Revised; Originally Published: 2002 / 6 pp.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:05:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souto_ls_dr_botib.pdf: 9317690 bytes, checksum: 3e85c4a8912908b6da4810da133b17a0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A família Malpighiaceae possui 1.200 espécies e 66 gêneros, com importância para as formações florestais e savânicas do Velho e do Novo Mundo. A origem monofilética da família é incontestável, entretanto seus táxons intrafamiliares ainda são bastante controversos e considerados artificiais por diversos autores. A morfologia floral de Malpighiaceae é bastante homogênea, mas os frutos possuem extrema diversidade, ocorrendo pericarpos deiscentes ou indeiscentes, carnosos ou secos. Embora caracteres morfológicos dos frutos sejam usados na delimitação de táxons dentro de Malpighiaceae, recentes estudos moleculares indicam a ocorrência de caracteres carpológicos homoplásticos. Assim, estudos minuciosos sobre os frutos da família têm grande potencial taxonômico. Além disso, a vascularização floral pode revelar passos evolutivos, anteriores à morfologia floral atual das espécies. Desta forma, a presente proposta tem como objetivos: 1) descrever, ontogeneticamente, a estrutura dos frutos e sementes de quatro espécies de Malpighiaceae, abrangendo os gêneros Janusia, Mascagnia e Tetrapterys; 2) caracterizar a anatomia floral das espécies do item anterior e de Camarea linearifolia, com ênfase em sua vascularização, buscando correlacionar esses aspectos com o significado evolutivo e ecológico das flores de Malpighiaceae; 3) relatar a esporogênese e gametogênese feminina de Janusia occhionii, investigando a provável ocorrência de apomixia. A vascularização floral encontrada nas espécies segue o padrão geral de número de traços vasculares, com exceção de M. cordifolia, onde a sépala aglandular recebe um traço vascular, mas compartilha os traços laterais das sépalas adjacentes, os quais se bifurcam. No ovário, não é emitido traço dorsal de carpelo, ocorrendo um complexo de procâmbio e meristema fundamental; M. cordifolia, possui conação entre... / The family Malpighiaceae includes 1,200 species and 66 genera and has been important for forests and savannas from the Old and the New World. Its monophyletic origin is unquestionable; however, its intrafamilial taxa have still been controversial and considered artificial by several authors. The flower morphology of Malpighiaceae is quite homogeneous, but fruits present extreme diversity, with dehiscent or indehiscent, fleshy or dry pericarps. Although morphological traits of fruits have been used to delimit taxa within Malpighiaceae, recent molecular studies have indicated the occurrence of carpological homoplastic traits. Thus, detailed studies on Malpighiaceae fruits have great taxonomic potential. Furthermore, flower vascularization can reveal evolution steps prior to the current flower morphology of the species. Thus, the present work aimed to: 1) describe, ontogenetically, the structure of fruits and seeds from four Malpighiaceae species, including the genera Janusia, Mascagnia and Tetrapterys; 2) characterize the flower anatomy of such species and Camarea linearifolia, highlighting their vasculature, in order to correlate these aspects with the evolutive and ecological meaning of Malpighiaceae flowers; 3) report female sporogenesis and gametogenesis in Janusia occhionii, investigating the probable occurrence of apomixis. The flower vasculature observed in the species follows the general pattern as to number of vascular traces, except for M. cordifolia, in which the non-glandular sepal receives one vascular trace but shares the lateral traces from adjacent sepals that bifurcate. In the ovary, the dorsal carpel trace is not emitted, occurring a complex of procambium and ground meristem; M. cordifolia presented conated glands from the anterior and adjacent sepals. In T. chamaecerasifolia and Janusia species, the anterior sepal lost their glands probably by reduction... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

An environmental evaluation concerning land designated for park and recreation development was conducted in Flower Mound, Texas. Results were compared with the findings of a public opinion survey of the citizenry of Flower Mound. The first section is an introduction to land use and recreation planning. Section two presents a review of pertinent literature concerning environmental evaluation and recreation and recreation planning. Third is a brief description of Flower Mound, Texas, and existing park properties. The fourth section discusses both the environmental evaluation and the survey research techniques employed. Results of the environmental evaluation are examined in section five. The public opinion survey results are discussed in the sixth section. Flower Mound is fortunate to have a number of sites suitable for recreational development. If recreational development is to be successful and satisfactory to the users, decisions will need to be made in an organized fashion. Park and recreation planning should be incorporated within a general land use planning framework.

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The thistle Cirsium palustre exists over most of lowland Britain as a predominantly purple flowered species. However the populations of seacliffs and mountains exhibit a flower colour polymorphism, occurring as homozygous white morphs, homozygous and heterozygous intermediate morphs, and homozygous and heterozygous purple morphs. The degree of polymorphism of the seacliff populations of the Gower Peninsula is correlated with population size, the larger populations being less polymorphic. This might be interpreted as indicating chance fixation of the white alleles. Such an explanation would gain support from the very small size of the more polymorphic populations and from the drastic fluctuations in population size which have been demonstrated as having occurred in these populations over a period of four consecutive seasons. However other explanations based on selective effects are possible. On seacliffs the frequency of the white morphs is inversely related to exposure, and decreases in population size are accompanied by differential survival of the purple morphs. On mountains the distribution of the polymorphism is markedly correlated with altitude. For the mountains of southern Mid Wales, populations below 1000 ft. are strongly monomorphic purple. Above 1000 ft. the degree of polymorphism increases abruptly, with white frequencies reaching over 80%. Morph frequencies among North Wales populations bear a similar relation to altitude but the increase in polymorphism occurs at about 1200 ft. In each case the general trend is that purple frequency declines with increase in white frequency, and that the frequency of intermediates shows a unimodal distribution with a quite precise peak. For both sets of populations this peak occurs at an altitude about 250 ft. higher than that at which the increase in white frequency occurs. It is possible that the occurrence of the polymorphism on seacliffs and mountains may be related to a limitation of cross pollination consequent upon the exposure of seacliffs and the combined climatic characteristics of mountains, which include increase in exposure, mist and rain and decrease in temperature. Evidence on the levels of outbreeding in these populations was inconclusive but evidence in other species suggested that pollination might indeed be limited in these conditions. An increase in homozygosity consequent upon inbreeding would promote the frequency of the white morphs. Moreover the white morphs were subject to preferential pollination and both this and certain forms of heterogeneity in morph distribution were likely to promote the frequency of inbreeding among white morphs. However in conditions of limited pollination the degree of general outbreeding of the white morphs will be increased by preferential pollination and this may be assumed to be a fitness advantage which may be of particular importance in the maintenance of the polymorphism. In addition it is likely that the presence of white morphs within a population may result in the attraction of higher numbers of pollinators or encourage foraging for longer periods in which case the polymorphism may be said to be adaptive in the sense of Fisher (1930). Other selective effects are also apparent. The occasional presence of highly polymorphic populations in valley bases and the regular occurrence of predominantly purple populations in mountain forests may both to some extent provide evidence for an effect of temperature other than upon pollination. Some evidence suggests that both exposure and moisture may also be of individual importance. Selection was apparent even by the arrangement of morph types within a population subject to no obvious environmental heterogeneity. It is possible that the polymorphism is maintained by a physiological heterozygous advantage and that this may be responsible for the maintenance of white and intermediate morphs in low frequency in the predominantly purple populations of inland lowland regions. The maintenance of the polymorphism imposed a significant selective mortality upon the species. This was indicated by the above instance of selection within a uniform community and also in several instances in which intrapopulational selection occurred between segments of population subject to differing exposure. However the growth in cultivation of seeds set in natural populations revealed that the complexity of the genetic system was sufficient to allow widely different morph frequencies to be maintained in different populations without the necessity of high selection in each generation.

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Mass coral spawning represents a nutrient input to coral reef systems that for Pacific reefs has been shown to stimulate pelagic and benthic processes. If phytoplankton in the water column over the reef are able to utilize this annual nutrient input, this could potentially alter phytoplankton biomass and community composition, in what is normally a very oligotrophic system. Sampling was performed at East Flower Garden Bank (EFGB), Gulf of Mexico during May, July, and August 2009. The annual coral spawning event occurred there August 11-14, 2009. Samples were collected morning and evening at three depths and analyzed for nutrients, chlorophyll a, accessory pigments, phytoplankton species composition, and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN). During spawning, only small changes in nutrient concentrations were detected. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) peaked on the second day of spawning and N:P ratio was highest on 5/28, likely due to particularly phosphate concentration. Chl a biomass was significantly different between sample dates and the biomass increased steadily throughout the spawning period. The contribution of different phytoplankton classes to total chlorophyll a was determined using known pigment algorithms. Prokaryotes were the dominant class across the entire sampling period with 60-80 percent abundance. Trichodesmium spp. was the dominant genus throughout the study and genus specific changes per sample date were seen. On 8/11 and 8/13 two genera contributed the majority of chl a (Trichodesmium spp. and Ceratium spp.; Cylindrotheca spp. and Trichodesmium spp., respectively). Abundance showed variability during spawning with a peak at 11 cells/ml on 8/12. The high abundance of Trichodesmium spp. could indicate N limitation is alleviated at the Flower Garden Banks (FGB). Current literature on coral spawning is limited to studies performed in the Great Barrier Reef, with assessment areas close to a major shoreline. Genera found at EFGB were similar to those found in other reef systems. It cannot be determined if nutrient input increased diversity, as diversity was high prior to spawning as well. Greater increase in available forms of nitrogen would have likely been found several days post major spawning. The FGB were a unique system to study, as they are coral reefs, but are located 200 km offshore. This study provided a snapshot into phytoplankton dynamics as a result of spawning. Changes across the short time scale were seen in biomass and community composition.

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