The subject of this thesis are countries in Latin America, specifically Mexico and the member states of the economic integration MERCOSUR, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Paraguay and Uruguay, their foreign trade and economic relations with EU, Czech Republic respectively and the state support for exporters. The goal is to characterize the selected countries and their standings within the region and towards EU/CZ, to classify their trade relations and identify perspective export-oriented branches and to enumerate services and advantages for Czech exporters through state export support. To achieve these objectives many statistics have been used, in particular: demographic structure, GDP structure, history of the balance of trade, product grouping of exports a.o. Analysis showed that the degree of difficulty for Czech exporters to penetrate the markets of Mexico and MERCOSUR member states differs greatly. Perspective export commodities are transport vehicles, processing machinery and manufactures. The possibility to use services of the state export support is specific to each country. Mexico and MERCOSUR, based on the total value of mutual trade, are not the most significant trade partners of the Czech Republic, they, however, hold considerable potential.

The final thesis deals with Brazil as an economic and political developing country with plenty of opportunities for foreign and Czech subjects. Business requirements, urgent problems and barriers preventing from entering the Brazil market are analysed there and on the contrary perspective branches that provide better opportunities to start business for Czech firms are presented there. The thesis concerns with the development of the Czech-Brazil relationship, the current contractual foundation and the economic cooperation of both countries. The practical part of the thesis analyses chosen firms which have experience with trading at the Brazil market.

Na década de 90 houve mudanças significativas no setor agroindustrial do leite no Brasil. Dentre elas destacam-se: i) a desregulamentação do rigoroso controle estatal após 46 anos (1945-1991); ii) o lançamento de novos produtos; iii) a entrada de multinacionais; iv) a criação do Mercado Comum do Cone Sul e v) a abertura comercial generalizada. O comércio mundial de lácteos tem a participação de poucos países, sendo os principais importadores e exportadores os países membros da Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Países como o Brasil e a Índia possuem parcelas pouco expressivas do volume de comércio. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar os fatores que têm influenciado as importações de lácteos pelo Brasil no período de 1991 a 2003. A metodologia empregada para medir os impactos das importações de leite nas variáveis macroeconômicas foi a de séries temporais. Incorporou-se uma análise gráfica a partir do diagrama back to back analisado por Barros (1987). E, ainda, utilizou-se a equação de excesso de demanda para definir a demanda por importação de leite. Concluiu-se que as variáveis: preço de importação de leite, taxa de câmbio real, PIB per capita e preço interno de leite são significativas e apresentam sinais coerentes com a teoria econômica. As elasticidades estimadas foram todas próximas ou superiores à unidade, revelando um mercado bastante dinâmico com ajustes rápidos a curto prazo. As elasticidades foram de magnitudes bem parecidas, sugerindo uma boa integração do segmento leiteiro ao mercado internacional. Vale salientar que as dummies incluídas para captar as variações de políticas econômicas como estabilização monetária e políticas anti-dumping não apresentaram efeitos significativos. É possível que seus efeitos tenham sido captados por outras variáveis incluídas no modelo. / During the decade of the 1990´s several significant changes took place in the milk agroindustry sector in Brazil: i) the sector was deregulated after 46 years of state control; ii) new milk products were created; iii) the market share of multinational enterprises increased; iv) the Common Market of the South (Mercosul) was created; v) the economy was opened through tariff reduction and deregulations. Only a few countries participate in the world milk trade. Major importers and exporters are members of OECD. The trade share of countries like Brazil and India in rather small. The general objective of this study is to analyze the factors that influenced the imports of milk by Brazil during the period 1991 to 2003. The milk imports market is analysed through “back to back” graphic system such that Brazil imports demand faces the world export supply. These two functions are then estimated. The variables dollar price of imported milk, real exchange rate, per capita GDP an domestic price of milk presented significant coefficient with sign coherent to economic theory. Estimated elasticities were all close to or higher than one, revealing a quite dynamic market with short term fast a adjustments. The magnitudes of the elasticities were very similar, suggesting a good integration of the milk sector to the international market. It should be pointed out that the dummy variables included in the model to capture the effects of the monetary stabilization and the anti-dumping measures did not present statiscally significant coefficients. It is possible that these effects have been capture by other variables in the model.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-23T20:58:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineRibeiroSilva.pdf: 2359276 bytes, checksum: 279c4a6ea980fe7ea4460d231c7a7603 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T20:58:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineRibeiroSilva.pdf: 2359276 bytes, checksum: 279c4a6ea980fe7ea4460d231c7a7603 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-09 / The present study aims at identifying the possible connections between foreign trade and economic development. For this is done a review of the main economic theories that may explain the relationship between these two issues. The central point of analysis is to identify the extent to which trade has been the driving force of economic growth and, therefore, the development of the state. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of the state of Maranhão export competitiveness through some indicators of foreign trade on competitiveness revealed in the period 2000-2010. Thus, it seeks to draw a diagnosis of this condition using as criteria the identification of sectors, notably, the performance indicators of the state that refers specifically to the revelation of the foreign trade sector, enabling thus substantiate the relationship between two themes. It is clear, however, that the beneficial effects provided by the external sector are limited in the state, because it lacks the infrastructure (social, economic and institutional) enough for the effects to propagate and thus achieve a higher level development although the rates of economic growth achieved it. However, it seems that something is being done in order to reverse this situation in view of the large investments that are deployed in the state. / O presente estudo objetiva evidenciar as possíveis conexões existentes entre comércio exterior e desenvolvimento econômico. Para tanto é feito uma revisão das principais teorias econômicas que podem explicar as relações entre esses dois temas. O ponto central de análise consistirá em identificar em que medida o comércio exterior tem servido de elemento dinamizador do crescimento econômico e, por conseguinte, do desenvolvimento do estado. Para tanto, se faz necessário, realizar uma análise do estado de competitividade das exportações maranhenses através de alguns indicadores do comércio exterior sobre competitividade revelada no período de 2000-2010. Dessa forma, busca-se traçar um diagnóstico deste estado utilizando como critério a identificação dos setores, notadamente, os indicadores de desempenho do estado que se refere, especificamente, à revelação do setor no comércio exterior, possibilitando, portanto, fundamentar a relação entre os dois temas. Percebe-se, no entanto, que os efeitos benéficos proporcionados pelo setor externo são limitados no estado, pois o mesmo não dispõe das infraestruturas (social, econômica e institucional) suficiente para que os efeitos se propaguem e assim, se alcance um nível maior desenvolvimento apesar das taxas de crescimento da economia alcançadas mesmo. No entanto, parece que algo está se fazendo no intuito de reverter esse quadro, tendo em vista, os grandes investimentos que estão se implantando no estado.

This licentiate thesis examines the development of Swedish–Lebanese trade relations and the changes of significance for Swedish trade towards Lebanon during the period 1920-1965. The aim of the study is to explore how Sweden as representing a small, open Western economy could develop its economic interests in the emerging Middle East market characterised both by promising economic outlooks, and a high degree of political instability during the age of decolonisation, Cold War logic, and intricate commercial and geo-political factors. The study shows that the Swedish trade with Lebanon was very small during the Interwar period. It was neither possible to find any formal Swedish-Lebanese trade agreements before 1945. In the Post-War period, the promotion of Swedish trade and trade policies towards Lebanon witnessed more interests from the both parties. Two categories of explanations were found for the periods of 1946-53 and 1954-65 respectively. In the first period the Swedish-Lebanese trade developed in a traditional direction with manufactured goods being exported from Sweden and agricultural products being exported from Lebanon. Furthermore, there were no trade agreements between the two countries. In the second period, several Lebanese attempts were made to conclude bilateral trade agreement with Sweden in hope to change the traditional trade direction, and to improve the Lebanese balance of trade. Sweden was, however, convinced that Lebanon could never achieve a balanced foreign trade at least not on a bilateral basis. To maintain a fair access to the Lebanese market, the Swedish authorities avoided to conclude any trade agreement with Lebanon. Despite the Lebanese concern on the big trade deficit between the two countries, Sweden managed in increasing the trade volumes to the region of Middle East through the transit link of Lebanon.

El trabajo de investigación está basado en un análisis cualitativo sobre las actividades de la cadena de valor de las empresas exportadoras de neumáticos para la comercialización en el mercado internacional, así como también un análisis de las propuestas de mejora para maximizar estas actividades. Para comenzar el trabajo de investigación se propuso un objetivo general y siete objetivos específicos. El objetivo general propone analizar e identificar propuestas de mejora para aquellas actividades que estén ocasionando cambios negativos dentro de la cadena de valor del sector autopartes para la comercialización en el mercado internacional. Según el Informe Especializado: Autopartes en el Mundo 2017 del Sistema Integrado de Información de Comercio Exterior (Siicex) muestra que la comercialización de neumáticos, durante los últimos años, la demanda de este producto ha obtenido un crecimiento lento, pasando de exportar $55 millones en el año 2015 a $59 millones al cierre del 2017. El método empleado para esta investigación es de tipo cualitativo, dado que estábamos en una exploración que requería de diferentes puntos de vista. Se decidió por utilizar la herramienta de entrevista a profundidad orientada a expertos en el tema. Se obtuvo como conclusión que si existen actividades que ocasionan cambios negativos en la cadena de valor. Asimismo, una propuesta de mejora continua en la cadena de valor tiene un impacto de forma positiva en las empresas exportadoras de las partidas seleccionadas, puesto que genera mayor productividad, reduce los costos, involucra a todas las áreas y genera mayor competitividad en el comercio exterior. / The research work is based on a qualitative analysis of the activities of the value chain of tire exporting companies for commercialization in the international market, as well as an analysis of improvement proposals to maximize these activities. To begin the research work, a general objective and seven specific objectives were proposed. The general objective proposes to analyze and identify proposals for improvement for those activities that are causing negative changes within the value chain of the auto parts sector for commercialization in the international market. According to the Specialized Report: Autoparts in the World 2017 of the Integrated Foreign Trade Information System (Siicex) shows that the marketing of tires, in recent years, the demand for this product has obtained a slow growth, going from exporting $ 55 million in 2015 to $ 59 million at the end of 2017. The method used for this research is qualitative, given that we were in an exploration that required different points of view. He decided to use the in-depth interview tool aimed at experts in the field. It was concluded that there are activities that cause negative changes in the value chain. Likewise, a proposal for continuous improvement in the value chain has a positive impact on the exporting companies of the selected items, since it generates greater productivity, reduces costs, involves all areas and generates greater competitiveness in foreign trade. / Tesis

No description available.

There are increasing needs for trained business persons as a result of the recent rapid development of foreign trade in Vietnam. A good command of written commercial English is one of the most important qualifications of a business person. At present the Hanoi Foreign Trade College is the only institution which is responsible for training commerce students. The teaching of writing skill in general and the teaching of commercial letter writing in particular still leave much to be desired. The writing skill of graduates of the Hanoi Foreign Trade College is far from satisfactory This Field Study Report aims at identifying the difficulties and the needs of commerce students in the Hanoi Foreign Trade College. It takes into consideration the language and learning needs of the target students in order to suggest a syllabus for the teaching of commercial letter writing to commerce students more efficiently. The Field Study Report consists of seven chapters. Chapter I provides an analysis of the teaching and learning situations at the Hanoi Foreign Trade College and problems of the teaching of commercial letter writing. Chapter 2 looks at some major theoretical problems and practical issues for Specific Purpose English syllabus design and material production for the teaching of commercial letter writing to commerce students at the Hanoi Foreign Trade College. Chapter 3 is a contrastive analysis of western commercial letters, Vietnamese commercial letters in Vietnamese and Vietnamese commercial letters in English. Chapter 4 is an analysis of the results of a survey made in 1988 to identify the needs of commerce students for commercial letters. Chapter 5 is mainly concerned with designing a communicative syllabus for the teaching of commercial letter writing to commerce students in Vietnam. Chapter 6 is the proposed syllabus for the teaching of CLW to commerce students at the HFTC, Vietnam. Chapter 7 is the conclusion. This Field Study Report should be regarded as an exploratory attempt to adopt the communicative approach in designing a syllabus for the teaching of commercial letter writing to commerce students in Vietnam.

As a result of the New Economic Reform in Vietnam, the need for more business people proficient in the English language is constantly growing. This need requires the Hanoi Foreign Trade College, which is officially charged with the training of business people for the whole country, to devise relevant curricula for short courses in Business English. The purpose of this report is to examine some major theoretical and practical issues in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and in syllabus design that can provide course designers at the Hanoi Foreign Trade College with a deeper insight into the problems essential to the development of their work. The report consists of five chapters: (i) Chapter One is the Introduction. It gives the background to the study, pointing to changes in Vietnam and the role of the HFTC in adapting to meet the new need created by these changes. (ii) Chapter Two deals with the methodology employed in the data collection and discusses its findings. (iii) Chapter Three looks at some major theoretical issues in English for Specific Purposes with a view to applying this theory to the practical needs for Business English in Vietnam. (iv) Chapter Four is directly concerned with the planning of the short courses in Business English for Vietnam which are the central focus of this study. (v) Chapter Five is the Summary and contains recommendations for future development of the proposed short courses.

Thesis (M.Bus)--Unitec New Zealand, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-101)