Bakgrund Alla elever i årskurs ett till tre har fått utökad tid för matematikundervisning från och med läsåret 2013-2014. I arbetet belyses den utökade tiden utifrån lärares perspektiv. Syfte Syftet är att visa på hur åtta lärare beskriver att de använder den utökade undervisningstiden i matematik.  Hur beskriver lärarna den utökade matematikundervisningen?  Har den utökade tiden lett fram till några förändringar i lärarnas undervisning, om i så fall på vilket sätt?  Vad är kvalitet i matematikundervisning enligt lärarna? Metod Kvalitativ metod med semi-strukturerad intervju som redskap för datainsamling. Resultat Undersökningen visar att undervisningen inte har påverkats mycket av den utökade tiden. De flesta lärarna uttrycker dock att det är bra med mer tid, de behöver inte stressa fram längre. Kvalitet i undervisningen får man bland annat genom mer planeringstid, tid för reflektion enskilt och med kollegor, uttrycker lärarna. Ramarna styr vilken undervisning som levereras. / Background All students in grade one through three have been given extended time for mathematics education from the academic year 2013-2014. The work highlights the extended time from the teacher's perspective. Purpose The purpose is to see how eight teachers describe their use of the extended educational time in mathematics. How do the teachers describe the extended mathematics teaching? Have the extended period led to any changes in their teaching, if so, how? What is quality in mathematics teaching according to the teachers? Method The method is a qualitative method with semi-structured interview for data collection. Results The survey shows that the teaching has not been affected much by the extended time. Most teachers express, however, that it is good to have more time, they don´t need to feel stressed anymore. According to the teachers quality in teaching is obstained through more time for planning and reflection alone or with other colleagues. The teaching is determined by the framework.

This doctoral thesis presents the basic and the main developments of the theories of the firm rooted in Transaction Cost Theory (TCT). Since the article of Coase on the nature of the firm, this question has been elaborated by number of economists. In my point of view, I would like to introduce the last theory developed by the representative of the school called New Institutional Economics. The theory concentrates on the role of institutions. We distinguish institutions formal and informal. The formal are laws, constitution, regulations, contracts and other written rules. The informal don't require a written form and they represent informal restrictions such as rules of behaviour, conventions, traditions and habits. The main purpose of the institutions in their various forms is mainly to protect property rights, enforce voluntary contracts and establish the physical and regulatory infrastructure to facilitate economic activity. Generally, we can call them the rules of the game. They inform us about possible economic behaviour and give us basic restrictions in this sense. First -- the theoretical part of this thesis, we can find a simple model with human asset specificity based on TCT. The main proposition is that transactions with a high level of asset specificity are more probably internalised because the firm handles better such transactions compared to the market, even if asset specificity increases the cost of coordination in the firm. If the hierarchy, for example through the formation of routines, may enhance the efficiency compared to the market, we can modify the previous model. The model developed according to a Knowledge-based view assumes that asset specificity reduces transaction costs inside the firm and increases transaction costs on the market. In the conclusion of the theoretical part is discussed the reply on first formulate hypothesis if the TCT is still compatible with a newer Capability and Knowledge based view. In my opinion based on the presented arguments and views, both theories are compatible, they can answer more questions and explain more issues. The last step links the aforementioned theories into one Theory of firm boundaries. In the practical part of the thesis, I bring basic arguments about the institutional framework quality in the Czech Republic. These arguments rely on the latest studies of the international institutions such The Transparency International, The Heritage Foundation, The Kurtzman Group and mainly The World Bank. Studies reveal certain weak arrangements concerning for example the number of procedures when starting a business, complicated construction permits, rigidity of working hours, time-consuming and administrative demanding tax system, duration of judicial process which results in ineffective contract enforcement and mainly poor protection of property rights. Taking these disclosures into account we have to say that emergent transaction costs are enormous. These transaction costs influence negatively the competitiveness of the firms and the whole Czech economy. Therefore a negative response to the second hypothesis relating to the quality of the institutional framework in the Czech Republic.