This research has three objectives; 1) describe the distribution of footpaths in the outer suburbs of Ottawa, 2) quantify the impact footpaths have on network connectivity in the outer western suburban neighborhoods of Ottawa, 3) quantify the impact of footpaths on destination-based walkability measures in the outer western suburban neighborhoods of Ottawa. The distribution of footpaths is assessed using a principal component analysis on 86 observations (footpaths) and 11 variables (land usage, transit connection, income, population density). Network connectivity is measured using the link-node ratio, the gamma index, and the alpha index, as well a node betweenness centrality. Walkability is measured in ArcGIS through an origin-destination cost matrix. The results show that the distribution of footpaths cannot be explained by the selected variables. Footpaths slightly decrease overall network connectivity and re-work node betweenness centrality. Footpaths have no impact on destination-based walkability. And so, footpaths may serve as better pedestrian routes but not necessarily as faster routes through the outer western suburbs of Ottawa.

Achieving the carbon emission reductions necessary to address climate change is proving challenging. Voluntary behaviour change by individuals has the potential to make a substantial contribution to decreasing carbon emissions, but generally that potential is not being realised. Group-based interventions, however, may offer an effective method for promoting significant and durable changes in pro-environmental behaviour leading to carbon reductions. This thesis evaluates Footpaths, a group-based programme designed and implemented by Transition Leicester and consisting of seven sessions. The study investigates the effectiveness of the programme, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach to facilitate understanding of both measurable results and the processes leading to those results. The Reasonable Person Model (RPM) is used as a theoretical framework to aid understanding of the way in which group-based interventions may promote pro-environmental behaviour. Data were collected from participants just before and immediately after involvement with the Footpaths programme, as well as a year after the sessions commenced. Questionnaires were administered at all three times and semi-structured interviews were conducted after the last session. Participants also completed a carbon footprint calculator at all three times and provided data on measured energy use. Findings show that Footpaths participants reduced their carbon footprints by 15 percent over the course of the sessions, and continued to reduce their carbon footprints resulting in a 20 percent reduction over the course of a year. Pro-environmental behaviour increased, including increases in harder to change behaviours, and measured energy use decreased. Increases in pro-environmental behaviour and reductions in carbon footprint were associated with increased understanding, greater feelings of competence, and reduced confusion; all considered to be elements of a supportive informational environment. Participants highlighted the importance of having an opportunity to examine their own behaviour coupled with active engagement with information over a period of time. Neither feedback nor a desire for social contact were related to increases in pro-environmental behaviour. Pro-environmental behaviour was more closely associated with both worldview and attitude after participation in Footpaths possibly indicating a closer alignment between attitude and behaviour after participation. This research suggests that group-based interventions are effective in promoting significant and durable changes in pro-environmental behaviour and it provides interesting insight into the design of successful interventions to encourage such behaviour. Findings highlight the potential value of the RPM as an integrative framework for understanding the characteristics of interventions that successfully promote durable sustainable behaviours.

[ES] La presente investigación aborda el vigente interés por la figura del camino a partir del estudio de una serie de prácticas artísticas contemporáneas, otorgando especial relevancia a los caminos del deseo. Se propone, así, un recorrido dividido en tres partes cuyo punto de partida se sitúa en el estudio de los contextos para el caminante, tanto desde el punto de vista de su justificación teórica e histórica como desde el propio análisis de los espacios físicos donde tienen lugar las prácticas caminantes, destacando aquellos donde es posible crear camino, entendiendo el paisaje más relacionado con la experiencia móvil del recorrido que con una imagen (López Silvestre, 2008). Otros lugares que también se acometen son la metrópolis, el jardín o la carretera. El presente estudio abarca un panorama extenso a partir de las obras de arte contemporáneo seleccionadas en diversas exposiciones de alcance internacional, destacando las celebradas en España. El itinerario parte del rastro más elemental -la pisada (footprint)- para recorrer distintas morfologías del camino en el arte contemporáneo desde finales de 1960 hasta la actualidad, tales como senderos (footpaths), escaleras, laberintos, pasillos, corredores, plataformas y puentes, así como el trayecto en el plano, textworks y audiowalks, o la poética del final del camino, entre otros. La última parte de la tesis está dedicada en exclusiva al fenómeno de los caminos del deseo, enfocado tanto desde las recientes publicaciones sobre el tema (Shuey, 2021; Coutts et al., 2019; Foster y Newell, 2019; Schorr, 2019, Jarosz, 2019) como desde la propia práctica artística. Esta investigación constata que la cuestión móvil de estar en el camino -in itinere- es decisiva para interpretar un amplio conjunto de obras de arte contemporáneo, formalmente emparentadas con A Line Made by Walking (1967), de Richard Long, pieza clave en el desarrollo del arte conceptual, demostrando que el recorrido experiencial constituye uno de los ejes centrales de la producción artística desde finales del siglo XX. / [CA] La present investigació aborda el vigent interés per la figura del camí a partir de l'estudi d'una sèrie de pràctiques artístiques contemporànies, atorgant especial rellevància als camins del desig. Es proposa, així, un recorregut dividit en tres parts el punt de partida de les quals se situa en l'estudi dels contextos per al caminant, tant des del punt de vista de la seua justificació teòrica i històrica com des de la pròpia anàlisi dels espais físics on tenen lloc les pràctiques caminants, destacant aquells on és possible crear camí, entenent el paisatge més relacionat amb l'experiència mòbil del recorregut que amb una imatge (López Silvestre, 2008). Altres llocs que també s'escometen són la metròpolis, el jardí o la carretera. El present estudi abasta un panorama extens a partir de les obres d'art contemporani seleccionades en diverses exposicions d'abast internacional, destacant les celebrades a Espanya. L'itinerari part del rastre més elemental -la trepitjada (footprint)- per a recórrer diferents morfologies del camí en l'art contemporani des de finals de 1960 fins a l'actualitat, com ara senderes (footpaths), escales, laberints, corredors, plataformes i ponts, així com el trajecte en el pla, textworks i audiowalks, o la poètica del final del camí, entre altres. L'última part de la tesi està dedicada en exclusiva al fenomen dels camins del desig, enfocat tant des de les recents publicacions sobre el tema (Shuey, 2021; Coutts et al., 2019; Foster i Newell, 2019; Schorr, 2019, Jarosz, 2019) com des de la pròpia pràctica artística. Aquesta investigació constata que la qüestió mòbil d'estar en el camí -in itinere- és decisiva per a interpretar un ampli conjunt d'obres d'art contemporani, formalment emparentades amb A Line Made by Walking (1967), de Richard Long, peça clau en el desenvolupament de l'art conceptual, demostrant que el recorregut experiencial constitueix un dels eixos centrals de la producció artística des de finals del segle XX. / [EN] This research addresses the current interest in the concept of the path through the study of a series of contemporary artistic practices, giving special importance to the desire paths. It proposes a journey divided into three parts, starting with an examination of the contexts for the walker, both from a theoretical and historical perspective and from the analysis of the physical spaces where walking practices take place, emphasizing those where it is possible to create a path, understanding the landscape more in relation to the mobile experience of the journey than as an image (López Silvestre, 2008). Other places that are also explored include the metropolis, the garden, or the road. This study encompasses a broad panorama based on selected contemporary artworks from various international exhibitions, with a focus on those held in Spain. The itinerary begins with the most elementary trace - the footprint - to explore different morphologies of the path in contemporary art from the late 1960s to the present, such as footpaths, stairs, labyrinths, corridors, walkways, platforms, and bridges, as well as the journey on the plane, textworks, and audiowalks, or the poetics of the journey's end, among others. The last part of the thesis is exclusively dedicated to the phenomenon of desire paths, approached both through recent publications on the subject (Shuey, 2021; Coutts et al., 2019; Foster and Newell, 2019; Schorr, 2019, Jarosz, 2019) and through artistic practice itself. This research confirms that the mobile question of being on the path - in itinere - is crucial for interpreting a wide range of contemporary artworks, formally related to Richard Long's A Line Made by Walking (1967), a key piece in the development of conceptual art, demonstrating that the experiential journey constitutes one of the central axes of artistic production since the late 20th century. / Teira Muñiz, I. (2023). Caminos, caminos del deseo, senderos y pisadas en la práctica artística contemporánea. Una posibilidad de itinerario [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199980

Esta pesquisa verseja sobre a relação Ciência (Geografia) e Arte (Literatura), formas de reflexo da realidade e objetivação humana. Dito isto, nosso objetivo principal é analisar o processo de modernização urbana da cidade do Crato, Ceará, tendo como referência central os livros \"Matozinho Vai à Guerra\" (2007) e a \"Delicada Trama do Labirinto\" (2013), ambos de autoria do escritor José Flávio Vieira. A partir de um recorte espaço-temporal (Crato, 1950 aos dias atuais) analisamos as transformações sócio-espaciais fundamentadas em um ideário de modernidade que afetou não somente o arcabouço físico da urbe, a exemplo da demolição de prédios e casas históricas ou de interferências estruturais no solo urbano que até hoje são vistas como cicatrizes abertas (destruição criativa por meio da guerra de Matozinho), mas de mudanças quanto à forma de sociabilidade, na cultura (culinária, dança, moda, música, etc.), da perda do centro, dos referenciais históricos, de sujeitos alienados (perdidos nas Tramas do Labirinto). Para tal, tendo o materialismo histórico e dialético como método, escolhemos o que Harvey (2015) denominou de \"materialismo histórico-geográfico\", que consiste em uma possibilidade teórico-prática para entender a dinâmica urbana em um dado espaço-tempo. Além do diálogo principal com a Literatura, sobretudo a partir das contribuições de Marx e Engels (2014; 2011) e Lukcás (2009; 2010; 2016), não abdicamos daquilo que podemos chamar de o \"acervo da cidade\", que consiste em uma análise documental envolvendo o objeto de pesquisa. O entendimento da Arte e da Ciência como formas de reflexo da mesma realidade, ou seja, não as distanciando da vida cotidiana, eleva a autoconsciência do ser humano, nos possibilitando refletir, a exemplo do que foi feito nesta pesquisa, sobre a lógica da urbanização enquanto via de acumulação do capital, revelando a pobreza da experiência urbana por meio de uma forma de sociabilidade que reforça a dimensão individual dos sujeitos, cada dia mais segregacionados em uma cidade cada vez mais dividida, na qual muros coibi encontros e reuniões; onde o valor de troca sobrepõe-se ao valor de uso. Inicialmente esteados numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, que pretende unir forças entre campos para superar a fragmentação do saber, ao longo da pesquisa fomos radicalmente nos distanciando dessa perspectiva. A retomada de consciência refundou os rumos da pesquisa e nosso modo de olhar o mundo, como tentamos expor ao final (por meio de \"registros ontológicos\" feitos ao longo da pesquisa), nos elementos pós-textuais. / This research focuses on the relation Science (Geography) and Art (Literature), forms of reflection of reality and human objectification. That said, our main objective is to analyze the process of urban modernization of the city of Crato Ceará, having as central reference the books \"Matozinho goes to the War\" (2007) and the \"Delicate Trama of the Labyrinth\"(2013), both authored by the writer José Flávio Vieira. From a space-time clash (Crato, 1950 to the present day), we analyze socio-spatial transformations based on an ideology of modernity that affected not only the physical structure of the city, such as the demolition of historic buildings and houses or structural urban soil that until today are seen as open scars (creative destruction through the war\'s Matozinho), but of changes in the form of sociability, culture (cooking, dance, fashion, music, etc.), loss of the center, historical references, alienated subjects Plots of the Labyrinth). For this, taking historical and dialectical materialism as a method, we chose what Harvey (2015) called \"historical-geographical materialism\", which consists of a theoretical-practical possibility to understand the urban dynamics in a given space-time. In addition to the main dialogue with literature, especially from the contributions of Marx and Engels (2014, 2011) and Lukcás (2009, 2010, 2016), we do not give up what we can call the \"city collection\", which consists of a documentary analysis involving the research object. The understanding of Art and Science as forms of reflection of the same reality, that is, not distancing them from everyday life, elevates the self-consciousness of the human being, enabling us to reflect, as in this research, on the logic of urbanization as a way of accumulating capital, revealing the poverty of urban experience through a form of sociability that reinforces the individual dimension of the subjects, increasingly segregated in an increasingly divided city, in which walls meet and meetings; where the exchange value exceeds the value in use. Initially esteemed in an interdisciplinary perspective, which seeks to join forces between fields to overcome the fragmentation of knowledge, throughout the research we have been radically distancing ourselves from this perspective. The resumption of consciousness has refounded the directions of research and our way of looking at the world, as we have tried to expose at the end (through \"ontological records\" made throughout the research) in the post-textual elements.

Prior to this thesis, there was a specialist course “Sport centre Za Lužánkami Brno”. This project was focused on planning of urbanism-architectural area with a mixture of renovated and new facilities with different functions for sport and leisure, together with professional sport opportunities. The emphasis was on collision-free paths for pedestrians and cyclists, clear transport links around the centre and terrain configuration of the area. The thesis follows on from this project, focusing on development between the hotel Bobycentrum in the South and the Lužánky swimming pool in the North. The idea of the proposal stems from the need to connect the development area to the existing network of pedestrian and cycle paths and the public transport system to minimise the use for individual car travel to the sport centre; and to connect existing and new facilities for leisure and sports. The Sport relax centre was designed with existing buildings in mind and partially follows their ground floor dimensions. The centre creates a barrier from the noisy and busy street and provides a calmer area for outdoor recreation. It fills a gap between the existing buildings and is encircled by a footpath at second level joining to the footbridges over Sportovní Street and the existing terrain in the north-western part. The footpath is ended by passageway between swimming pool and wellness centre. More and more people are looking for sport opportunities in cities however; there are still not enough quality grounds and facilities on offer. The facilities in this development are meant for regular trainings and recreation for the public, including parents with children, groups of friends as well as individual and team sports players, offering a range of day, evening and night activities both indoors and outdoors. Other facilities include outdoor changing rooms and sports equipment rental as well as spaces for meeting friends such as a restaurant, wellness and a dancing-hall.