Ellipsometry is an optical technique used for studies of thin films and surfaces. The technique is based on measurement and analysis of the changes in the state of polarization that occur when polarized light is reflected on a sample surface. The multichannel Mueller matrix ellipsometer is a new system that is about to enter the commercial market. It can measure the full 4x4 Mueller matrix of a sample. The Laboratory of Applied Optics at the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology at Linköpings University has purchased one such multichannel Mueller matrix ellipsometer, called RC2, from J.A. Woollam Co., Inc. This project has the objective to investigate potentials and limitations of this new ellipsometer. This is done by comparing measurements carried out on RC2 with similar measurements made on a different, well known ellipsometer system, the VASE ellipsometer. A study of the theoretical background of ellipsometry has been made including a description of the Jones formalism of describing optical properties as well as the Stokes/ Mueller formalism. A short theoretical description of the RC2 principles, in order to better understand the new ellipsometer is also given. Measurements have been made on samples of varying complexity, including isotropic and anisotropic samples with in-plane anisotropy and out-of-plane anisotropy. On samples with no depolarization there should be no difference between the two ellipsometers. As can be seen in the experimental results there is some difference, but very little. Both for the isotropic samples, where Δ and ψ have been measured, and anisotropic, where the full Mueller matrix has been measured, we find a good match between VASE and RC2. When the samples are depolarizing, we expect to see a difference in the Mueller matrix. We do notice a significant difference in the measurements on tilted nanometer rods of TiO2, which has an advanced nano-structure in the upper layer. We can thus conclude that samples with depolarizing properties reveal this when measured with the new RC2 ellipsometer.

<p>Ellipsometry is an optical technique used for studies of thin films and surfaces. The technique is based on measurement and analysis of the changes in the state of polarization that occur when polarized light is reflected on a sample surface.</p><p>The multichannel Mueller matrix ellipsometer is a new system that is about to enter the commercial market. It can measure the full 4x4 Mueller matrix of a sample.</p><p>The Laboratory of Applied Optics at the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology at Linköpings University has purchased one such multichannel Mueller matrix ellipsometer, called RC2, from J.A. Woollam Co., Inc.</p><p>This project has the objective to investigate potentials and limitations of this new ellipsometer. This is done by comparing measurements carried out on RC2 with similar measurements made on a different, well known ellipsometer system, the VASE ellipsometer.</p><p>A study of the theoretical background of ellipsometry has been made including a description of the Jones formalism of describing optical properties as well as the Stokes/ Mueller formalism.</p><p>A short theoretical description of the RC2 principles, in order to better understand the new ellipsometer is also given.</p><p>Measurements have been made on samples of varying complexity, including isotropic and anisotropic samples with in-plane anisotropy and out-of-plane anisotropy.</p><p>On samples with no depolarization there should be no difference between the two ellipsometers. As can be seen in the experimental results there is some difference, but very little. Both for the isotropic samples, where Δ and ψ have been measured, and anisotropic, where the full Mueller matrix has been measured, we find a good match between VASE and RC2.</p><p>When the samples are depolarizing, we expect to see a difference in the Mueller matrix. We do notice a significant difference in the measurements on tilted nanometer rods of TiO2, which has an advanced nano-structure in the upper layer. We can thus conclude that samples with depolarizing properties reveal this when measured with the new RC2 ellipsometer.</p>

This report presents a critique of the ideology that language is naturally "perfect" on some level of analysis, or, alternately, that it can be made to be perfect through processes of decontextualization or through the construction of a new language. I identify this ideology of linguistic idealization as one of the defining characteristics of formalist, Chomskyan linguistics. This report describes three features of this ideology and their impact on formalist linguistics: science envy, the elegance fallacy, and the teleological fallacy. In order to understand the idealizing trend in its social and intellectual context, I present historical background on the various versions of this ideology that theorists have adopted during certain periods in Western scholarship about language. This report ultimately argues that the dynamic paradigm, which currently holds a minority status in American linguistics, as well as the simple but profound recognition that language has evolved along with its users, can provide an instructive contrast to the idealizing trend in mainstream linguistics. An acceptance of the ways in which language is subject to dynamic functional pressures, rather than or in addition to static, asocial rules, can expand the field beyond its currently narrow and limited purview to accommodate more of what we know about the reality of language structure and use. The report will end with the claim that even if we accept as unavoidable some measure of idealization within linguistic research, we should do so only with good reason, not simply because it is standard practice. In addition, researchers should make such a decision with an awareness of the historical underpinnings and ideological consequences of idealizing the object of their inquiry. / text

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Nous définissons et étudions dans cette thèse un formalisme permettant de traiter de questions tannakiennes pour des groupes définis sur des anneaux différentiels généralisés, qui généralisent à la fois les anneaux différentiels et les anneaux de différence. Nous définissons une notion de catégorie tannakienne différentielle de manière similaire au formalisme tannakien usuel, en ajoutant une structure supplémentaire permettant de décrire la structure induite par la différentielle généralisée. Nous étudions ensuite les propriétés modèle-théoriques des catégories qui en résultent, réalisant le groupe tannakien associé à la catégorie comme un groupe de liaison modèle-théorique. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous étudions la notion d'univers d'une structure du premier ordre, et introduisons une topologie dans ce contexte qui est réminiscente de la topologie des espaces de types en Théorie des Modèles du premier ordre. Nous étudions également la notion de groupoïde de liaison du point de vue des univers / In this thesis, we define and study a formalism which allows one to work on Tannakian questions for groups defined over generalized differential rings, which generalize both differential rings and difference rings. We define a notion of differential Tanakian category which is similar to the usual Tannakian formalism, adding a structure which permits to describe the differential structure induced by the generalized differential. We then study the model-theoretical properties of the resulting categories, realizing the Tannakian group associated to a category as a model-theoretical binding group. In the last chapter, we study the notion of universe associated to a first-order structure, and we introduce a topology in this context, which is reminiscent of the topology on the spaces of types in first-order Model Theory. We also study the notion of binding groupoid from the point of view of universes

Orientador: Elso Drigo Filho / Banca: Regina Maria Ricotta / Banca: Claudio Agnaldo Buzzi / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado o formalismo supersimétrico que consiste em uma generalização do método de fatorização para se encontrar a solução da equação de Schrödinger. O oscilador harmônico e o átomo de hidrogênio são resolvidos através deste formalismo. Para o potencial de Lennard-Jones (12,6) é utilizado o método variacional, onde utilizamos a supersimetria para encontrar uma função de onda que se assemelhe com a função real, este procedimento é feito através da escolha de um superpotencial que gere um potencial efetivo que se aproxima do potencial original. Com isto as autofunções e os autovalores para o estado fundamental e o primeiro estado excitado são encontrados. Alguns resultados numéricos obtidos são comparados com outros encontrados na literatura. / Abstract: In this work it is presented the supersymmetrical formalism that consists of a generalization of the factorization method to find the solution of Schrödinger equation. The harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom are decided through this formalism. For the potential of Lennard-Jones (12,6) the variational method is used, where we use the supersymmetry to find a wave function that is similar to the real function, this procedure is made through the choice of a superpotential that generates an effective potential that approaches to the original potential. With this the autofunctions and the autovalues for the fundamental state and the first state excited are found. Some gotten numerical results are compared with others found in the literature. / Mestre

This paper reviews both the law and the theoretical accounts of the doctrine of consideration with a view to look for a normative, consistent and public basis of it. The thesis argues that such a basis can only be found by justifying it as what it is instead of considering it as a proxy for something else. The most promising justificatory account of the doctrine should look at its main features and try to make sense of them in consistency, instead of putting up assumption before analysis.

This paper reviews both the law and the theoretical accounts of the doctrine of consideration with a view to look for a normative, consistent and public basis of it. The thesis argues that such a basis can only be found by justifying it as what it is instead of considering it as a proxy for something else. The most promising justificatory account of the doctrine should look at its main features and try to make sense of them in consistency, instead of putting up assumption before analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2000-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_rg_dr_ift.pdf: 526804 bytes, checksum: 436dbf87cd5794edcd5c33d1534f2653 (MD5) / Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo detalhado do formalismo de Hamilton-Jacobi para sistemas singulares, fazendo sua generalização para sistemas com variáveis dinâmicas pertencentes à álgebra de Berezin. Analisamos, em especial, as condições de integrabilidade e sua relação com as condições de consistência no formalismo Hamiltoniano de Dirac. Por fim, estudamos o processo de quantização relacionado a esse formalismo, usualmente interpretado como uma quantificação relacionado a esse formalismo, usualmente interpretado como uma quantificação a gauge livre, e os cuidados que devemos ter com esta interpretação. / In this work we present a detailed study of the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism for singular systems, making its generalization for systems containing dynamical variables which belongs to the Berezin algebra. We analyse, with particular care, the integrability conditions and its relation with consistency conditions in Dirac's Hamiltonian formalism. Finally, we study the quantization process related to this formalism, usually interpreted as a gauge free quantization, and comment the necessity of caution with this interpretation.

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