Nos livros 6 e 7 das Histórias, Tucídides narra a expedição de Atenas à Sicília, que terminaria com a desastrosa derrota ateniense diante dos siracusanos e seus aliados. O relato engloba desde a assembleia em Atenas na qual os preparativos são discutidos até a derrota final do exército ateniense. Nota-se o destaque que a personagem Nícias, um dos generais atenienses que comandavam a expedição, tem no relato, pois muitas das suas ações e dos seus discursos são destacados pelo narrador. O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar a construção da personagem ao longo da narrativa e compreender o motivo do seu destaque. Para isso, utilizamos o instrumental da Narratologia, enfatizando o nível da narrativa (narradores primário e secundário) e as diferenças ou semelhanças entre a focalização primária representada pelo narrador primário (que relata a história principal) e a focalização secundária representada por Nícias. Depois de fazer a comparação entre os narradores, pode-se perceber que um narrador valida as informações transmitidas pelo outro, ou seja, as palavras e ações de Nícias ratificam o relato primário e vice-versa. Além disso, funcionam como um fio condutor no efeito interno no relato, proporcionando ao narrador primário a continuidade na sequência lógica do relato, ou seja, a derrota ateniense na Sicília. A caracterização da personagem Nícias é definida pelo seu modo de ação caracterizado como inação e o medo que demonstra diante da opinião pública desde o livro 6 e se intensifica no livro 7. Nícias, tal como retratado por Tucídides, desempenha uma função proléptica, pois, desde o início, o seu comportamento e os seus discursos já sinalizavam a sua dificuldade diante da liderança do exército. A importância de Nícias está no fato de que é por meio da sua focalização que o narrador indica a mudança da sorte ateniense, ao longo dos dois livros, ante a derrota do exército ateniense. A comparação entre o teor dos discursos de Nícias a medida em que a situação ateniense vai se tornando cada vez mais prejudicada, acompanha e intensifica o desânimo representado pela narrativa primária, corroborando assim com o objetivo do narrador primário de narrar, mais do que a expedição, a derrota. / In books 6 and 7 of Histories, Thucydides recounts the expedition of Athenas to Sicily, which would end after the disastrous Athenian defeat before the Siracusans and their allies. The report includes from the assembly in Athens in which the preparations are discussed until the final defeat of the Athenian army in Sicily. It is noteworthy the prominence that the character Nícias, one of the Athenian generals who commanded the expedition, has in the story, since many of his actions and his speeches are highlighted by the narrator. The objective of the dissertation is to investigate the character\'s presentation throughout the narrative of the books 6 and 7 and to understand the reason for its prominence in the narrative. For this, we use the Narratological instruments, emphasizing the narrative level (primary and secondary narrators) and the differences or similarities between the primary focalizer represented by the primary narrator (which reports the main story) and the secondary represented by Nícias. After comparing the narrators, it can be seen that one narrator validates the information transmitted by the other, that is, the words and actions of Nícias ratify the primary narrative and vice versa. Nícias also has the function as a guiding thread in the internal in the narrative, providing the primary narrator with continuity in the logical sequence of the account, that is, the Athenian defeat in Sicily. The construction of the character Nícias, his mode of action characterized as inaction and the fear he proves before public opinion define the performance of the Athenian general since book 6 and intensifies in the book 7. Nícias, as portrayed by Thucydides, plays a proleptic function, since from the beginning his behavior and his speeches already signaled his difficulty before the leadership of the army. The importance of Nícias lies in the fact that it is through his focalization that the narrator indicates the change in Athenian fortunes over the two books of the defeat of the Athenian army. The comparison between the content of the discourses of Nícias as the Athenian situation becomes increasingly impaired, accompanies and intensifies the discouragement represented by the primary narrative, thus corroborating with the primary narrator\'s purpose of narrating, besides the expedition, the defeat.

This dissertation attempts to investigate the relationship between certain narrative strategies and meaning(s), and presents a narratological analysis of Golding&rsquo / s three novels. It primarily refers to the terminology offered by Genette and Rimmon-Kenan and, considering the mode of narration (voice) and the mode of focalization (mood), it tries to unearth narrative elements in narrative fiction. This dissertation argues that the implied author employs narrative agents and strategies of perspectivisation in order to affect, manipulate, determine or change the meaning(s), and that storytelling authority can be violated or balanced by monitority of perceiving. In The Inheritors, the implied author plays with shifting perspective to portray the other from within / in Pincher Martin, s/he explores temporality and timelessness to reveal post-mortem individual consciousness / unconsciousness, and in Free Fall, s/he produces a first-person retrospective narration where the protagonist deals with the act of story-telling and attempts to reconstruct his identity through manipulating subnarratives and perspectives.

The aim this thesis is to analyse the narrative structure of the novel, The Portrait of A Lady, with the aim of revealing how meaning is made and to show how certain elements are transferred to the film version and the consequent changes in meaning and emphasis. The structural analysis of The Portrait will chiefly rely on Shlomith Rimmon- Kenan&rsquo / s scheme she draws in her book Narrative Fiction. The functional analysis to show the consequent changes in meaning and emphasis, on the other hand, will rely on Roland Barthes&rsquo / s theory of functions he discusses in his article &ldquo / Structural Analysis of Narratives&rdquo / . In order to explore the narrative structure of The Portrait of A Lady, this thesis will examine story, characterization, time and focalization and demonstrate the techniques Henry James uses in narration. In the functional analysis of the novel, on the other hand, the functions of the units discussed in the story and the characterization will be compared to the functions of the same units that are transferred to the adaptation of the novel to reveal how the meaning and emphasis of the novel changes.

In a narrative the narrator tells the story, and the focalizer is a character through whose eyes the story is seen. The narrator is thus the one who speaks, whilst the focalizer is silent. The identification of these two narratological features is made with the help of verbal cues such as personal pronouns for instance. Determining the narrator and the focalizer can sometimes be challenging due to ambiguous cues in the analyzed text, as well as narratological aspects which at times can be difficult to distinguish from each other. Determining the narrator and the focalizer in graphic narratives (comics) with no narrative voice, or which completely lack words, must be done with the help of pictorial cues instead. In this thesis, Shaun Tan’s wordless graphic narrative The Arrival is used in order to show how the narrator and the focalizer can be determined by combining pictorial cues with the reader’s general knowledge of storytelling as well as his or her experiences from real life scenarios. To analyze narratological features in The Arrival, I employ terminology from comics studies, literary and film narratology. My analysis shows that determining the narrator and the focalizer in narratives lacking explicit narrative voice is possible by using only pictorial cues.

In this studyi apply a feminist-narratological grid to the works under discussion. I show how narration is used as strategy to highlight issues of concern to women, hereby attempting to make a contribution in the relatively new field of feminist narratology. Chapter One provides an analysis of Pride and Prejudice as an example of a feminist statement by Jane Austen. The use of omniscient narration and its ironic possibilities are offset against the central characters' perceptions, presented by means of free indirect style. Chapter Two examines The Tenant of Wildfell Hall as a critique of Wuthering Heights, both in its use of narrative frames and in its at times moralistic comment. The third and fourth chapters focus on Charlotte Bronte. Her ambivalences about the situation of women, be they writers, narrators or characters, are explored. These are seen to be revealed in her narrative strategies, particularly in her attainment of closure, or its lack. Chapter Five explores the increasing sophistication of the narrative techniques of Elizabeth Gaskell, whose early work Mary Barton is shown to have narrative inconsistencies as opposed to her more complex last novel Wives and Daughters. Finally, I conclude that while the authors under discussion use divergent methods, certain commonalities prevail. Among these are the presentation of alternatives women have within their constraining circumstances and the recognition of their moral accountability for the choices they make. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

In this studyi apply a feminist-narratological grid to the works under discussion. I show how narration is used as strategy to highlight issues of concern to women, hereby attempting to make a contribution in the relatively new field of feminist narratology. Chapter One provides an analysis of Pride and Prejudice as an example of a feminist statement by Jane Austen. The use of omniscient narration and its ironic possibilities are offset against the central characters' perceptions, presented by means of free indirect style. Chapter Two examines The Tenant of Wildfell Hall as a critique of Wuthering Heights, both in its use of narrative frames and in its at times moralistic comment. The third and fourth chapters focus on Charlotte Bronte. Her ambivalences about the situation of women, be they writers, narrators or characters, are explored. These are seen to be revealed in her narrative strategies, particularly in her attainment of closure, or its lack. Chapter Five explores the increasing sophistication of the narrative techniques of Elizabeth Gaskell, whose early work Mary Barton is shown to have narrative inconsistencies as opposed to her more complex last novel Wives and Daughters. Finally, I conclude that while the authors under discussion use divergent methods, certain commonalities prevail. Among these are the presentation of alternatives women have within their constraining circumstances and the recognition of their moral accountability for the choices they make. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)