La thèse est consacrée à la sociologie de la formation au métier de footballeur. Il s'agit de comprendre comment on devient, ou non, joueur de football professionnel, aussi bien du point de vue de celui qui vit la formation (le joueur) que de celui qui la fait (le formateur). Pour cela, nous avons mené une série d'entretiens (quatre-vingt dix) et d'observations (cinquante séances d'entraînement et deux semaines d'immersion continue) dans les trois clubs professionnels de la région Nord / Pas de Calais que sont le Racing Club de Lens, le Lille Olympique Sporting Club et le Valenciennes Football Club ainsi qu'au centre fédéral de préformation de Liévin. La démarche de comparaison entre les différentes instances de formation que nous avons adoptée permet d'emblée de questionner l'unicité supposée du système de formation "à la française". En parallèle de cette comparaison des lieux de formation, le recours au concept de carrière permet, en observant l'entrée, le déroulement et la sortie de la formation, de mettre en évidence l'absence de linéarité dans les trajectoires qui amènent au professionnalisme.C'est au cours de plusieurs étapes rythmées par moments clés, en côtoyant divers groupes et segments professionnels que se structure progressivement une identité professionnelle de joueur de football de haut niveau. Mais si les lauréats sont à l'évidence devenus des professionnels d'un système de formation hyper sélectif et incertain, sont-ils, pour autant préparés à affronter le marché du travail des footballeurs ? Lorsque l'on sait que plus de la moitié des premiers contrats professionnels ne seront pas renouvelés, rien n'est moins sûr. / The thesis focuses on how to get to the various stages to the work of professional footballer, seen from sociological aspects. We want to understand how it is possible to become – or not – a professional football player both from the perspective of the one who lives training (the player) and the one who makes it (the trainer). In order to do this, we conducted a series of interviews (ninety) and observations (fifty training sessions and two weeks of continuous immersion) in the three professional clubs in the region Nord / Pas de Calais that are the Racing Club of Lens, the Lille Olympique Sporting Club and the Valenciennes Football Club and the federal preformation center of Lievin. Comparing these different places of the formation, allows us immediately to question the supposed unity of the French football model of education. Besides this first comparison, using the concept of career allows us, by observing the beginning, the process and the close of the education, to show that there is no linearity in the trajectories that lead to the work of professional football player. It is during several stages defined by key moments and by meeting different professional groups and segments that the football player’s professional identity is progressively structured. However, we can wonder if young people who manage to survive to a such uncertain and selective model of formation are really prepared to evolve in the professional football market. When we know that half of the first professional football contracts are not prolonged, we can’t positively answer to this.

Le contrat de travail du footballeur professionnel est soumis à de nombreuses influences du droit. Le droit du travail tout d’abord, qui encadre strictement sa formation et sa rupture. Le footballeur professionnel est lié à son club par un contrat de travail à durée déterminée d'usage. Le droit de la responsabilité civile ensuite qui permet d’engager la responsabilité du footballeur. Enfin, le droit administratif est susceptible de réglementer les rapports qu’entretient le footballeur avec la fédération Française de football qui détient une délégation de service public. Il résulte de toutes ces influences une spécificité. Celle-ci se caractérise par l’existence d’un environnement particulier dans lequel évolue avec le footballeur avec plusieurs fédérations sportives qui édictent des normes sportives ou la possibilité de saisir le tribunal arbitral du sport. Le contrat de travail du footballeur professionnel se démarque du droit commun du CDD. En effet, ce contrat de travail doit faire l'objet d'une homologation à la ligue de football professionnel. En matière de responsabilité, les juges imposent la commission d’une faute caractérisée par la violation des règles du jeu. Il sera démontré que si le contrat de travail du footballeur professionnel pris dans son ensemble n’est pas spécifique, des points précis lors de sa conclusion, son exécution ou de sa rupture démontre effectivement que ce contrat est spécifique. Nous parlerons d'une spécificité à géométrie variable du contrat de travail du footballeur professionnel / The employment contract of a professional footballer is subject to many influences of the law. Firstly, Labour law strictly regulates its development and limitations. The professional footballer is tied to his club by a fixed term contract. Then, civil liability engages the footballer's liability. Finally, administrative law may regulate the footballer’s relationship with the French Football Federation which holds a public service delegation. The result of all these influences specificity. It is characterised by the existence of a particular environment in which the footballer with several sports federations enact sporting standards or the possibility of seizing the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The professional footballer’s employment contract differs from regular fixed term contracts. As a matter of fact, the employment contract is subject to the approval of a professional football league. With respect to accountability, judges require the commission of gross negligence by the breach of rules. At the European level, the football authorities have set up the system of association-trained player. This system is contrary to the freedom of movement of EU workers. It will be shown that if the employment contract of professional footballers as a whole is not specific, precise points at its conclusion, its execution or its rupture actually demonstrates that this contract is specific. We will speak of a specific variable geometry of the employment contract professional footballer

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10973.pdf: 395249 bytes, checksum: cdc42e8fccd324f5712392d141fe14b2 (MD5) / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram de determinar e comparar as respostas de variáveis fisiológicas anaeróbias láticas e aláticas em futebolistas de diferentes categorias. Foram voluntários deste estudo 21 jogadores profissionais de futebol de campo que atuaram na segunda divisão do campeonato paulista do ano de 2006, com idade de 22,08 ± 8,28 anos; peso corporal de 76,12 ± 9,8 Kg; estatura de 179,04 ± 7,02 cm e 12,21 ± 3,67 % de gordura corporal; e 16 jogadores da categoria infanto-juvenil (Ginf) com idade de 14,9 ± 0,6 anos; peso corporal de 57,8 ± 6,2 Kg; estatura de 172,1 ± 7,1cm e 13,0 ± 2,5 % de gordura corporal. Os profissionais foram subdivididos em dois grupos como se segue; grupo de atacantes e zagueiros, (Ga-z n = 9), e grupo de laterais e meio campistas, (Gl-mc n = 12). Os atletas foram avaliados antropometricamente, e submetidos a duas avaliações separadas entre si por um período de três dias, composta por testes de saltos verticais (“Ergo Jump”, Lasa Informática), “squat jump” (SJ) e “countermovement jump” (CMJ), e teste de “Wingate” (TW) em cicloergômetro (BIOTEC 2100, CEFISE) para a determinação da potência pico (PP), potência média (PM) e índice de fadiga (IF). A comparação entre os resultados foi realizada pelo “Teste t de Student” e pela “ANOVA”, e as correlações foram determinadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de “Pearson e Spearman”, sendo adotado o nível de significância de p 0,05. Os resultados obtidos no CMJ foram significantemente maiores (p 0,02) que os resultados obtidos no SJ para Ga-z, Gl-mc e Ginf. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes (p 0,05) entre Ga-z e Gl-mc para o SJ e CMJ. Para o SJ determinaram-se diferenças significantes (p 0,01) entre Gl-mc e Ginf e para o CMJ entre Ga-z e Ginf (p 0,05), e entre Gl-mc e Ginf (p 0,01). No TW tanto a PP como a PM apresentaram diferenças significantes (p 0,05) entre os profissionais (Ga-z, Gl-mc) e Ginf. Foram determinadas correlações significantes (p 0,05): para Ga-z entre CMJ e PP (r = 0,71); para Gl-mc entre SJ e PP (r = 0,74), entre CMJ e PP (r = 0,71), e para Ginf entre SJ e PP (r = 0,54), entre SJ e PM (r = 0,63). Apesar das limitações, concluímos que os dois protocolos utilizados em nosso experimento para a identificação de componentes relacionados à potência anaeróbia, “Wingate Test” e o teste pliométrico “Jump Test” apresentaram correlação entre os resultados indicando serem bons preditores do desempenho anaeróbio. Em nosso estudo o teste de “Wingate” demonstrou sensibilidade para determinar diferenças na PP e PM entre os jogadores profissionais e os infanto-juvenis. Entretanto, não foi possível identificar diferenças entre os jogadores profissionais Ga-z e Gl-mc. / The objectives of this work were to assess and compare the responses of physiological variables in anaerobic lactic and no lactic in footballers of different categories. There were 21 volunteers footballers from this study who acted in the second division of Sao Paulo state championship in 2006, they are 22.08 years old ± 8.28 years; bodyweight of 76.12 ± 9.8 kg; stature of 179.04 ± 7.02 cm and 12.21 ± 3.67% of body fat, and 16 players of the infant-juvenile category (Ginf) who are 14.9 ± 0.6 years; weight body of 57.8 ± 6.2 kg, height of 172.1 ± 7.1 cm and 13.0 ± 2.5% of body fat. The professionals were divided into two groups as follows; a group of attackers and backs (Ga-z = 9) and the group of lateral and middle field, (Gl-mc n = 12). The athletes were evaluated anthropometrically and submitted to two separate evaluations among themselves for a period of three days, composed of vertical jump tests ( "Ergo Jump", Lasa Technology), "squat jump” (SJ) and “countermovement jump"(CMJ ), and test of "Wingate" (TW) in cycle (BIOTEC 2100, CEFISE) for determining the peak power (PP), average power (PM) index and fatigue (IF). The comparison between the results was conducted by the “Test T of Student” and the "ANOVA ", and the correlations were determined by the correlation coefficient," Pearson and Spearman ", and were adopted the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The results in CMJ were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.02) than the results achieved in SJ for Ga-z, Gl-mc and Ginf. There were no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between Ga-z and G1- mc for SJ and the CMJ. For SJ led it had significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) between G1-mc and Ginf and the CMJ between Ga-z and Ginf (p ≤ 0.05), and between Gl-mc and Ginf (p ≤ 0.01). In TW both the PP and the PM showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among professionals (Ga-z, Gl-mc) and Ginf. There were some significant (p ≤ 0.05) among professionals (Ga-z, Gl-mc) and Ginf. It was determined significant correlations (p ≤ 0.05: to Ga-z between CMJ and PP (r = 0.71); for Gl-mc between SJ and PP (r = 0.74) between CMJ and PP (r = 0.71), and for Ginf between SJ and PP (r = 0.54) between SJ and PM (r = 0.63). Despite the limitations, we concluded that the two protocols used in our experiment for the identification of components related to anaerobic power, "Wingate Test" and the test called "Jump Test" shows correlation between the results indicating that both they are good predictors of anaerobic performance. In our study the test of "Winaget" demonstrated sensitivity to determine the differences between the PP and PM in the professional players and the children and young people. Meanwhile, it was not possible to identify differences between the professional players Ga-z and Gl-mc. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações