Le Québec est l’un des États fédérés les plus actifs en relations internationales. Toutefois, l’étude de ses activités extérieures présente tout de même une certaine atonie. Disciplinairement écartées, analytiquement restreintes «[l]es relations internationales du Québec ont été étudiées comme un sous-produit des relations internationales ». On peut alors imaginer, sur la base de cette affirmation du professeur Luc Bernier, l’attention portée, par la communauté scientifique, sur la nature de ces activités. Ce «sujet n’a été qu’exploré, particulièrement dans sa dimension théorique », écrivait la ministre Louise Beaudoin. En effet, il est rarement question, dans la littérature, d’exploration de la substance de cette activité québécoise. Rares sont les chercheurs qui ont approfondi rigoureusement ce sujet. Quelle interprétation peut-on donner à cette activité internationale québécoise ? Quels sont le contenu, la texture et la nature de cet objet ? Comment définir celui-ci ? Quels sont les repères théoriques et conceptuels pour baliser scientifiquement les relations extérieures du Québec ? Dans un contexte de scientificité, il est particulièrement «légitime de s’interroger sur la teneur et la nature de cette action » québécoise. / In matters of international relations, Quebec is one of the most active federated states. Nevertheless, the study of its external activities suffers from atony. Disciplinarily divergent and analytically restricted, “Quebec’s international relations were studied as a by-product of international relations ». Based on this quote from Professor Luc Bernier, we can imagine the limited consideration that the scientific community gave to the nature of those activities. As written by Minister Louise Beaudoin, “This subject was only explored, especially in its theoretical dimension ”. In fact, the exploration of the substance of those activities was rarely discussed in literature. There are very few researchers that rigorously wrote on the subject. Which interpretation may be given to Quebec’s international activities? What is the content, the texture and the nature of this object? How can we define it? What are the theoretical and conceptual landmarks to scientifically circumscribe Quebec’s external relations? In a context of scientificness, it is especially “legitimate to question ourselves on the content and the nature of this action » from Quebec. A literature review quickly reveals that it is generally accepted to describe this activity as “foreign policy”. If analysts diverge as to when Quebec’s foreign policy took form, many subject matter experts support the idea that Quebec was able to adopt such a tool. This foreign policy is usually mentioned and taken for granted both from the researcher and the decision maker. Its ontological foundations are rarely questioned. Since Quebec foreign relations were considered as an object of study , it is almost impossible to count the number of books, articles, publications and ministerial statements that are using this wording of external or foreign policy. As such, it has become part of the usual vocabulary of the discipline. Sometime used for the sake of easiness or convention and sometime selected as part of an informed epistemological choice, this question of Quebec’s foreign policy appears nowadays as “institutionally” established since it is rarely investigated and for all practical purpose never questioned. Even authors using different notions such as paradiplomacy to name Quebec’s international activities will also consider it as a foreign policy . At the same time, the increasingly rare researchers that still support the idea that foreign policy cannot be applied to Quebec’s international reality are not investigating the nature of this activity…The relevance of this thesis is precisely that it examines this topic. As such, in a scientific paradigm it is especially important to ask the following; does Quebec have a foreign policy? Considering the increasingly common thesis that a sovereign state, on the basis of the transmutation of the international system, is “no longer the sole protagonist of foreign policy” and that in consequence “external policy is no longer conducted solely at state level », namely the “materiality” of foreign policy outside of a nation-state , the question of the existence of a “foreign policy for Quebec” could seem quite simple at first glance, supporting the idea that such a tool is deployed by the province of Quebec. Nevertheless, this answer is more complex and delicate than what could be gathered from a cursory glance. It resides in the definition that we give to the concept of « foreign policy » as well as within the operationalization of this notion to Quebec’s international reality. Only this exercise will definitely enable us to support or reject the existence of Quebec’s foreign policy. The objective of this study is precisely to review Quebec’s foreign policy in light of the ontological parameters of this notion of external policy, in order to know if it complies with Quebec’s international reality. The question can be framed as follow; at which conditions can Quebec have a foreign policy?

在中國大陸的法律環境中，外商私募股權基金是較新的議題，它同時牽涉了「外商投資」與「私募股權投資」兩個領域。因此，就外商私募股權基金而言，其為中國大陸在國外法律繼受嬗變後，再於法律雙軌制下的二次嬗變。 外商私募股權基金，是指由外國投資者注資或者外國投資者管理的私募股權基金。因此，它的市場屬性為「外國直接投資」、「國際金融服務」。 由於中國大陸對外商採取「外資法群」進行規範，而並沒有一部外商法典做集中、統一的規定。因此，彼此間存在一定程度的分散、重複、衝突等問題。再加上中國大陸對外商、內資採取雙軌制立法，故法律規範雖有創新但也常有彼此扞格或不足之處。也因此造成運作上的幾個問題：外匯管制、投資待遇、雙軌制、地方政府隨意的政策、實務操作的衝突(投資協議、有限合夥)、及優先股的欠缺。 財經法律因應經濟市場而生，惟經濟市場逐年改變。外商私募股權基金既是經濟市場的產物，就無法透過行政力量加以限制，也無需透過偏頗政策揠苗助長。僅需創造一個平等的法治環境，讓市場自行運作。 本文探討中國大陸對外商私募股權基金相關法規的發展現狀、投資障礙與內外資衝突等議題。除對如何完善立法略盡棉薄之力外，並希冀能提供台灣投資者於前進中國大陸時有所參考。 / In the legal environment of China, the foreign private equity fund is a relatively new issue, it involves two areas of "foreign investment" and "private equity investment” simultaneously. Therefore, with respect to the foreign private equity fund, it is subject to transmutation of foreign laws and subsequently the second transmutation under the dual system of laws in China. The foreign private equity funds refer to the private equity funds injected by foreign investors or managed by foreign investors. Therefore, its market attribute to the "foreign direct investment", "international financial service." Although China has adopted a series of laws to regulate foreign enterprises, there is not one foreign investment code as centralized and unified regulation. Thus, there exists a certain degree of dispersion, overlap, conflict problems among them. Along with the duel system of legislation adopted for foreign enterprises and domestic investments, there are often discrepancies or deficiencies between the legal requirements, although they have been innovated. This resulted in several operational problems: foreign exchange controls, investment treatments, duel system, arbitrary policies of local governments, conflict in practices (investment agreement, limited partnership), and the lack of preference shares. Financial laws are established in response to the market economy, but the economic market changes every year. Since the foreign private equity funds are the production of the market economy, they cannot be restricted only by the administrative power, and they don’t need partial polices to pull up. They only require creating an equal legal environment to make the market operate under its own mechanism. This paper discovers the issues with respect to the current development status of related regulations on the foreign private equity funds, foreign investment barriers and conflicts between domestic and foreign investment in China. In addition to make a little contribution to improve the legislation, it’s also expected to provide reference to Taiwan investors for developing business in China.

In this paper, the author analyzes the alleged consent, stating their stance against it and proposing, instead, the alleged will, considering that the last is right for describe the legal fiction used to recreate the moment in which the legal holder knows the fact and have the possibility of providing consent to excute the ‘ilicit’ action. In this line, the author reviewed the theories that explain the legal nature of the alleged will, rejecting it as a noncriminal behavior and considering it an autonomous underlying justification. Also, the author describes the requirements of this alleged will, differentiating it from other situations as subrogation. Finally, the author makes a review of the two categories where the alleged will occurs: performances in foreign interest and actions on self-interest. / En el presente artículo, la autora analiza la figura jurídica del consentimiento presunto, señalando su postura contraria a dicha formulación y proponiendo, en su lugar, el término voluntad presunta, por considerarlo más exacto para describir la ficción jurídica utilizada para recrear el momento en el que el titular del bien jurídico habría consentido la actuación del autor, en caso de haber conocido el hecho y de haberse encontrado en la posibilidad de brindar su consentimiento. En dicha línea, la autora repasa las teorías doctrinarias formuladas para explicar la naturaleza jurídica de la voluntad presunta, descartando que se trate de una causa de atipicidad penal y optando por considerarla una causa de justificación autónoma. Asimismo, la autora describe los requisitos que deberá tener esta voluntad presunta para ser considerada válidamente como una causa de justificación autónoma, diferenciándola de otros supuestos como la subrogación. Finalmente, la autora hace una revisión de las dos categorías donde puede presentarse la voluntad presunta: las actuaciones en interés ajeno y las actuaciones en interés propio.

This diploma thesis is focused on the expansion of a selected company in a foreign market. The main goal is to determine if the company should enter a foreign market. The first part of the diploma thesis is devoted to theoretical knowledge in the area of expansion of the company in a foreign markets. In the analytical part will be performed analyzes that are important for this diploma thesis. In the practical part of the thesis I will introduce the company, propose a strategy for entering a foreign market and evaluate the whole proposal.

This diploma thesis is focused on the expansion of a selected company in a foreign market. The main goal is to determine if the company should enter a foreign market. The first part of the diploma thesis is devoted to theoretical knowledge in the area of expansion of the company in a foreign markets. In the analytical part will be performed analyzes that are important for this diploma thesis. In the practical part of the thesis I will introduce the company, propose a strategy for entering a foreign market and evaluate the whole proposal.

L’étude de la rétroaction corrective constitue un enjeu important dans la recherche en didactique des langues et a été en partie renouvelée par l’utilisation des technologies. Or, peu de recherches se sont penchées sur la manière dont les enseignants fournissent une rétroaction corrective sur la production orale des apprenants lors d’interactions en ligne. C’est pourquoi nous nous proposons d’analyser six semaines d’interactions entre des apprentis enseignants en formation dans un master de didactique de français langue étrangère (désormais FLE) d’une université française (Lyon 2) et des apprenants de FLE d’une université étrangère (DCU). Notre étude relevant d’une recherche qualitative s’appuie un corpus complexe comprenant des interactions en ligne transcrites et annotées au moyen du logiciel ELAN, des bilans multimodaux réalisés par les enseignants et les discours des participants. Nous avons analysé ces données dans une perspective multimodale selon laquelle toutes les ressources sémiotiques contribuent à produire du sens, sans hiérarchisation de celles-ci a priori. En somme, ce travail vise à étudier les effets de la multimodalité sur la manière dont les apprentis enseignants et les apprenants coconstruisent les séquences de rétroactions correctives en ligne afin, dans un deuxième temps, de faire des propositions didactiques pour la formation. / This work aims to analyze six weeks of videoconferenced pedagogical interaction between trainee teachers enrolled in a master's degree in teaching French as a foreign language (FLE) at a French university (Lyon 2) and learners of French at a foreign university (Dublin City University). Corrective feedback is an important issue in foreign language pedagogy, renewed by the use of technologies. However, there has been little research on how teachers provide corrective feedback on learners' oral production in online interactions. Our qualitative study is based on the analysis of ecological data, organized into a complex corpus of video interactions transcribed and annotated using the ELAN software. We observed multimodal assessments made by the teachers, as well as participants' commentary containing their perception of the corrective feedback. We analyzed these data from a multimodal perspective according to which all the semiotic resources contribute to make meaning without automatically prioritizing one mode over another. In sum, this work aims to understand how teachers and learners co-construct corrective feedback sequences. We also want to update the effects of multimodality on the interactions in order to make pedagogical proposals for the training of future teachers of French as a foreign language.

HAVELKOVÁ, L. Culturological aspects in lessons of Russian and German (based on the material regarding Czech, Russian and German lores) : Dissertation thesis. Praha : Univerzita Karlova, 2011. 254 p. Supervisor: PhDr. Hana Žofková, CSc. Key words: communicative competence, comparison of lores, (folk)lores, foreign-language education, language picture of the world, sociolinguistic competence, use of lores in foreing- language teaching Abstract: The dissertation thesis deals with culturological aspects of foreign-language education when concentrating on folklores, their culturological potential, their comparison and the possibility of their use in German and Russian language class work. The thesis is dedicated to the issue that has not been either theoretically or practically developed yet. The main objective was the discovery whether folklores can be used in foreign-language education while shaping communicative competence and eventually how they can be used. The thesis comes out from general relation between a language and culture, from knowledge about national culture and its components and from the analysis of basic modern linguistic didactic principles. The theoretical part explains basic terms and relations towards related disciplines which are crucial for the issue solution as well as the communicative...

Tax optimization for a Specific Entrepreneur. What does it mean? Specific topisc covered in my thesis include enventroy-taking, reserves, accruals a deferrals, non-deductible and deductible costs (expenses), foreing exchange rate variations, depreciation, provisions against receivables, accrual revenu, deffered tax and others. My thesis concents the tax optimization of a real client company, seated in Prague and working in the building industry.