid of drift-flux model was presented (CoSM method). New regime maps were introduced suitable for air-lift pump presentations. That means the direct view of the flow behaviour inside the air-lift pump, void fraction calculation and the regime transitions. An experimental method was presented for the prediction of slug-churn transition in two-phase flow, using a camera and ‘drift-flux’ model. The results of this work were presented in International Conferences and Journals.

The production and transportation of hydrocarbon fluids in multiphase pipelines could be severely hindered by particulate solids deposit such as produced sand particles which accompany hydrocarbon production. Knowledge of the flow characteristics of solid particles in fluids transported in pipelines is important in order to accurately predict solid particles deposition in pipelines. This research thesis presents the development of a three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) modelling technique for the prediction of liquid-solids multiphase flow in pipes, with special emphasis on the flow in V-inclined pipe bends. The Euler-Euler (two-fluid) multiphase modelling methodology has been adopted and the multiphase model equations and closure models describing the liquid-solids flow have been implemented and calculated using the finite volume method in a CFD code software. The liquid phase turbulence has been modelled using a two-equation k−ε turbulence model which contains additional terms to account for the effects of the solid-particles phase on the multiphase turbulence structure. The developed CFD numerical framework has been verified for the relevant forces and all the possible interaction mechanisms of the liquid-solids multiphase flow by investigating four different numerical frameworks, in order to determine the optimum numerical framework that captures the underlying physics and covers the interaction mechanisms that lead to sand deposition and the range of sand transport flow regimes in pipes. The flow of liquid-sand in pipe has been studied extensively and the numerical results of sand concentration distribution across pipe and other flow properties are in good agreement with published experimental data on validation. The numerical framework has been employed to investigate the multiphase flow in V-inclined pipe bends of ±4o−6o, seemingly small inclined bend angles. The predicted results which include the sand segregation, deposition velocity and flow turbulence modulation in the pipe bend show that the seemingly small pipe bends have significant effect on the flow differently from that of horizontal pipes. The pipe bend causes abrupt local change in the multiphase flow characteristic and formation of stationary sand deposit in the pipe at a relatively high flow velocity. The threshold velocity to keep sand entrained in liquid in pipe bends is significantly higher than that required for flow horizontal pipes. A critical implication of this is that the correlations for predicting sand deposition in pipelines must account for the effect of pipe bend on flow characteristics in order to provide accurate predictions of the critical sand transport velocity (MTV) in subsea petroleum flowlines, which V-inclined pipe bends are inevitable due to seabed topology.

No description available.

La formation des noyaux planétaires métalliques est un évènement majeur pour l’évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques des planètes telluriques telles que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui. En effet, l’abondance des éléments sidérophiles (i.e. qui ont des affinités chimiques avec les phases métalliques) dans les manteaux planétaires s’explique par les conditions dans lesquelles se sont séparées les phases métalliques et silicatées. Au premier rang de ces conditions se trouvent la pression, la température et la fugacité d’oxygène. La distribution des éléments dans le noyau et le manteau ne peut en effet s’expliquer que pour un équilibre obtenu dans un océan magmatique profond, donc à haute pression et haute température ; et dans des conditions d’oxydo-réduction variables, dont l’évolution la plus probable est de passer d’un état réduit à un état oxydé. Un autre paramètre important est la présence ou non d’eau dans l’océan magmatique primitif. En effet, nous disposons de plus en plus d’arguments permettant d’expliquer l’arrivée des éléments volatils, notamment l’eau, pendant l’accrétion, à partir de briques élémentaires qui contiennent ces éléments. Si l’eau est présente tout au long de l’accrétion, et donc pendant la ségrégation du noyau, elle peut donc avoir un effet sur ce dernier phénomène. Dans cette hypothèse, nous avons mené des expériences de haute pression et haute température permettant de modéliser expérimentalement la formation du noyau en condition hydratée. Ces expériences nous ont permis de montrer que la présence d’eau a un effet sur l’évolution de l’état d’oxydation des manteaux planétaires. Cette évolution oxydo-réductive nous a permis de contraindre des modèles d’accrétion basés sur un mélange de chondrites EH et CI, qui confirment des modèles construits à partir de données isotopiques. Ces modèles nous ont permis de contraindre les concentrations primitives maximum en eau probables sur Terre (1,2-1,8 % pds.) et sur Mars (2,5-3,5 % pds.). D’autre part, nos avons mis en évidence le caractère lithophile (i.e. qui a des affinités chimiques avec les phases silicatées) de l’hydrogène à haute pression, a contrario de plusieurs études précédentes. De ce fait, la différence entre les concentrations initiales élevées en eau que nous obtenons dans nos modèles d’accrétion et les concentrations en eau estimées sur Terre et sur Mars actuellement (2000 ppm et 200 ppm, respectivement) ne peut pas être expliquée par un réservoir d’hydrogène dans le noyau. Enfin, pour améliorer les modèles de formation du noyau, nous avons mis en évidence, par des modèles numériques, l’effet important de la viscosité de l’océan magmatique sur le taux d’équilibre entre noyaux et manteaux des planètes telluriques. Cela nous mène à ré-évaluer les modèles de formation des planètes telluriques basés sur des résultats expérimentaux à l’équilibre, notamment l’extension maximale de l’océan magmatique. L’évolution de la viscosité de l’océan magmatique a donc un impact important sur la composition finale des noyaux planétaires (par exemple les teneurs en soufre, oxygène ou silicium des noyaux terrestres et martiens). / The formation of the metallic planetary cores is a major event regarding to the evolution of physical and chemical properties of the telluric planets as we know it today. Indeed, the siderophile elements (i.e. which has affinities with metallic phases) abundances in planetary mantles is explained by the conditions of core-mantle segregation. Among these conditions, pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity are the main ones controlling distribution of the elements between mantle and core. This distribution can only be explained by an equilibrium between metal and silicate obtained in a deep magma ocean, which implies high pressure and high temperature of equilibrium. Moreover, the oxygen fugacity must have varied during core-mantle segregation, in a reduced-to-oxidized path most probably. Another important parameter is whether or not water is present in the primordial magma ocean. Indeed, we now have more and more lines of evidences showing that the volatile elements, especially water, arrived during accretion and therefore during the core-mantle segregation, which means that water can have an effect on the latter phenomenon. Considering this hypothesis, we performed several high pressure-high temperature experiments which allowed us to model the formation of the core under hydrous conditions. These experiments demonstrated that water has a significant effect on the redox state evolution of planetary mantles. We use this redox evolution to constrain models of planetary accretions, based on a mix of EH and CI chondrites, showing a good agreement with models based on isotopic data. The output of these models is the maximum initial concentration in water on the Earth (1.2 -1.8 %wt) and on Mars (2.5-3.5 %wt). Furthermore, these experiments showed a lithophile behavior (i.e. which has affinities with silicated phases) of hydrogen at high pressures, contrary to previous studies. Therefore, the difference between high initial concentrations in water yielded by our accretion models and the estimated actual concentrations on the Earth and Mars (2000 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively) cannot be explained by a hydrogen reservoir in the core. Finally, to improve the models of core-mantle segregation, we showed by numerical simulations the important effect of the magma ocean viscosity on the equilibrium between planetary mantles and cores. it lead us to reevaluate the models of accretion based on experimental data, especially the maximum extent of magma oceans. The evolution of the magma ocean viscosity has therefore significant implications on the final composition of planetary cores (for instance on the sulfur, oxygen and silicon content of the Earth’s and Mars’ core).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Maycon Hoff Zeni.pdf: 1421377 bytes, checksum: 75c6a9407a955e26c7fd4db2939b1b79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Configuration of fixed bed that operates with biphasic flow is used in industrial operations such as the Fischer-Tropsch, hydrogenation, and residual water treatments. Vital information for the project and operation of this type of bed is in its characteristics fluid-dynamic and among these characteristics the flow regime because these have a direct influence transferring heat and mass present in the bed. In the two-phase flow with ascendant flow through fixed bed, three distinct regimes can be identified: the bubble regime, for low gas flow; pulsating regime, for moderate liquid and gas flow; and spray regime; for low flow of liquid and high flow rates of gas. Although there are different techniques to determine flow regimes, the most used is the visual identification. Thus, this research aims to develop, by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) a way to determine, for a given set of liquid-gas flow what out-flow regime the bed presents. To do so, firstly, the out-flow regime were identified by using water and air, respectively flux mass flowing varying from 2 to 16.5 kg.m-2.s-1 and from 0 to 0.6 kg.m-2.s-1, flowing up-words through a fixed bed packed with glass spheres measuring from 2.7 to 3.5 mm of diameter. The network proposed to identify the regimes contains Multiple Layers Perceptron architecture (PML) trained by the back propagation algorithm put together by applying the Multiple Back-Propagation (MBP) software, version 2.2.3 consistently with two input neurons, two intermediate layers, and four output neurons. The number of neurons of the intermediate layers was assorted to find out the best configuration. As activation of function, logistic, tangent, hyperbolic, and Gaussian were tested. Observed results showed that it is possible the identification of regimes through neural networks and among those tested the one that showed the best performance was the one that used the hyperbolic-tangent activation function; 10 neurons in the first hidden layer, and 12 neurons in the second hidden layer. / A configuração de leito fixo que opera com escoamento bifásico é muito utilizada em operações industriais, tais como síntese de Fischer-Tropsch, hidrogenação e tratamento de águas residuais. Uma informação vital para projeto e operação deste tipo de leito está nas características fluidodinâmicas, e dentre estas características podem ser citados os regimes de escoamento, pois estes influenciam diretamente nas transferências de calor e massa presentes no leito. No escoamento bifásico com fluxo ascendente através de leito fixo podem ser identificados três regimes distintos: regime bolha, para baixas vazões de gás; regime pulsante, para vazões moderadas de líquido e gás; e regime spray, para baixas vazões de líquidos e altas vazões de gás. Apesar de haver diferentes técnicas para a determinação dos regimes de escoamento, a mais empregada é a identificação visual. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver, por meio da utilização de redes neurais artificiais (RNA s), uma maneira de determinar, para um dado conjunto de vazões gás-líquido, qual regime de escoamento o leito apresenta. Para isto, os regimes de escoamento primeiramente foram identificados utilizando água e ar, respectivamente com fluxo mássico variando de 2 a 16,5 kg.m-2.s-1 e de 0 a 0,6 kg.m-2.s-1, escoando em fluxo ascendente por meio de um leito fixo recheado com esferas de vidro de diâmetro entre 2,7 e 3,5 mm. A rede proposta para a identificação dos regimes possui arquitetura perceptron de múltiplas camadas (MLP) treinada pelo algoritmo backpropagation e foi montada utilizando o programa freeware Multiple Back-Propagation (MBP) versão 2.2.3 sempre com dois neurônios de entrada, duas camadas intermediárias e quatro neurônios de saída. O número de neurônios das camadas intermediárias foi variado a fim de descobrir a melhor configuração. Como função de ativação, foram testadas as funções logística, tangente hiperbólica e gaussiana. Os resultados observados mostram que é possível a identificação dos regimes por meio de redes neurais e dentre as configurações testadas, a que apresentou melhor desempenho foi a rede que utilizou a função de ativação tangente hiperbólica, 10 neurônios na primeira camada oculta e 12 neurônios na segunda camada oculta.