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yes / Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guide-lines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are dis-cussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactiva-tion are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system.

Many particulate processes are preferably implemented in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) over traditional low-velocity fluidization to take advantage of the many benefits of circulating systems. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most successfully applied processes in CFB technology, with more than 350 FCC units in operation worldwide. Despite its extensive use, an understanding of the complex behaviour of these units is incomplete.<p> A theoretical and experimental evaluation of the fluidization behaviour was conducted in the CFB riser, standpipe, and stripper. Initially, an extension of the existing CFB in the Fluidization Laboratory of Saskatchewan was designed. The experimental program conducted in this study included an examination of the solids flow behaviour in the riser, interstitial gas velocity in the downcomer, and stripping efficiency measurements. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the stripper was modeled using Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) CFD code.<p> The solids flow behaviour in the bottom zone of a high-density riser was investigated by measuring the local upwards and downwards solids flux. Solids circulation rates between 125 and 243 kg/(m2⋅s) were evaluated at a constant riser superficial gas velocity of 5.3 m/s. The effect of the riser superficial gas velocity of the local upflow at the riser centerline was also conducted at a solids circulation rate of 187 kg/(m2⋅s). The results show that there is little variation in the local net solids flux at radial locations between 0.00 ¡Ü r/R ¡Ü 0.87. The results indicate that a sharp regime change from a typical parabolic solids flux profile to this more radially uniform solids flux profile occurs at a gas velocity between 4.8 and 4.9 m/s.<p> To quantify stripping efficiency, the underflow of an injected tracer into the standpipe must be known. Quantification of the underflow into the standpipe requires knowledge of two main variables: the interstitial gas velocity and the tracer gas concentration profiles in the standpipe. Stripping efficiency was determined for stripper solids circulation rates of 44, 60, and 74 kg/(m2⋅s) and gas velocities of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m/s. For most conditions studied, the interstitial gas velocity profile was found to be flat for both fluidized and packed bed flow. The stripping efficiency was found to be sensitive to the operating conditions. The highest efficiency is attained at low solids circulation rates and high stripping gas velocities.<p> In the numeric study, stripper hydrodynamics were examined for similar operating conditions as those used in the experimental program. Due to an improved radial distribution of gas and decreasing bubble rise velocity, mass transfer is deemed most intense as bubbles crest above the baffles into the interspace between disc and donut baffles. Stripping efficiency is thought to improve with increasing gas velocity due to an increased bubbling frequency. Stripping efficiency is thought to decrease with increasing solids circulation rates due to a lower emulsion-cloud gas interchange coefficient and a decreased residence time of the emulsion in the stripper.

Many particulate processes are preferably implemented in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) over traditional low-velocity fluidization to take advantage of the many benefits of circulating systems. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most successfully applied processes in CFB technology, with more than 350 FCC units in operation worldwide. Despite its extensive use, an understanding of the complex behaviour of these units is incomplete.<p> A theoretical and experimental evaluation of the fluidization behaviour was conducted in the CFB riser, standpipe, and stripper. Initially, an extension of the existing CFB in the Fluidization Laboratory of Saskatchewan was designed. The experimental program conducted in this study included an examination of the solids flow behaviour in the riser, interstitial gas velocity in the downcomer, and stripping efficiency measurements. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the stripper was modeled using Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) CFD code.<p> The solids flow behaviour in the bottom zone of a high-density riser was investigated by measuring the local upwards and downwards solids flux. Solids circulation rates between 125 and 243 kg/(m2⋅s) were evaluated at a constant riser superficial gas velocity of 5.3 m/s. The effect of the riser superficial gas velocity of the local upflow at the riser centerline was also conducted at a solids circulation rate of 187 kg/(m2⋅s). The results show that there is little variation in the local net solids flux at radial locations between 0.00 ¡Ü r/R ¡Ü 0.87. The results indicate that a sharp regime change from a typical parabolic solids flux profile to this more radially uniform solids flux profile occurs at a gas velocity between 4.8 and 4.9 m/s.<p> To quantify stripping efficiency, the underflow of an injected tracer into the standpipe must be known. Quantification of the underflow into the standpipe requires knowledge of two main variables: the interstitial gas velocity and the tracer gas concentration profiles in the standpipe. Stripping efficiency was determined for stripper solids circulation rates of 44, 60, and 74 kg/(m2⋅s) and gas velocities of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m/s. For most conditions studied, the interstitial gas velocity profile was found to be flat for both fluidized and packed bed flow. The stripping efficiency was found to be sensitive to the operating conditions. The highest efficiency is attained at low solids circulation rates and high stripping gas velocities.<p> In the numeric study, stripper hydrodynamics were examined for similar operating conditions as those used in the experimental program. Due to an improved radial distribution of gas and decreasing bubble rise velocity, mass transfer is deemed most intense as bubbles crest above the baffles into the interspace between disc and donut baffles. Stripping efficiency is thought to improve with increasing gas velocity due to an increased bubbling frequency. Stripping efficiency is thought to decrease with increasing solids circulation rates due to a lower emulsion-cloud gas interchange coefficient and a decreased residence time of the emulsion in the stripper.

yes / Heavy petroleum industries, including the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit, are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The FCC unit’s regenerator is where these emissions originate mostly, meaning the operation of FCC regenerators has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the global mitigation efforts against climate change, affecting both current operations and the future of the FCC unit. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable at predicting emissions of various greenhouse gases to keep up with new reporting guidelines that will help optimise the unit for increased coke conversion and lower operating costs. Part 1 of this paper was dedicated to reviewing the riser section of the FCC unit. Part 2 reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulating the FCC regenerator. Hydrodynamics and kinetics of the regenerator are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC unit, such as gas–solid cyclones and catalyst transport lines, are also considered. This review then identifies areas where the current generation of models of the regenerator can be improved for the future. Parts 1 and 2 are such that a comprehensive review of the literature on modelling the FCC unit is presented, showing the guidance and framework followed in building models for the unit.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-06-05T18:05:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEMLM.pdf: 4999609 bytes, checksum: 95744c602244ec5bde3892ae1ab471e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-05T18:19:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEMLM.pdf: 4999609 bytes, checksum: 95744c602244ec5bde3892ae1ab471e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-05T18:19:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEMLM.pdf: 4999609 bytes, checksum: 95744c602244ec5bde3892ae1ab471e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T18:24:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEMLM.pdf: 4999609 bytes, checksum: 95744c602244ec5bde3892ae1ab471e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process in oil industry, since it converts heavier fractions in lighter ones, which are more valuable. The catalyst particles (typically m) are deactivated during the reacting process and need to be regenerated before returning to the reactor. Temperature is a key factor that promotes coke formation and deactivation inside the reactor. As a consequence, it is necessary to cool down the solid catalyst particles before returning them to the reactor. The cooling system is usually outside the regenerator in a specific designed heat exchanger, that uses water as cold fluid. The catalyst cooler was not much studied before and many contributions can be made for improvements and intensification. The goal of this work was to contribute with this topic, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the gas-solid flow behavior in characteristic geometries of the catalyst cooler. Commercial package Fluent by ANSYS v14.5 was used during simulation and Eulerian model was applied for the solid phase. The volume fraction phase for the solid phase, solid and gas velocities were evaluated and described. The results were compared in terms of gas-solids flow in different geometries and showed a hydrodynamic explanation different from that currently used by the authors to justify the intensification of thermal exchange in this type of equipment. In short, longer solid-wall contact time will be primarily responsible for efficient heat transfer. / O craqueamento catalítico fluidizado é um processo amplamente utilizado no campo do refino de petróleo. Na unidade de craqueamento, frações pesadas são transformadas em outras mais leves e com maior valor de mercado (gasolina, diesel, naftas). Após o craqueamento, o catalisador é regenerado e retorna ao reator. A temperatura do catalisador é um parâmetro que possui forte influência sobre o processo. O resfriamento de catalisador é feito em unidades externas a fim de controlar a temperatura de entrada do catalisador no reator. O funcionamento deste sistema ainda foi pouco explorado e o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de simular o escoamento gás-sólido em geometrias características de colunas para resfriamento de catalisador com diferentes condições de operação, assim tentando contribuir com o conhecimento sobre este processo. Técnicas de Fluidodinâmica Computacional foram usadas para a simulação de diferentes geometrias com o programa comercial FLUENT do pacote ANSYS v14.5. As distribuições fração volumétrica dos sólidos e de velocidades do gás e fase particulada foram analisados como parâmetros de interesse hidrodinâmico. Os resultados foram comparados em termos de escoamento gás-sólido em diferentes geometrias e mostraram uma explicação hidrodinâmica diferente da atualmente utilizada pelos autores para justificar a intensificação de troca térmica em este tipo de equipamentos. Em suma, maior contato sólido-parede seria o principal responsável pela transferência eficiente de calor.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis englobada dentro del programa de doctorado en ingeniería de la construcción sigue la línea de investigación en sostenibilidad y gestión de la construcción. Las investigaciones se han centrado en el desarrollo de cementos de activación alcalina (CAA) obtenidos a partir de residuos con el fin de reducir tanto el coste económico como medioambiental. Este hecho implicaría la reducción en el uso tanto de materias primas, en el caso de los precursores, como de reactivos químicos en el caso de los activadores. La tesis doctoral que se presenta estudia el uso de diferentes mezclas de residuos como precursores: cerámica sanitaria, catalizador gastado de craqueo catalítico, escoria de alto horno y ceniza volante de central térmica en la preparación de morteros. Así mismo, utiliza también CAA, obtenidos a partir de residuos en la estabilización de suelos. En este último caso también se han usado residuos en la preparación de activadores como son las cenizas obtenidas en la combustión de biomasa. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la viabilidad en el uso de residuos para la preparación de CAA, y la posibilidad incluso de ser usados en contextos de subdesarrollo. / [CA] Aquesta tesi englobada dins del programa de doctorat en enginyeria de la construcció segueix la línia d'investigació en sostenibilitat i gestió de la construcció. Les investigacions s'han centrat en el desenvolupament de ciments d'activació alcalina (CAA) obtinguts a partir de residus amb la finalitat de reduir tant el cost econòmic com mediambiental. Aquest fet implicaria la reducció en l'ús tant de matèries primeres, en el cas dels precursors, com de reactius químics en el cas dels activadors. La tesi doctoral que es presenta estudia l'ús de diferents mescles de residus com a precursors: ceràmica sanitària, catalitzador gastat de craqueig catalític, escòria d'alt forn i cendra volant de central tèrmica en la preparació de morters. Així mateix, utilitza també CAA, obtinguts a partir de residus en l'estabilització de sòls. En aquest últim cas també s'han usat residus en la preparació d'activadors com són les cendres obtingudes en la combustió de biomassa. Els resultats obtinguts posen de manifest la viabilitat en l'ús de residus per a la preparació de CAA, i la possibilitat de ser usats fins i tot en contextos de subdesenvolupament. / [EN] This doctoral thesis encompassed within the doctoral program in construction engineering follows the research line in sustainability and construction management. The research has focused on the development of alkaline activated cements (AAC) obtained from waste to reduce the economic and environmental cost. This fact would imply a reduction in the use of raw materials in the case of precursors, and chemical reagents in the case of activators. The doctoral thesis that is presented studies the use of different waste mixtures as precursors: sanitary ceramics, spent fluid cracking catalyst, blast furnace slag and fly ash from thermal power plants in the preparation of mortars. Likewise, also is used CAA obtained from residues in soil stabilization. In the latter case, residues have also been used in the activators preparation, such as the ashes obtained in the combustion of biomass. The results obtained show the viability in the use of residues for CAA preparation, and the possibility of being used even in underdeveloped contexts. / Agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación por el soporte a mi investigación, mediante los fondos del proyecto APLIGEO BIA2015-70107-R y los fondos FEDER. También a las empresas: Ideal Standard por suministrar residuos de cerámica sanitaria, Omya Clariana S.A. por suministrar catalizador gastado del craqueo catalítico, a Balalva S.L. por suministrar cenizas volantes, a Cementval por suministrar escorias de alto horno, a Heineken España S.A. por el suministro de residuo del filtrado de cerveza (tierras diatomeas), a DACSA GROUP por la ceniza de cáscara de arroz, y a PAVASAL por suministrar suelo de tipo dolomítico. Támbien al servicio de Microscopía electrónica y al Instituto de Ciencia y Técnología del Hormigón de la Universitat Politècnica de València. / Cosa Martínez, J. (2022). Utilización de mezclas de residuos para la obtención de cementos de activación alcalina: aplicación en morteros y suelos estabilizados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185221 / TESIS / Compendio