Dans cette thèse, nous étudions quelques modèles de flux migratoire. Nous sommes intéressés par le pays d’origine du migrant ainsi que par son pays d’accueil. Plus précisément, nous étudions les modèles où la probabilité de migration desagents dépend de leur capital humain (essentiellement l’éducation). Il y a deux cas importants qu’il convient de distinguer : le cas où les individus migrent avec le capital humain hérité de leurs parents et le cas le plus difficile, à solutions multivoques, lorsque les individus migrent avec le capital humain qu’ils auront dans le futur.Dans le premier cas, nous retrouvons les résultats obtenus la littérature. De plus, nous étendons aux cas de populations non constantes et nous proposons d’autres modèles. Dans le second cas, où les individus peuvent migrer en fonction de leurcapital humain futur, nous proposons différents mécanismes de sélection où les convergences vers une unique valeur de capital humain sont démontrées à chaque fois. / In this thesis, we study some migration models from a mathematical point of view. We are interested by the country of origin of migrant as well as in his host country.More precisely, we study the models where the probability of migration of individuals depends on their human capital (essentially education). There are two important cases to be distinguished : the case where individuals migrate with thehuman capital inherited from their parents and the more difficult case -since it is generally a multivalued case- where the individuals migrate with the human capital they will obtain in the future.In the first case, we obtain some results similar to the ones found in literature. Moreover, we study the case of non constant populations and we propose other models. In the second case, where the individuals can migrate following the human capital they will have in the future, we obtain different selection mechanisms for which the human capital converges to a unique value at each time.

Dans le monde du Web, on retrouve les formats RSS et Atom (feeds) qui sont, sans doute, les formats XML les plus populaires et les plus utilisés. Ces formats permettent aux, entre autres, communautés Web, industriels, et services web de publier et d’échanger des documents XML. En outre, ils permettent à un utilisateur de consulter librement des données/informations sans avoir à basculer d’un site à un autre, et cela à l'aide d’applications logicielles. Dans ce cas, l'utilisateur enregistre ses fournisseurs de flux favoris, chaque fournisseur diffuse la liste des nouveaux éléments qui ont été modifiés depuis le dernier téléchargement. Cependant, l'enregistrement d'un certain nombre de sources de flux dans un agrégateur de flux engendre à la fois des problèmes d'hétérogénéité (à cause des différences structurelles et de contenu) et des problèmes de surcharges d’information. Par ailleurs, aucun des agrégateurs de flux existants n’offre une approche qui intègre (ou fusionne) les flux en tenant compte de leurs similarités, du contexte de l’utilisateur et de ses préférences. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un framework formel qui permet de traiter l'hétérogénéité, l'intégration et l'interrogation des flux d’actualités. Ce framework est fondé sur une représentation arborescente d'un flux et possède trois éléments principaux qui sont les suivants: comparateur de flux, intégrateur de flux, et processeur de requêtes. Le comparateur de flux permet de mesurer le degré de similarité entre deux éléments/flux en utilisant une base de connaissance intégrant une approche ascendante et progressive. Nous proposons une mesure de similarité à base de concept capable de calculer la similarité entre les flux selon le nombre de leurs concepts communs (et différents) et leurs proximités sémantiques. Nous montrons également comment définir et identifier la relation exclusive entre deux textes ou éléments. L’intégrateur de flux permet de fusionner plusieurs flux provenant de différentes sources tout en tenant compte du contexte de l’utilisateur. Nous montrons dans notre étude comment représenter le contexte d’utilisateur ainsi que ses préférences. Nous fournissons un ensemble prédéfini de règles de fusion qui peuvent être enrichies et adaptées par chaque utilisateur. Quant au processeur de requêtes, il se base sur une étude formelle et plus précisément sur une algèbre dédiée à la fusion des flux continus d’actualités que nous proposons ici. Les opérateurs proposés dans cette algèbre sont aidés par des fonctions à base de similarité. Nous catégorisons les opérateurs de flux selon trois catégories: opérateurs d'extraction, opérateurs ensemblistes et opérateur de fusion. Nous montrons que l’opérateur de fusion généralise l’opération de jointure et les opérateurs ensemblistes. Nous fournissons également un ensemble de règles de réécriture et d'équivalence de requêtes pour la simplification et l’optimisation des requêtes. Enfin, nous présentons un prototype nommé «Easy RSS Manager» (EasyRSSManager). Ce prototype est un lecteur sémantique de flux et un composant sémantique pour l’interrogation des fenêtres de flux. EasyRSSManager a été utilisé pour valider, démontrer et tester la faisabilité des différentes propositions de notre étude. En particulier, nous avons testé la complexité en temps et la pertinence de nos approches en utilisant à la fois des données réelles et syntaxiques. / In the Web, RSS and Atom (feeds) are probably the most popular and highly utilized XML formats which allow web communities, publishing industries, web services, etc. to publish and exchange XML documents. In addition, they allow a user to consume data/information easily without roaming from site to site using software applications. Here, the user registers her favorite feed providers; and each provider sends the list of news items changed since the last download. However, registering a number of feed sources in feed aggregators cause both heterogeneity and information overloading problems. Besides, none of the existing RSS/feed aggregators provide an approach that integrates (merges) feeds from different sources considering similarity, user contexts and preferences. In this research, we provide a formal framework that handles the heterogeneity, integration and querying feeds. The framework is based a tree representation of a feed and has three main components: feed comparator, merger and query processor. The feed comparator addresses the issue of measuring the relatedness between news items using a Knowledge Base, a bottom-up and incremental approaches. We proposed a concept-based similarity measure based on the function of the number of shared and different concepts in their global semantic neighborhoods. Here, we use the concept similarity value and relationship as a building block for texts, simple elements and items relatedness algorithms. We show also how to define and identify the exclusive relationship between any two texts and elements. The feed merger addresses the issue of integrating news items from different sources considering a user context. We show here how to represent a user context and her preferences. Also, we provide a set of predefined set of merging rules that can be extended and adapted by a user. The query processor is based on a formal study on RSS query algebra that uses the notion of semantic similarity over dynamic content. The operators are supported by a set of similarity-based helper functions. We categorize the RSS operators into extraction, set membership and merge operators. The merge operator generalizes the join and the set membership operators. We also provide a set of query rewriting and equivalence rules that would be used during query simplification and optimization. Finally, we present a desktop prototype called Easy RSS Manager (EasyRSSManager) having a semanticaware RSS Reader, and semantic-aware and window-based RSS query components. It is designed to validate, demonstrate and test the practicability of the different proposals of this research. In particular, we test the timing complexity and the relevance of our approaches using both a real and syntactic dataset.

Les apports d’eaux souterraines (Submarine Groundwater Discharge : SGD) peuvent constituer des apports considérables d'eau et de nutriments ou de contaminants en zone côtière. Le suivi des radio-éléments (radon, radium) dans ces zones permet de tracer les apports de SGD et leurs bilans de masse permettent de quantifier leurs flux. Cette méthode est utilisée depuis des années, mais les termes des bilans aux interfaces restent difficiles à appréhender. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter des précisions sur ces termes afin de permettre une meilleure quantification des flux de SGD. Pour l'interface air-eau, les flux de dégazage du radon vers l'atmosphère ont été estimés pour différentes conditions de vent sur l’étang de Berre. Un dégazage permanent, même sans vent, a été mis en évidence. Pour l'interface sédiment-eau, nous décrivons une méthode de calcul et d’évaluation du flux diffusif du radon et proposons une nouvelle approche pour estimer celui du radium. Dans la lagune de Mar Menor, les flux de SGD estimés sont 5 à 200 fois plus élevés que les apports d'eau par les rivières et sont majoritairement causés par de la recirculation d’eau à travers les sédiments. Pour la première fois les suivis de radio-éléments ont été combinés à un modèle hydrodynamique, ce qui a permis de localiser précisément les SGD. L'étude du système karstique de la source de la calanque de Port-Miou a mis en évidence un système bicouche de la colonne d'eau. La combinaison des bilans en radio-éléments, d'eau et de sel nous a permis d'estimer un débit de la source très proche de celui mesuré par différence de pression, attestant ainsi de la fiabilité de cette méthode pour les systèmes karstiques. / Submarine Groundwater Discharges (SGD) may represent important inputs of water, nutrients as well as contaminants to the coastal zone. Monitoring radionuclides (radon, radium) in those areas allows to trace SGD inputs while their fluxes may be quantified through their mass balances. This method has been used for many years, even though the terms from the mass balance at these interfaces remain difficult to manage. The objective of this thesis is to develop methods to better describe and evaluate these terms, in order to get a better quantification of SGD fluxes. For the air-water interface, the radon atmospheric fluxes have been estimated for different wind conditions on the Berre lagoon. A permanent flux, even without wind, has been highlighted. For the sediment-water interface, new methods are proposed here in order to calculate and evaluate the radon diffusive flux, as well as a new approach for estimating the radium diffusive flux. In the Mar Menor, the estimated SGD fluxes are 5 to 200 times higher than water river inputs and are predominantly caused by lagoon water recirculation through sediments forced by tidal pumping. For the first time, the monitoring of radionuclides in this lagoon was combined to a hydrodynamic model, allowing to locate precisely the SGD inputs. The study of the karstic spring of the Port-Miou calanque shows a two-layer system in the water column. The combination of radionuclides, water and salt mass balances leads to calculate a spring flux similar to the one measured by pressure gradient, which confirms the reliability of this method for karstic systems.

For organisms relying on an aerobic metabolism, a constant oxygen (O₂) supply must be available to energy demanding tissues. In this thesis. the effects of hypoxia exposure and altered ionoregulatory demands on O₂ uptake of the larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) were evaluated. In Chapter 2, it was hypothesized that a pre-exposure to hypoxia would alter the O₂ uptake capacity of 4- and 7-days post-fertilisation (dpf) larvae through a modified vasculature system. Additionally, using a genetic knockout line, the role of Hif-1α in regulating cutaneous O₂ flux (JO₂) was tested. It was predicted that hypoxia-exposed larvae would display a higher JO₂ across the body due to a hypoxic, acclimatory response, explained by an increased vascularity and supported by an increased whole-body O₂ consumption (ṀO₂) and decreased critical O₂ tension (Pcrit). Consequently, this response was expected to be negated in the Hif1aa⁻/⁻ab⁻/⁻ larvae. Ultimately, JO₂ measured using the scanning micro-optrode technique (SMOT) remained unchanged between WT and Hif1aa⁻/⁻ab⁻/⁻ and normoxia- and hypoxia-exposed larvae, a finding which was supported by an unchanged vascularity across all treatments. The results from this chapter suggest that changes in hypoxia performance mediated by Hif-1α are unrelated to cutaneous JO₂ and vascularity. In Chapter 3, the aerobic costs of ion transport in 4 dpf larval zebrafish was assessed. We hypothesized that changes in rates of Na⁺ uptake evoked by acidic or low Na⁺ rearing would result in changes in ṀO₂ and/or JO₂, measured at the ionocyte-expressing yolk sac epithelium using SMOT. Ultimately, it was found that the measured JO₂ and ṀO₂ did not correlate with the corresponding Na⁺ uptake rate triggered by the acidic and low Na⁺ rearing environment. Thus, we conclude that the aerobic costs of ion uptake by ionocytes in larval zebrafish, at least in the case of Na⁺, are below detection using whole-body respirometry or cutaneous SMOT scans, providing evidence for a low aerobic cost for ion regulation in zebrafish larvae.

Sponges have important ecological functions on coral reefs because they are regionally abundant, competitively dominant, and process large volumes of seawater. The sponge loop hypothesis proposes that sponges consume dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and then releases the carbon as shed cellular detritus back to the reef benthos. Within this context, we examined the carbon flux mediated by the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia testudinaria, on reefs in the Red Sea, where sponge abundance is comparatively low relative to coral reefs elsewhere, such as the Caribbean. Seawater samples were collected from the incurrent and excurrent (In-Ex) flow of 40 sponges from inshore, mid-shelf, and offshore reefs between 18° and 22°N latitude off the coast of Saudi Arabia. Concentrations of DOC and living particulate organic carbon (LPOC) were significantly higher in incurrent (ambient) seawater on inshore reefs than mid-shelf and offshore reefs. Consistent with studies of X. muta in the Caribbean, the diet of X. testudinaria is comprised primarily of DOC; mean values of the nutritional components across all sites were 60.5% DOC, 35.7% detritus, and 3.8% LPOC. Taking into account the specific filtration rates of nutritional components and oxygen consumption of sponges across the inshore-offshore gradient, there is evidence (1) of a threshold concentration of DOC below which sponges cease to be net consumers of DOC, and (2) that sponges on offshore reefs are food-limited. Contrary to the sponge loop hypothesis, there was no evidence that X. testudinaria, returned DOC to the benthos in the form of detritus, but was, instead, a net consumer of detritus from the water column. Unlike the cryptic, interstitial sponges that were studied to advance the sponge-loop hypothesis, emergent sponges may have an alternate pathway for returning DOC to the benthos by converting it to sponge biomass rather than sponge detritus.

The goal of this thesis is to create a literature search about a rotating electrical machine with switching of magnetic flux, to explain its construction concept and its operating behavior, to create an initial concept of generator, calculate chosen construction with finite element method analysis and to compare analysis results with analytical design. To create a concept of the generator one of available designing procedures will be used.

Une exploration multimodale permettrait d'identifier les biomarqueurs précoces du CNV permettrait de déterminer leur caractère prédictif. Chapitre (3): Dans ce chapitre, les résultats présentés montrent que l'augmentation maximale de la température était plus élevée dans le cerveau néonatal que dans le cerveau adulte. Chapitres (4 et 5): Le but principal de cette thèse était de fournir une approche multimodale du CNV et de la régulation neurovasculaire dans le cerveau du nouveau-né prématuré. Chapitre (4): Les résultats montrent que le volume sanguin cérébral régional (rCBV) et le rCMRO2 (Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen) exercent une influence prédominante sur le débit sanguin cérébral régional (rCBF) à l'état de repos chez le prématuré. Chapitre (5): Les bouffées d'activité électroencéphalographique caractéristiques chez les nouveau-nés au repos se sont révélés couplées à une réponse hémodynamique transitoire complexes avec différents types de réponses incluant: (a) des réponses hémodynamiques stéréotypées positives (augmentations de HbO, CBF et CMRO2, diminution de HbR), (b )des réponses hémodynamiques négatives (augmentations de HbR, diminutions de HbO avec des diminutions de CBF et CMRO2), (c) des augmentations et des diminutions à la fois de HbO -HbR et de CMRO2 sans modification du CBF. Malgré des profils de réponse hémodynamique différents qui reflètent l'immaturité et la complexité des systèmes vasculaires et des réseaux neuronaux, l'établissement d'un couplage neurovasculaire a été caractérisé avec une évolution en fonction de l'âge / Neurovascular coupling (NVC) has become the key aspect for understanding brain function. A multimodal exploration would aim to identify the early NVC biomarkers and determine their predictive character. Paper (1): In this chapter, the photothermal interaction of NIR laser on human tissues were modelled in silico. The results demonstrated the safety of the noninvasive optical evaluation of the brain function and the maximum temperature increase was higher in the neonatal brain than in the adult brain. Paper (2 & 3): The main purpose of this thesis was to provide a multimodal view of the NVC and cerebrovascular regulation in the neonatal premature brain. Paper (2): Key findings included that rCBV and rCMRO2 have a predominant driving influence on rCBF at the resting-state in the preterm neonatal brain. Paper (3): The bursts of electroencephalographic activity in neonates in resting state were found to be coupled to a transient hemodynamic response involving different types of hemodynamic response including: (a) positive stereotyped hemodynamic responses (increases in HbO, decreases in HbR together with increases in CBF and CMRO2), (b) negative hemodynamic responses (increases in HbR, decreases in HbO together with decreases in CBF and CMRO2), (c) Increases and decreases in both HbO-HbR and CMRO2 together with no changes in CBF. The establishment of neurovascular coupling system was observed as a function of age. High coherence was observed between the cerebral hemodynamic (vascular) and electrical (neuronal) oscillations which was less in the non-encephalopathic newborns than in the two pathological groups

Orientador: Rafael Zadorosny / Resumo: Correntes de transporte interagem com os vórtices de Abrikosov nos supercondutores do tipo II via força de Lorentz (FL), o que pode resultar em seu movimento. Esse movimento ocorrerá se FL suprimir a força de pinning (FP) [4,6], que mantém os vórtices ancorados, tais como defeitos e orifícios artificiais nas amostras. Nos casos em que FL >> FP, os vórtices se movem livremente e experimentam apenas resistência viscosa devido à sua interação com o condensado supercondutor. Esse estado de movimento é conhecido como flux flow (FF). Assim, no presente trabalho, estudamos a dinâmica dos vórtices em uma fita supercondutora com tamanhos laterais de 10 ξ(0) x 70 ξ(0), com seis grãos espaçados por um supercondutor de menor Tc, i.e., um weak-link (WL). Além disso, em cada grão foram considerados quatro defeitos da mesma natureza que os WL’s, simulando defeitos intrínsecos. Para tal estudos, as equações generalizadas de Ginzburg-Landau dependentes do tempo (GTDGL) foram solucionadas numericamente. Assim, foram considerados três valores diferentes de campos magnéticos externos, i.e., Hap = 0,1 Hc2(0), 0,3 Hc2(0) e 0,5 Hc2(0), e densidade de correntes de transporte de intensidade que variou em passos de 0,005J0. Observou-se que a intensidade de Hap, influencia diretamente nos regimes de movimento, onde para Hap = 0,1 Hc2(0) foi verificado apenas o FF intergranular e uma dinâmica mais duradoura. Já para Hap = 0,3 Hc2(0) e 0,5 Hc2(0) foram observados dois regimes de movimento, o flux flow (F... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Transport currents interact with Abrikosov vortices in type II superconductors via Lorentz force (FL), which can result in their motion. Such movement will occur if FL suppresses the pinning force (FP) [4,6], which keeps vortices trapped, such as defects and artificial holes in the samples. In cases where FL >> FP, the vortices move freely and experience only a viscous resistance due to their interaction with the superconducting condensate. This state of motion is known as flux flow (FF). Thus, in the present work, we studied the vortex dynamics a superconducting tape with lateral sizes of 10 ξ(0) x 70 ξ(0), with six grains spaced by a smaller Tc superconductor, i.e., a weak-link (WL). In addition, in each grain, four defects of the same nature as the WL's were considered, simulating intrinsic defects. For such studies, the generalized time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations (GTDGL) were solved numerically. Thus, three different values for the external magnetic field were considered, i.e., Hap = 0.1 Hc2(0), 0.3 Hc2(0) and 0.5 Hc2(0), and density of transport currents of intensity that varied in steps of 0,005 J0. It was observed that the intensity of Hap directly influences the motion regimes, where for Hap = 0.1 Hc2 (0) it was verified only the intergranular FF and a longer dynamics. For Hap = 0.3 Hc2(0) and 0.5 Hc2(0), two motion regimes were observed, the inter and intragranular FF. However, there was a faster destruction of the superconductor (SC). It was also found that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Vineyards are often grown in semi-arid climates, such as California’s central valley, where water resources can be limited. Summer weather conditions result in high water use by these plants. For wine grapes, a high-value commodity, there are known benefits to fruit quality in irrigating grapevines with slightly below optimum for the plant. Growers would like to be able to precisely irrigate without overusing water or overstressing the vines. This calls for improving ways to monitor vineyard water use by estimating the combined soil evaporation and plant transpiration known as evapotranspiration (ET). A computer model developed by the USDA called the Two-Source Energy Balance model (TSEB) can estimate ET through satellite or aircraft measurements of land surface temperature. The model has been successful for simple, uniform vegetation such as maize, soybeans, and grasslands. The ability of TSEB to estimate vineyard ET has been tested through a field experiment called the Grape Remote sensing, Atmospheric Profile,& Evapotranspiration eXperiment or GRAPEX. Water is primarily transported away from the ground and plants by turbulent swirls in the wind. Models such as TSEB assume these swirls occur in a consistent manner over a few minutes to hours. Yet, interactions between the wind, the complex vineyard canopy, and heating near the ground can cause them to be episodic or intermittent. There are questions of if and how intermittent water vapor transport might happen in vineyards, and whether the TSEB model will still estimate ET well in such cases. In this study wind, humidity, air temperature, and surface temperatures are used to examine when intermittent behavior occurs, how it affects ET from the vineyard canopy, and how TSEB performs for intermittent versus more steady conditions. Results show that intermittent turbulence significantly alters the microclimate in the vineyard canopy compared to more ideal, steady behavior. The TSEB model was successful but showed reduced ability to estimate ET during times of intermittent behavior. The knowledge gained is an important step toward using TSEB as a powerful tool for sustainable water management, not only in vineyards, but other cash crops with complicated canopies such as orchards, as well as natural ecosystems.

Headwater watersheds initiate material export to downstream environments. A nested headwater study examined the flux and source of dissolved constituents and water from a perennial stream and four ephemeral/intermittent streams in the Upper Gulf Coastal Plain, Mississippi. Water was collected during storm and baseflow conditions. Multiple linear regression was used to model constituent concentration and calculate flux. Source of water was determined using principle components analysis and end-member mixing analysis. Rain was the major source of water discharged from the ephemeral and intermittent streams, while groundwater was the major source for water discharged by the perennial stream during events. Baseflow from both stream types was dominated by groundwater sources. The perennial stream had an area weighted average yields of 10.1, 0.01, 1.0, 0.6, and 0.03 kg-1 ha-1 yr-1 of DON, NO3--N, NH4+-N, PO4-3, and DOC,respectively. This research highlights the interaction of source water and dissolved constituent flux.