Candidate thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

published_or_final_version / Economics / Master / Master of Philosophy

Globalizacija - tai laisvas kapitalo, prekių, paslaugų ir darbo jėgos judėjimas pasaulyje, kai kompanijoms yra sudaromos vienodos veikimo sąlygos įvairiose pasaulio šalyse. Globalizaciją galima laikyti tais erdvės ir laiko pokyčio procesais, kurie skatina žmonių veiklos sandaros transformaciją susiedami ir praplėsdami jų veiksmus už regionų ir kontinentų ribų. Globalizacija yra šiuolaikinės ekonominės pažangos ir pasaulio vystymosi forma. Jos sulaikyti neįmanoma: geriausias būdas kovoti su globalizacija yra nesipriešinimas jai. Globalizacijos dimensijos (kultūrinė, socialinė, ekonominė, politinė, aplinkos) yra tampriai tarpusavyje susijusios, apimančios pagrindines valstybės sferas ir įtakojančios jos gyvavimą. Dalyvavimas globalizacijos procese užtikrina prekybos plėtrą, technologijų sklaidą ir inovacijas, suteikia galimybių plėsti rinkas ir dalyvauti žinių bei patirties mainuose, žodžiu, leidžia plėsti ir ugdyti gamybą bei kelti gerovę. Globalizacija yra nevaldoma ir mažai reguliuojama, jos subjektai - didžiosios tarptautinės korporacijos, jos vienintelė varomoji jėga - ekonominis racionalumas ir pelningumas. Pagrindinis globalizacijos privalumas - jos teikiama ekonominė pažanga, pagrindinis trūkumas - stichiškumas ir nestabilumas, kurį patiria kiekviena valstybė. Pagrindiniai jos bruožai ir jėgos yra tarptautinė prekyba, kapitalo judėjimas, didėjantis tarptautinių bendrovių vaidmuo ir gamybos internacionalizavimas, technologijų kaita. Kalbant apie Lietuvos valstybės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Globalization is a process that nobody can stop. The best solution for the defense is to stop the resistance against this process. Globalization does not give heed to borders; it progresses every day and involves all domains of the country. Globalization is understood as a growing interdependence of world economy, as an economic integration of different countries through an international trade, the movement of capital and the movement of people with their feelings and knowledge. Globalization is the penetration of the global market into the life of the countries, caused by the strengthening international financial markets, rising world trade, creation of multinational business and progress in telecommunications. General globalization processes show the benefit of free economic relations between the states for all participating countries. Increased capital mobility limits the opportunities of economics politics and develops pressure for the market to implement useful politics. The benefits of globalization are obvious: it is faster growth, higher standards of life and new opportunities. The phenomenon of globalization seems to weaken the traditional power and sovereignty of nation-states, since much of the aspects seem to be out of control for the states. On of the means of market’s mergers between Lithuania and foreign countries is foreign direct investment (FDI), international trade and migration. These are the key factors for moving globalization process toward different... [to full text]

This study analyzes the evolution of the regime governing private international trade law from its inception in the eleventh century through to its modern formulation in the twentieth century. It also seeks to explain its development by focusing on three theories of international relations. The regime is defined in terms of its substantive and procedural dimensions. The nature and strength of the norms governing the substantive dimension (prices, liability for defective goods, allocation of transport costs, insurance, and financial and credit arrangements) and the procedural dimension (locus of regulation, methodology of rule creation, and dispute settlement) are analyzed over three historical phases. These three periods are the medieval period, from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries, the early modern period, from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, and the modern period in the twentieth century. The regime norms are found to exhibit significant continuity over time, although there has been considerable variation in the rules. The strength of the regime has also varied over the three phases. Three theoretical perspectives (structural realism, functionalism, and sociological analysis) are evaluated for their relative ability to explain the origin, evolution, nature, and strength of the regime. Each perspective is found to offer important insights, but a synthesis of approaches is necessary to capture the complexity and richness of the regime's evolution. Structural realism does not account for the origin of the regime and is of limited assistance in explaining the strength of voluntary standards. It does, however, explain the influence that states' concerns for political/legal autonomy have had on the regime and offers a reasonably good account of the roles that the United States and the United Kingdom have played in the evolution of the regime. Sociological analysis assists in accounting for the origin and nature of the regime, but it does not provide a comprehensive theory of cooperation. Reference to the other approaches is required as a supplement to sociological analysis. Functionalism provides the best explanation of the origin and nature of the regime. However, it is unable to account for variations in the strength of the regime over the three historical periods. Reference to the influence of changing structures of political authority and to the ideas, knowledge, and values of the major commercial actors is necessary as a supplement to functional analysis.

China permits foreign investors to establish foreign investment companies limited by shares (FICLBS) together with Chinese domestic investors after 1995. FICLBS are a new form of foreign investment in addition to Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures, Sino-foreign Contractual Joint Ventures and Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises. In the meantime, FICLBS have close relations with and are strictly governed by PRC Company Law. The double nature of FICLBS accounts for many characteristics of FICLBS. As a form of foreign investment, FICLBS are based on the foreign investment regime. FICLBS are governed by the legal provisions relating to foreign investment regime. At the same time, various State and Party policies give various characteristics to FICLBS and make them different from other foreign investment enterprises. As a form of modern company, FICLBS are greatly influenced by both civil law and common law as a result of the policy of joining the world economy. This thesis focuses on the common law influences. The influences of common law on FICLBS are manifest in various respects. On the other hand, various Chinese characteristics are intentionally remained. These Chinese characteristics can be found in many important phases and aspects of FICLBS such as corporate capacity, corporate governance, shares and dividends. The contradicting characteristics of FICLBS are a product of the contradicting State and Party policies underlying them. On one hand, China adopts the opening-up policy and has been making constant efforts to join the world economy. On the other hand, China has always been trying to maintain the so-called Chinese characteristics despite the fact that there is no generally accepted definition of Chinese characteristics. Although China has always been committed to keeping its policies consistent, the unstable nature of the policy basis of FICLBS will inevitably affect the future of FICLBS. However, since the opening-up policy of China will not possibly be reversed in the future, FICLBS will remain available for foreign investors no matter how the specific policies are changed.

At the moment European Union (EU) consist 25 countries. The main this work „Lithuania foreign trade with European Union countries: state and perspective“ purpose is overlook Lithuania foreign trade with EU countries and assess eurointegration influence and possibility compete in foreign trades market‘s. After analysis and researches can make that conclusions: In all analyse period 1995-2004 Lithuania foreign trade balance was minus. 2004 export was 25728,0 mlrd.Lt, import 34096,0 mlrd.Lt., balance minus 8368 mlrd.Lt. At the moment (2004) EU is the bigest Lithuania foreign trade partner. It consist 67 % Lithuanian export and 63 % import. NVS countries consist 27 % export and with ELPA countries 7 % export, 2 % import. The main export partners among EU countries 2004 years was: Germany (West European country) -2633,7 mln.Lt., Latvija (Medial European country) - 2588,0 mln.Lt., France (West European country) -1624,2 mln.Lt. The main export partners among EU countries 2004 years was: Germany (West European country) -5760,3 mln.Lt., Poland (Medial European country) - 2579,2 mln.Lt, Holland (West European country) -1345,4 mln.Lt.. After eurointegration export grow in: the West European countries: Holland, France, Germany: the Medial European countries: Estonia, Latvia, the North European countries: Denmark and Sweden, the South European countries: Spain, Italy. Export turn down in the West European countries: United Kingdom, the North European countries: Finland. After... [to full text]

Užsienio prekyba – seniausi tarptautiniai santykiai, todėl be jos analizės neįmanoma padaryti pilnaverčių išvadų apie šalies ekonomikos būklę. Šalies užsienio prekybos politika reguliuoja ekonominius santykius su kitomis šalimis, todėl kiekviena valstybė ją vykdo savaip. Šio darbo tema - „JAV nacionalinė eksporto strategija ir jo kontrolės sistema“. Pasirinkta tema yra aktuali. JAV ekonominė ateitis labai priklauso nuo jos gebėjimų konkuruoti pasaulinėje ekonomikoje. Nacionalinė eksporto strategija atspindi tą faktą, jog eksportas yra JAV ekonominės sveikatos ir pragyvenimo lygio pagrindas. Kadangi su eksportu susiję darbai yra geriau apmokami, o eksportuojančios įmonės dažniau veikia sėkmingai, yra aišku, kad kuo stipriau JAV kreips savo ekonomiką į eksportavimo sritis, tuo labiau prisidės prie visuomenės stabilumo bei aukštesnio visų JAV gyventojų pragyvenimo lygio. Darbo tikslas - išnagrinėti eksporto, kaip užsienio prekybos dalies, skatinimo bei tobulinimo svarbą šalies ekonomikai ir išanalizuoti JAV nacionalinės eksporto strategijos sukūrimo prielaidas ir pasiekimus, bei įvertinti JAV eksportą pasaulinės ekonomikos kontekste. Siekiant numatyto tikslo darbe iškelti šie uždaviniai: apibūdinti eksporto skatinimo priemones ir strategiją; išnagrinėti JAV nacionalinės eksporto strategijos prioritetus ir pasiekimus per 1994 – 2006 metus; apžvelgti JAV eksporto kontrolės sistemą, siekiant įvertinti eksportą lemiančius veiksnius bei jį skatinančias priemones; apibūdinti JAV... [to full text] / Foreign trade is the oldest kind of international relationships, so it is impossible to make solid conclusions about the state of country‘s economics without analyzing it‘s foreign trade. Country‘s foreign trade policy regulates economic relations with other countries, this is why each nation differently administers and implements this policy. The subject chosen is relevant. U.S. economic future heavily depends on it‘s ability to compete in the global economic environment. National Export Strategy reflects the fact that export is the backbone of U.S. economical health and standard of living. The export related jobs have higher salaries and the exporting companies more often are successful so it is clear that the more U.S. will orient it‘s economics into the fields of export, the more the contribution to the stability of community and the higher standard of living for the U.S. population will be. Objectives – to study the relevance of export promotion and improvement to the national economics and to analyze the background and the achievements of the U.S. National Export Strategy; and to evaluate U.S. export in the context of global economy. The tasks raised in order to achieve the objectives: to describe export promotion measures and strategy; to analyze the priorities and achievements of the U.S. National Export Strategy during the period between 1994 and 2006; to review the U.S. export control system in order to evaluate the export determining factors and the export... [to full text]

This dissertation explores the legal issues raised by the participation of private persons in the settlement of international economic disputes, using the potential enlargement of legal standing in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as a case study. In the first part, a typology of the special regime of responsibility of WTO Members is drawn, to serve as a "normative bridge" between the twin phenomenon of legalisation of international trade relations and judicialisation of international trade dispute settlement. In the second part, a comparative study of the participation of private persons in the settlement of international economic disputes is conducted, using the doctrine of diplomatic protection from general international law as the analytical framework. This permits an inventory of the various means of private participation in the current practice of States, as well as shedding light on the main systemic problems that are raised, notably in the field of foreign direct investment, where important developments have taken place. In the third part, a study de lege feranda on the enlargement of legal standing in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is undertaken. The study is rooted in the previous analysis of the special regime of responsibility of WTO Members and the comparative survey on the participation of private parties in the settlement of international economic disputes. The dissertation demonstrates that the problems concerning private persons in the current mechanism should not be answered by offering them direct access to the WTO, but rather by refocusing attention on the central role of the State in the mediation of diverging interests in the governance of the world trading system. It proposes as a conclusion that WTO Members should instead look into formalising the process of handling private complaints at the domestic level.

Brazil instituted a crawling peg (mini-devaluation) exchange rate system in 1968 as a long-term device to put into operation an "export oriented growth-cum-debt" model of economic development. The crawling peg was expected to serve diverse objectives by decreasing the variability in the exchange rate. In this study we have analyzed the degree to which this strategy succeeded in realizing the desired goals during the period from 1968 to 1980. / Our findings verified that the implementation of the crawl was an important tool that protected and enhanced Brazil's competitive position in world markets. The demand for Brazilian products became more responsive both to changes in relative prices and to changes in world income. We further established the significance of the crawl in stabilizing import prices and flows in addition to its impact on foreign financing decisions.

<p>This paper will analyse critically the main sources, namely UNCAC, the African Union Convention on Prevention and Combating Corruption (AU Convention), the Southern African Development Community Protocol against Corruption (SADC Protocol) and the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (CoE Convention). Furthermore, the paper will examine the corresponding explanatory notes and try to provide a picture of the most important aspects of the issue. As many countries are obliged to consider the criminalisation of trading in influence, drawing an overview of it may make a substantial contribution to its comprehension. Due to the limited space, the paper is unable to cover all provisions of trading in influence in countries where it exists. Accordingly, the discussion will be restricted to the situation in France, Spain and Belgium. By analysing the position in these countries, the different approaches to criminalisation can be highlighted.</p>