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Explorations of how "the feminine" functions in the systematic mystical theology of Ibn al-ʿArabī (1165-1240) begin, in English, with Reynold Nicholson's early 20th century analysis of Tarjumān al-Ashwāq and extend through the work of dozens of scholars since then, most notably Henry Corbin, Toshihiko Izutsu, William Chittick, Sachiko Murata and Sa'diyya Shaikh. (Of course, one could argue that such studies in Arabic reach back as far as his foremost disciple al-Qunawi, and his foremost critic, Ibn Tamiyya. St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) shares with the Shaykh a general historical context as well as a famously passionate devotion to mystical practice as a strategy for achieving proximity to God. He, too, has engendered scholarly interest in his attitude toward women and the feminine as intrinsic to making that ascent, and not just among his earliest hagiographers, but through hundreds of interpreters since, most recently André Vauchez and Jacques Dalarun. Yet, despite generations of scholarship on that point, a comparative study of these two mystics has yet to be published. "Transcending the Feminine: Negotiations of Gender in the Mysticism of Ibn al-ʿArabī and Francis of Assisi" endeavors to fill that gap, and in so doing to unpack the distinctive aspects of the saint's and the Shaykh's mystical approaches, demonstrating intersections as well as departure points. Instrumental to that task are the conclusions of feminist scholars focusing on either man, but also--because the question of the feminine is so intimately associated in mystical texts with physical and spiritual desire--such an endeavor is relevant to the psychoanalytical approach to medieval religious texts, one made possible by Sigmund Freud and particularly Jacques Lacan, and then expanded upon by Luce Irigaray and Amy Hollywood. The pathway linking Francis and Ibn al-ʿArabī traverses their mysticisms, their use of metaphorical language, their specific constructions of gender, theologically and poetically, and their surprisingly complementary strategies for underscoring how the physical body emerges as crucial to the mystical ascent. Accordingly, this dissertation navigates the intriguing space in between the two--that is, in Ibn al-ʿArabī's phrasing, the barzakh where the ultimate priorities of one virtually touch those of the other, yet in a way that preserves their contradictions. / Religion

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This study extends notions of framing theory by drawing from research analyzing the framing of Pope Francis within coverage from The New York Times. The mass media has, since the election of Pope Francis in 2013, provided him extensive coverage on a myriad of issues. Previous studies have noted Pope Francis' propensity to draw massive amounts of media attention towards his actions and statements, even noting the potential for Pope Francis to control the media narrative through his own implementation of frames. Drawing on framing theory, this study examines the ways in which coverage of Pope Francis is defined by The New York Times by finding relationships between the issues addressed in Papal coverage, the frames implemented within this coverage, the valence of the messages, and the presentation of Pope Francis himself. This thesis yields that coverage of Pope Francis within The New York Times has shifted from positive valence to primarily neutral valence when comparing the first three years of his papacy to second three years. The findings of this thesis could potentially inform future studies which may wish to determine potential for frame transfer due to the content of articles or for studies which may wish to delve deeper into the issue with a much larger sample. / Master of Arts / Since Pope Francis’ election, the mass media has focused heavily on his statements and actions. Previous literature attests to the notion that Pope Francis is unique among his predecessors when it comes to media coverage, primarily due to his propensity to make statements or moral recommendations that seemingly oppose or deviate from traditional Catholic values. This thesis explores the relationship between Pope Francis and the American mass media by analyzing 226 articles published by The New York Times within the first six years of his Papacy. The findings of this thesis point to notions related to the valence of Papal coverage, which began as primarily positive but have shifted in nature from the beginning of Francis’ Papacy. The findings of this thesis also point towards the religious nature of Papal coverage and also the potential for sexscandal coverage to shift representation of the Pope.

Francis W. Dawson, pragmatic editor of the influential Charleston News and Courier, and Daniel H. Chamberlain, last Reconstruction governor of South Carolina, developed a close working relationship during the years 1874 through 1876. The two Southern emigres had opposing political affiliations. Dawson, a Democrat, bitterly fought both the nomination and election of Republican Chamberlain in 1874. The editor's evaluation of the Republican voting strength in the state nonetheless led him to support a bolting group of Independent Republicans in the 1874 campaign. However, Chamberlain's attempts to secure orderly, peaceful reform soon won the praise and ultimately the complete support of Dawson and the powerful Charleston business community. The remarkable alliance grew and took sustenance from cooperation and compromise. Predictably, both Republican and Democratic partisans sought to topple the two leaders of the cooperation movement. As the election of 1876 approached, Republican malcontents, fired by dissatisfaction with the Governor's reform and economy measures, attempted to discredit Chamberlain. Democratic dissidents denounced Dawson's strategy and called for a “Straightout” Democratic effort in the upcoming elections. Their cause drew strength from the unhappy economic situation and from the recent example of Mississippi's "redemption." In July, 1876, the emotional rebellion against Dawson's program of cooperation climaxed at the village of Hamburg when several Negro militia men were murdered. Despite the editor's ardent championship of Chamberlain and his fervent pleas for the preservation of the alliance, Dawson's plans were swept away. The Democrats, staunchly supported by the realistic editor, went on to a "Straightout" victory with Wade Hampton. The end of the flirtation marked the beginning of South Carolina's membership in the "Solid South" of the Democracy. / Master of Arts