This study problematizes the down play of heroic perspectives in the currently rising critical and post-heroic leadership research. It argues that compromising either the critical or the post-heroic perspectives in favour of the other would constrict or mislead our understanding of the social influence of leadership processes. This study calls for maintaining the theoretical uniqueness of both perspectives in order to enhance new understandings and broader knowledge claims. Therefore, the study adopts a reflexive-ethnographic examination of the leader-follower and group dynamics, in an International Human Rights Based Organization. The overall aim is to develop an understanding of how individuals in an International Organization like Global Peace Organization (GPO) cope with the universal scope of their organization and the diversity in their work environment. This aim is fulfilled through examining self-narratives generated by the participants in their day to day interactions. To facilitate the coherence between the two leadership perspectives in this examination, a dialectical dimension is enhanced by extending the emerging tactics of reflexivity and intertextuality to the various stages of research. The critical perspective then reveals a context-driven approach in the self-narratives where participants use their particular worldviews to interpret dilemmas and conflicts originating in their work. Conflicts between participants and their leaders also reflect power interplays based on crafting a sense of we-ness / us in self-Other encounters. However, an added perspective on interpersonal relations suggests the significance of the single factor where the less secure participants tend to mask their resistance with creative impression-management strategies. This eventually transforms their insecurities into more positive attitudes and behaviours which repositions them as informal leaders in their groups.

Research on leadership and subsequent follower outcomes has remained a prominent topic of study in the organizational sciences. Unfortunately, the leadership literature has neglected the role of follower characteristics as potential influences on the relationship between leader behavior and follower work behavior. In this session, we will review the literature on follower individual differences as they relate to leader effectiveness. We will also report the results of 2 studies that we conducted to further examine this issue. In the first study, we found that follower promotion focus mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and follower organizational citizenship behavior. In the second study, we found support for a moderated mediation model in which transformational leadership moderated the relationship between work ethic and work engagement, which subsequently predicted follower proactive behavior at work. We will conclude the session by discussing the implications of this area of research on the study and practice of leadership.

Study Design: Computational analyses using optimization finite element (FE) models. Objective: To determine the spinal muscle forces (MFs) creating compressive follower loads (CFL) in the lumbar spine in various sagittal postures and to investigate if such MFs can maintain the spinal stability. Summary of Background Data: Biomechanical loads are known closely associated with spinal disorders. Normal spinal loads, however, remains poorly understood due to the lack of knowledge of the MF control mechanism for normal biomechanical functions. Methods: 3-D optimization and FE models of the spinal system (trunk, lumbar spine, sacrum, pelvis, and 232 muscles) were developed and validated using reported experimental data. Optimization models were used to determine the MFs creating CFLs in the lumbar spine in various sagittal postures from 10 extension to 40 flexion. The deformation of the lumbar spine under these MFs and trunk weight was predicted from FE models. The stable lumbar spine deformation was determined by the resultant trunk sway < 10 mm. Results: Optimization solutions of MFs, CFLs, and follower load path (FLP) location were feasible for all studied postures. The FE predictions clearly demonstrated that MFs creating CFLs along the base spinal curve connecting the geometrical centers or along a curve in its vicinity (within anterior or posterior shift by 2 mm) produce the stable deformation of the lumbar spine in the neutral standing and flexed postures, whereas the MFs creating the smallest CFLs resulted in the unstable deformation. In case of extended postures, however, it was not possible to find the CFL creating MFs that produce stable deformation of the extended spine. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated the feasibility for spinal muscles to stabilize the spine via the CFL mechanism.

Previous in-vivo studies showed that compressive force acting on the spine may exceed 2600 N. However, the ligamentous lumbar spine becomes unstable when subjected to compressive loads less than 100 N. It is generally accepted that the ligamentous spine itself is unstable but can be stabilized by muscle forces (MFs) in vivo. Nevertheless, normal spinal muscle contraction patterns remain unknown. In recent in vitro studies, when the direction of the applied load was controlled along the spinal curvature so that the internal spinal load became perfect compressive follower loads (CFLs) at all lumbar levels, the ligamentous lumbar spine was found to withstand large compressive load (up to 1200 N) without buckling while maintaining its flexibility in neutral or flexed postures. The results of in-vivo animal studies also have shown that shear stress has a more detrimental effect on the rate of disc degeneration compared to compressive stress. These results suggest CFLs in the lumbar spine would be a normal spinal load whereas the transverse (or shear) load abnormal. An initial test of this postulation would be to investigate whether the spinal muscles can create perfect internal CFLs in the lumbar spine in all 3-D postures. In addition, small intrinsic muscles (SIMs) are crucial for better control of the direction of the internal spinal load along the spinal axis was also proposed. A finite element (FE) model together with an optimization model were used for this study. Both models consist of the trunk, sacrolumbar spine and 244 spinal muscles. Different from other studies, 54 SIMs were also included in the models. The FE model was validated by comparing the ROM of the spine with the literature data. Minimization of the summation of the spinal loads and moments was used as the cost function for the optimization model. The geometrical data obtained from the FE model was used as the input for the optimization model; it was then used to calculate the MFs required for creating the CFLs at all lumbar spine levels. The MFs determined in the optimization model were then imported back to the FE model as input loads to check the stability of the spine under this loading condition. Five different postures were studied: neutral, flexion 40°, extension 5°, lateral bending 30° and axial rotation 10°. Many optimization solutions for spinal muscle force combinations creating pure CFLs in the lumbar spine were found available in each posture. However, FE analyses showed that only muscle forces and patterns solved at FLPs along the curve in the vicinity of the baseline curve stabilized the lumbar spine. Stability was determined by small displacement of the trunk (less or equal to 5mm) due to small deformation of the lumbar spine. The magnitudes of joint reaction forces (JRFs) predicted from the optimization model were comparable to those reported in the literature. When the SIMs were removed, optimization solutions were still feasible in all five postures, but JRFs and trunk displacement were increased. This suggests the need of SIM inclusion in future spine biomechanics studies and clinically, damages to the SIMs may have a high risk of future spinal problems, such as spinal instability, early disc degeneration, deformity and/or early failure of spinal fixation devices. The results from this study supported the hypothesis that the perfect CFLs at all lumbar levels could be the normal physiological load under which the lumbar spinal column could support large load without buckling while allowing flexibility. SIMs played an important role in creating CFLs as by including SIMs in the models, the JRFs at all lumbar spine levels were lowered and the stability of the spine was increased.

Transformational leaders inspire followers to perform beyond expectations and to become transformational leaders themselves. Research evidence shows that transformational leadership has positive effects on people, teams, organizations, and nations. In addition to producing higher levels of follower performance, transformational leadership results in increased follower satisfaction and commitment. However, there is still much to be learned about the complex set of antecedents that predict perceptions of transformational leader behaviors, and research is scarce regarding moderators that impact the relationship between leader behavior and follower outcomes. Most research regarding antecedents of transformational leadership has focused on leader personality and other individual differences, but there are other potential predictors not addressed in the literature, such as how the match between a leader and the situation influences transformational leadership. This study expanded upon previous research by examining the constructs of person-organization fit, person-job fit (demands-abilities and needs-supplies), and motivation to lead as predictors of transformational leader behavior. Because followers' fit with the situation may influence their receptiveness to transformational leadership, I also examined follower perceptions of person-supervisor fit and person-organization fit as moderators of the relationship between transformational leadership and follower outcomes. I hypothesized that these relationships would be stronger for those with higher levels of fit perceptions and recruited participants from multiple organizations to test the hypotheses. A sample of 215 leaders across 10 organizations provided self-report data regarding the proposed antecedents, as well as their personality characteristics, the need for change in their work unit, and the performance of their followers. Their supervisors provided ratings of leader effectiveness and assessed the need for change in the leader's work unit. A sample of 1,284 followers assessed the leaders' transformational leader behaviors and provided self-report data regarding the proposed fit moderators and their own work attitudes, which included job satisfaction and intentions to quit. Analytic strategies used to test the hypotheses were correlational analysis, multiple regression, hierarchical linear modeling, and moderated mediation. Initial regression results showed that both needs-supplies fit and demands-abilities fit were significantly related to transformational leadership. After control variables were taken into account, only demands-abilities fit remained significantly related to transformational leadership. Consistent with previous research, transformational leadership was related to boss ratings of leader effectiveness as well as to follower job satisfaction, intentions to quit (negative), and organizational citizenship behaviors (but not to task performance). Of the proposed moderators, support was found for the interaction of transformational leadership and person-supervisor fit influencing intentions to quit (intentions to quit was positively related to transformational leadership; the relationship was stronger for those with higher levels of person-supervisor fit), the interaction of transformational leadership and person-organization fit influencing intentions to quit (intentions to quit was negatively related to transformational leadership; the relationship was stronger for those with higher levels of person-organization fit), and also for the interaction of transformational leadership and person-organization fit influencing task performance (task performance was positively related to transformational leadership; the relationship was stronger for those with higher levels of person-organization fit). Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed, along with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

A quantitative description of wind-wave and wind-current momentum transfer in high wind conditions is currently unresolved, mainly due to the severe character of the problem. It is, however, necessary for accurate wave models, storm and hurricane forecasting, and atmosphere-ocean model coupling. In this research, strongly forced wind-wave conditions were simulated in a laboratory tank. On the air side, a static pressure probe mounted on a vertical wave follower measured wave-induced airflow pressure fluctuations in close proximity to the surface. Vertical profiles of wave-induced pressure fluctuations were resolved and wave phase dependent features, such as airflow separation, identified. Based on the pressure measurements, wind-wave momentum fluxes were obtained. The dependence of the spectral wave growth function on wind forcing, wave steepness, and wave crest sharpness was also investigated. The bulk air-sea momentum fluxes were estimated using the "total budget" experimental technique. It provided information on the contribution of a wind-wave flux induced by a single wave to the total air-sea momentum flux. The percentile contribution of wind-wave momentum flux into one wave was found to be dependent on the wave's steepness. An arbitrary change in steepness, however, was found to modify the wave field in such a way that it had little effect on the total wind stress. To complement wind stress measurements velocity profiles in the water were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry technique. Mean current, turbulent stress, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate vertical profiles were studied as a function of wind speed. Together with wave spectrum evolution measurements they form a complete empirical description of momentum fluxes in the laboratory tank. The results provide a detailed empirical view on airflow pressure fluctuations over a wavy surface, on total wind stress, and on the velocity response in the water. A new wave growth parameterization with wind forcing range extended into storm conditions is the most significant stand alone result of this work. Combined with the near surface vertical profiles, these empirical data also serve as a test bed for coupled air-sea numerical models.

Engine development today is driven by cost, performance and government regulations. Customers want cars and trucks to consume less fuel, last longer, pollute less and be safer. Several of the requirements have tribological associations. For example, product longevity can be improved by lowering friction and using more wear-resistant components. In recent decades, the use of new coating application procedures and techniques has produced remarkably advances in relation to cutting tools. The process temperature at which coatings are applied has been lowered to below 200 oC. Thus it is now possible to coat low-alloy temper-sensitive steels, which are widely used in the automotive industry in machine elements such as gears, bearings and cam followers. The aim of this work has been to investigate the possibility of using sputtered amorphous carbon coatings to reduce friction and prevent wear in engine components, and specifically in valve train components. Test equipment simulating near-normal running conditions for the valve mechanism has been developed and used to test standard and coated valve components. The mechanism has also been analysed and simulated numerically. The results show a low velocity difference between the injector cam lobe and the roller, except for a short interval at the top dead centre of the rocker arm. In that region the slip increases significantly at higher speeds due to inertial forces. A three-dimensional finite element parameter study of the coating thickness, elastic modulus, asperity contact size and wavelength has shown that tensional stresses at the coating surface increase significantly when asperity contacts approach and interact. Testing of different thicknesses in rolling contact, together with finite element stress analysis, showed that a higher tensional stress level through the coating thickness increases the possibility of cracks propagating down to the interlayer and causing delamination of the coating. Tests with a rapid load increase on two carbon coatings show no transition from mild to more severe wear. Instead the contact is dimensioned by the plastic deformation of the underlying substrate.

Multispecies grazing research was conducted using meat-type goats (Capra hircus L.) and Jersey heifers (Bos taurus L.) to determine the relationships between multiple grazing treatments and pasture utilization. The study was conducted for 60 days on the Western Kentucky University Farm in Bowling Green, KY. Cattle and goats have shown to differ in grazing preferences and to be economically important to the area. Grazing treatments included goats and cattle grazing simultaneously, sequentially, and goats grazing alone. A typical established Kentucky pasture was utilized with no weed management practices employed. Predominant forage species included tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Exclosures were utilized as controls. Data included forage quality, composition, availability, height, visual weed cover and live ground cover, and thistle consumption, collected every 15 days. Results indicated a significant difference in sample dry weights between grazing treatments and ungrazed controls in every treatment except when goats followed cattle. At day 60, grazed areas had significantly lower forage heights than the control when goats grazed with and before cattle. Instances where goats followed cattle resulted in significantly higher NDF compared to the control. All treatments containing goats had significantly lower leaf numbers per thistle plant (Carduus nutans L.) than cattle only treatment. Based on this study, sequential and simultaneous grazing of cattle and goats may be an effective nodding thistle control strategy, but future experimentation is needed for determination of forage utilization and quality relationships.

This research aims to understand, describe and analyze the hidden dimensions of leadership that can nourish leader-follower relationships. Additionally, by analyzing empirical illustrations combined with the theories presented in the literature, we have developed a framework for leading smoothly, which can provide insights into the leadership activities that leaders and executives can benefit from. Our findings on leading smoothly emerged during our analysis and interpretation of two case studies and our literature review, and led us to concentrate on emotional and communicational dimensions of leadership. Concerning crisis and turbulent times as one of the most challenging situations for performing leadership activities, we present two case studies related to leadership approaches during crises. One of the case studies is about the leadership of BP‟s former CEO Tony Hayward during the oil spill crisis in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, and the second case is about the leadership of the former CEO of Johnson &amp; Johnson during the Tylenol crisis in 1982. While analyzing the cases, the emotional and communicational approaches of leaders are examined. Furthermore, these case studies facilitate the identification of the aspects that smooth leadership activities and their impacts on the leader follower relationships. Consequently, the study discusses the emotional and communicational dimensions of leadership and presents the framework for leading smoothly as a different perspective for embellishing the interaction between the leader and the follower, which can provide an understanding of the subtle ways of leading.

Abstract This dissertation explores the strategy of entering a high ¡Vbarrier industry for a conventional resin company. By analyzing the competitive advantage of nations in LCD industry, followed by comparisons made based on Resources Based View among the leading LCD chemical companies and the emerging Korea chemical firms in this industry ,the author analyzed the key successful factors of these firms and assemblied a set of strategies for the local players. The results leads to conclusions as follows: 1. The Taiwan LCD industry will have limited future ,without local LCD chemical companies. 2. The key successful factors of first movers are intensive R&D activities, aggressive participation in customers¡¦new projects, strategically alliance with important customers, and products portfolio being based on core technology of polymers, colorants or microlithography and also with organizational capabilities and long histories in chemical industry. 3.The Korean late-commers have similar KSFs with their Japanese competitors ,except that they focus their resources on fewer products portofolio and are more aggressive for faster response to customers¡¦ needs by adopting the culture of electronic industry¡¦s fast tempo. This dissertation is a case study on the competitive advantages of sampled chemical firms. By collection of related papers and reports and talks with experts in the field ,the key successful factors of the foreign competitors are summarized and the counter strategies for the local player are thus formulated. A business plan was proposed to prove the feasibility of the strategies. Key words: TFT LCD,follower¡¦s strategy,first-mover advantage, aggromeration economy,resource based view.