Introduction: Using an animal model, we examined weight gain in rats exposed to olanzapine, as well as whether increased weight was associated with food intake, visceral fat and/or locomotion. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically treated with olanzapine while being offered diets including standard chow, a high fat (60% fat) diet, and a high fat/high carbohydrate (42% fat; 42.7% carbohydrate) diet. Body weight, food intake, visceral fat and locomotor activity were measured. Results: Our findings related to weight gain are in line with other reports indicating that while olanzapine-induced weight gain can be observed, it does not mirror what is observed in humans on two levels: (i) it is not of the same magnitude, and (ii) it is more gender specific i.e., females greater than males. Conclusions: These data confirm that chronic treatment with olanzapine has varying effects on weight gain, food intake, visceral fat and locomotor activity.

The aim of this experiment was to test whether LIPX-induced decreases in body fat affect appetitive (foraging effort and food hoarding) or consummatory (food intake) ingestive behaviors and whether the effects of LIPX on these behaviors is in turn affected by changes in energy expenditure produced by varying the amount of work required to obtain food. This was accomplished by housing male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) in a foraging/hoarding apparatus where food pellets (75 mg) could be earned by completing various wheel running requirements. Requiring a foraging effort (10 revolutions/pellet) abolished the normal compensation of WAT mass by the non-excised WAT pads that typically follows IWATx or EWATx. After foraging, food hoarding was increased more than food intake when hamsters were required to forage for food (10 revolutions/pellet). The magnitude of the LIPX-induced lipid deficit (IWATx > EWATx) did not correspond to a proportional change in either appetitive or consummatory ingestive behaviors.

Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur måltidsmiljön på särskilt boende inverkar på de äldres födointag och att beskriva de i studien ingående artiklarnas kvalité. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie genomfördes. Kvantitativa och kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar söktes i databaserna Medline (PubMed) och CINAHL. Tolv artiklar inkluderades i studien efter kvalitetsgranskning. Huvudresultat: Det finns många faktorer som kan påverka ätandet hos äldre människor. Det framgick att sinnesintryck i samband med måltidsmiljön var betydelsefull för aptiten hos äldre personer. Generellt visade resultatet att en trevligt inredd måltidsmiljö hade en god inverkan på de äldres aptit samt födointag. Att inreda matsalen med stark röd och blå färg på matservisen var något som ökade födo- och vätskeintaget hos äldre personer med demens. Ytterligare något som visade sig ha en god och positiv effekt på de äldres födointag var när olika musikstilar spelades under måltiden samt när olika dofter användes, vid doft ökade även hungerkänslorna hos de äldre. Slutsats: Mer forskning behövs inom detta område. Med små kostnader och enkla medel kan födointaget förbättras hos äldre människor och därmed minimera riskerna för komplikationer och lidande som de äldre kan drabbas av samt minska vårdkostnaden för samhället. / Aim: The purpose of this literature study was to describe how meal environment in different nursing home affecting the older people´s food intake and to describe the study´s articles quality. Method: A descriptive literature review was conducted. Quantitative and qualitative scientific articles were searched in the databases Medline (PubMed) and CINAHL. Twelve articles were included in the study after a quality review. Main results: There are many factors that can affect eating in elderly people. Visual impression in relation to meal environment was important for the appetite in elderly people. It also showed that a nicely decorated meal environment had a good impact on older people´s appetite and food intake. Decorating the dining room with strong red and blue color of the tableware increased food- and fluid intake in people with dementia. When different styles of music was played during the meal and using different odors also increased the food intake and hunger emotions. Conclusion: More research needs in this area. With little cost and simple means the food intake can improve in the elderly people and that minimize the risk for complications and suffering the elderly may be affected of and reduce the healthcare costs for the society.

No description available.

The hypothesis that consumption of whey protein (WP) prior to a meal suppresses short-term food intake and reduces post-meal glycemia by insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in healthy young adults was explored in three studies. Study one investigated the effect of solid vs. liquid forms of WP (50 g) and sucrose (75 g) on food intake at 1 h. Whey protein, whether in solid or liquid form, suppressed food intake more than sucrose. Study two examined the effect of WP (10-40 g) consumed 30 min prior to a meal on food intake, and pre- and post-meal blood concentrations of glucose and insulin. Whey protein reduced food intake and post-meal glycemia in a dose-dependent manner without increased blood insulin concentrations. In the third study, glycemic control after WP was compared with glucose, at doses of 10 and 20 g. Both pre-meal WP and glucose consumption reduced post-meal glycemia similarly. However, WP resulted in lower pre-meal blood glucose and delayed gastric emptying, lower pre-and post-meal and overall insulin secretion and concentrations and higher GLP-1 and PYY concentrations compared with glucose. Thus, the results of this research support the hypothesis that consumption of WP prior to a meal suppresses short-term food intake and reduces post-meal glycemia by insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in healthy young adults.

The hypothesis that consumption of whey protein (WP) prior to a meal suppresses short-term food intake and reduces post-meal glycemia by insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in healthy young adults was explored in three studies. Study one investigated the effect of solid vs. liquid forms of WP (50 g) and sucrose (75 g) on food intake at 1 h. Whey protein, whether in solid or liquid form, suppressed food intake more than sucrose. Study two examined the effect of WP (10-40 g) consumed 30 min prior to a meal on food intake, and pre- and post-meal blood concentrations of glucose and insulin. Whey protein reduced food intake and post-meal glycemia in a dose-dependent manner without increased blood insulin concentrations. In the third study, glycemic control after WP was compared with glucose, at doses of 10 and 20 g. Both pre-meal WP and glucose consumption reduced post-meal glycemia similarly. However, WP resulted in lower pre-meal blood glucose and delayed gastric emptying, lower pre-and post-meal and overall insulin secretion and concentrations and higher GLP-1 and PYY concentrations compared with glucose. Thus, the results of this research support the hypothesis that consumption of WP prior to a meal suppresses short-term food intake and reduces post-meal glycemia by insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in healthy young adults.

The aim of this experiment was to test whether LIPX-induced decreases in body fat affect appetitive (foraging effort and food hoarding) or consummatory (food intake) ingestive behaviors and whether the effects of LIPX on these behaviors is in turn affected by changes in energy expenditure produced by varying the amount of work required to obtain food. This was accomplished by housing male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) in a foraging/hoarding apparatus where food pellets (75 mg) could be earned by completing various wheel running requirements. Requiring a foraging effort (10 revolutions/pellet) abolished the normal compensation of WAT mass by the non-excised WAT pads that typically follows IWATx or EWATx. After foraging, food hoarding was increased more than food intake when hamsters were required to forage for food (10 revolutions/pellet). The magnitude of the LIPX-induced lipid deficit (IWATx > EWATx) did not correspond to a proportional change in either appetitive or consummatory ingestive behaviors.

Emerging evidence suggests that sedentary behaviour is independently associated with cardiometabolic disease risk in school-aged children and youth. This thesis includes 4 related studies in the pursuit of 2 objectives: 1) To determine the cross-sectional association of sedentary time, interruptions in sedentary time, sedentary bout length, and total movement variability with markers of cardiometabolic disease risk among children and youth, and 2) To examine the impact of 1-day of prolonged sedentary behaviour, with and without interruptions or structured physical activity, on markers of cardiometabolic disease risk, hunger, food intake and spontaneous physical activity levels in children and youth. In Study 1, we found that interruptions in sedentary time and short bouts of sedentary time were beneficially associated with clustered cardiometabolic disease risk in boys and girls aged 8-11 years, independent of total sedentary time, moderate-and-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and other confounders (all p<0.05), while the opposite was true for screen based sedentary behaviours. In Study 2, we found that movement variability (minute-to-minute changes in movement intensity) was negatively associated with clustered cardiometabolic disease risk and systolic blood pressure independent of MVPA, sedentary time and other covariates in a representative sample of American children and youth aged 12-17 years (all p<0.05). In Studies 3 and 4, we found that prolonged sitting, with or without interruptions and structured MVPA did not result in acute changes in markers of cardiometabolic disease risk, nor subsequent ad libitum food intake or physical activity levels in healthy children aged 10-14 years (all p ≥0.05). Taken together, the studies that make up this thesis suggest that optimal levels of cardiometabolic disease risk are most likely to be seen in children who limit their time engaging in screen-based sedentary behaviours, who frequently interrupt their sedentary time, and who have high levels of variability in their movement behaviours.

Food intake is regulated by both appetite and orosensory reward systems. Appetite systems stimulate or reduce hunger, while orosensory reward motivates consumption of high fat sweet foods, resulting in food enjoyment. The majority of advanced cancer patients suffer from malnutrition and wasting, which may be caused by a loss of appetite due to physiological changes or a hindered orosensory reward system due to taste and smell (chemosensory) changes or both. Orosensory reward systems were hypothesized to be impaired in advanced cancer. To understand the influence of chemosensory alterations on food intake and enjoyment, the nature (intensity) of chemosensory alterations in cancer patients and their relationship with ingestive behaviour and quality of life (QOL) were investigated (study 1). Advanced cancer patients (n=192) more frequently self-reported tastes and odours to be heightened rather than diminished (p=0.035). Patients with perceived chemosensory alterations had poorer QOL (p=0.0176) and lower caloric intake (p=0.0018) compared to patients with no alterations. Cannabinoids (e.g. -9-tetrahydrocannabinol, -9-THC) increase food intake by stimulating both appetite and orosensory reward systems as well as potentially enhancing chemosensory function. To palliate chemosensory alterations and poor appetite, advanced cancer patients (n=21, study 2) with these symptoms were randomized to receive either -9-THC (2.5mg) or placebo oral capsules twice daily for 18 days. Compared to patients receiving placebo, -9-THC-treated patients reported that food tasted better (p=0.04), they had improved chemosensory perception (p=0.026), increased preference and intake of high protein foods (p=0.008), and improved appetite (p=0.05), quality of sleep (p= 0.025), and relaxation (p= 0.045). Like cancer patients, tumour-bearing rats appeared to experience a loss of orosensory reward, showing tumour-associated anorexia when fed a rewarding diet to the same degree as on a usual diet (study 3). -9-THC significantly increased caloric intake compared to vehicle for both tumour-bearing (p=0.0146) and healthy rats (p=0.0004), suggesting endocannabinoid-mediated appetite systems are functioning in this tumour model. The findings of this thesis suggest orosensory reward systems to be impaired in advanced cancer, decreasing the liking and motivation to eat. -9-THC treatment may help to palliate perceived chemosensory alterations and loss of appetite and food enjoyment in advanced cancer. / Food Science and Technology

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.