This thesis dwells on the existence of freedom in the life of people in a Brazilian favela (shantytown). The ethnography presents the dance of freedom with the full intensity of a carnivalesque. The exploration also ponders the existence of metafreedom (proposed as the freedom necessary for the expression of freedom) as a form of control over iterations of freedom. At the same time that it argues for a radical carnivalization of narratives of freedom, it flirts with the very limits of freedom as a concept and as a practice. One of the main contributions is in avoiding a reductive analysis of the concept of freedom, narrowing it to a simpler or alternative notion. Instead, the project presents the complex relations of five experienced objects – livre; livre-arbítrio; libertação; liberada and liberdade – to one another and to the life situations in which they come to existence in Favela da Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro. In methodological terms, the research argues that one of the ways to approach the topic of freedom from an ethnographic perspective is through the occurrences of linguistic expressions of freedom as objects that can be empirically experienced and registered by the ethnographer. It is mainly by making the complexities of freedom visible ethnographically, by tracing freedoms in their daily existence and by connecting these different kinds of freedom to diverse lived experiences and social contexts that the thesis advances the debate on freedom. The discussion of a carnivalesque of freedom in a Brazilian favela is also a call for a reflection on what ethnography as an empirical method, and anthropology more broadly, can offer to the understanding of freedom.

In this paper I have shown the ways in which Schelling thinks through and posits a new conception of freedom. Freedom is reconsidered as the constitutive element of creation, rather than as a derivative property. His investigations into human freedom take into account both a pantheistic world-view and a reconsideration of the meaning of "identity". Specifically, I have shown that Schelling revitalizes these old doctrines in order to maintain their status as living. In this vein we are given over to a reconsideration of the Creation as it relates to freedom. In this paper I focus on Schelling's elaboration on the nature of human freedom and the meeting of necessity and freedom in the person. The "system" of freedom reaches a crucial point in the human being's capacity for good and evil, wherein freedom and necessity intertwine in the will of the individual.

Orientador: Leila Maria Ferreira Salles / Banca: Maria Isabel Nogueira Tuppy / Banca: Irandi Pereira / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar os fundamentos e pressupostos presentes na legislação a respeito de adolescentes autores de ato infracional e suas implicações na atuação dos profissionais que trabalham com adolescentes em cumprimento da medida socioeducativa de Liberdade Assistida. Para a concretização do objetivo proposto, inicialmente, fez-se levantamento das leis e políticas públicas que preveem a aplicação e execução da medida socioeducativa de Liberdade Assistida de 1927 até 2010. A partir desse levantamento, foram analisados os pressupostos que fundamentam a legislação sobre adolescentes autores de ato infracional, os significados e a importância atribuídos à escolarização e profissionalização nesse processo. Após análises legais e bibliográficas, realizamos o estudo em Projeto cujo objetivo é a execução da medida socioeducativa de Liberdade Assistida. Iniciamos com a análise dos Relatórios Demonstrativos do ano de 2010, os quais foram subdivididos nas seguintes categorias: número de adolescentes atendidos ao mês durante o ano de 2010; o nível de escolaridade dos adolescentes; a frequência escolar nas escolas regulares; a frequência a cursos profissionalizantes; o número de adolescentes empregados com ou sem vínculo empregatício. Em seguida, realizamos a entrevista semiestruturada com 3 (três) Orientadoras e a Coordenadora do Projeto em questão. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com as seguintes categorias: a atuação das Orientadoras de medida socioeducativa; a custódia do adolescente e as medidas socioeducativas; os adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa e as explicações para cometer o ato infracional; a escolarização e profissionalização na fala das entrevistadas; as limitações e as propostas". Os estudos revelaram que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aims at analyzing the fundamentals and assumptions contained in the law of teenagers who have an infraction and its implications in the actions of professionals who work with adolescents in compliance by social-educational Freedom Assisted step. To achieve the proposed objective, initially, was made a survey of laws and public policies that foresee the implementation and enforcement of the socio-educational Assisted Freedom step from 1927 to 2010. From this survey, we analyzed the assumptions that substantiate the legislation about teenagers who have an offense, the meanings and importance attributed to education and vocational training in this process. After legal and literary analysis, we conducted the study in project whose goal is the implementation of the social-educational Freedom Assisted step. We began with analysis of demonstrative reports of 2010, which were subdivided into the following categories: number of adolescents treated each months during 2010; the level of education of these teenagers; school attendance in regular schools; the professionals courses attendence; the number of teenagers employed with or without employment link. Then, we performed semi-structured interviews with 3 (three) Advisors and Project Coordinator in question. The data were analyzed according to the following categories: the performance of Advisors of the social-educational step; custody of the teenager and socio-educational step; teenagers under the socio-educational fulfillment and the explanations about the offense; the education and vocational training in speech of the interviewees; the limitations and the proposals". Studies have shown that the laws have become over the years, as well as institutions for the care of children and teenagers. Based on these changes, we realized... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

LL.M. / This study conducts an analysis of the right to freedom of religion in South Africa. The historical development of the right is discussed. Attention is also given to the interpretation of the right and the legal definition of the term “religion”. The bearers of the right, namely natural persons, juristic persons and other associations, are also highlighted; as well as the duties imposed by the right to freedom of religion. However, the focal point of the study is the ambit and content of the right. Particular attention is given in this regard to the components of sections 15(1) to (3). The conclusion is reached that the right to freedom of religion consists of freedom of autonomy; freedom of choice; freedom of observance; freedom of teaching; and freedom to propagate a religion or denomination. The limitation of the right is also considered, in particular the meaning of the general limitation provision, as well as the relevant factors to be reviewed and the specific limitation provisions that may come into play.

No abstract included. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This thesis analyses the question of the regulation, motivated by egalitarian concerns, of homophobic hate speech and homosexual pornography. I attempt to . critically evaluate what both liberal humanism and postmodernism can tell us about these types of speech, and how we should best treat them, in a framework that takes lesbians' and gays' equality as the underlying organising principle. Although homosexual pornography cannot be convincingly exempted from regulation by affirming that it is not, contrary to heterosexual pornography, implicated in gender oppression, the importance of free speech and the complexity of all pornography messages suggest that the state is not justified in suppressing sex expression relying on the reification of a single viewpoint about its harmfulness. The Law, in limiting pornography on the basis of the radical feminist rationale that assimilates it to hate speech, ends up making strong and arbitrary claims to truth, that are premised on doubtful assumptions, silence alternative knowledges, subjugate outsiders' experiences, and contribute to the creation of oppressive social identities. I advise against censoring pornography out of egalitarian concerns, and argue that, under certain conditions, engagement with court litigation and the deployment of the rights discourse can be promising strategies for lesbians and gay men challenging such obscenity laws. Hate speech seems more evidently linked to discrimination than pornography, and speech act theory suggests that it enacts a specific kind of subordination. However, the role played by homophobic hate speech in perpetuating inequality for queers is limited when compared to other social/discursive practices: thus hate speech laws are the easiest but also, taken on their own, a largely ineffective way of responding to homophobia. As such, these laws bear a presumption of being an unnecessary burden on freedom of expression, a liberty that minorities have a vested interest in keeping as intact as possible. Against homophobia a radical measure is required that, focusing on education, will actively promote equality values. This remedy will be consistent with free speech doctrine to the extent that hate speech will, setting apart some specific cases, escape regulation, and that the State will assume an attitude directed to reaching understanding. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Bibliography: p. i-iii. / The theme of this study is freedom and development. One of the crucial points is the relation of freedom and development to different degrees of regulation and to the provision of substantive rights in a given society. The importance of formal and informal institutions as constraints on individual freedom but also as a necessary condition for individual freedom and co-operation is illustrated. The theoretical framework I am building on combines two distinct but reconcilable approaches to this topic: Amartya Sen's Development as Freedom and F.A. Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. It is supplemented by Hernando DeSoto's The Mystery of Capital and some ideas of the New Institutional Economists. By applying this framework to developments within a transition · economy - the Ukraine, and in particular to the agricultural sector of the country - I try to show both the basic challenges that transition economies face and how far theoretical approaches to freedom and development are actually applicable to practical issues. The problems the Ukraine is facing on its way to a free market economy, especially in the area of privatisation and liberalisation, are largely the result of arbitrary regulation and coercive state interference. Rent-seeking and corruption are a consequence of creeping administrative discretion and have impeded the development of the country tremendously. These problems are enforced by the neglect of substantial rights such as political freedoms, social opportunities and protective security. Thus both the regulatory environment - the rule of law - and the actual freedoms that people enjoy need to be improved. A stable institutional framework that avoids both over-regulation and under- regulation needs to be created. Within such a framework people will be able to act freely and lead a life they have reason to value. The German Advisory Group on Economic Reform and members of the Department for Agricultural Economics of the University of Gottingen have largely provided the information about developments and policies in the Ukraine. Although I did not engage in proper empirical work myself - and as a philosopher I probably should not have done so - my visits to the Ukraine have helped me to process the variety of empirical data.

The primary purpose of this study was to compare the opinions of community college administrators, art faculty members, and art students concerning institutional options and policy alternatives for the exhibition of controversial student art work in the community colleges of Maryland. The research questions addressed the concept of academic freedom, the principle of institutional neutrality, and the context of the presentation. Three community colleges were selected for the study. Data were collected in two stages. Information gathered in the first stage of this project was used to collect data during the second stage. In phase one the researcher went to the three schools and conducted individual interviews to determine the perceived facts surrounding a controversial art incident. The researcher recorded what the participants thought were the issues that contributed to the controversy, what principles they thought were employed in the solution, and reactions to how it was handled. The researcher prepared a brief and objective case study of each incident. Phase two of this project involved the researcher taking the case studies back to the three sites for group interviews. There were three group interviews conducted at each of the three community colleges. One group was made up of two administrators, another group included two or three arts faculty members, and the third group involved four or more art students. Each group was asked to respond to questions stemming from the research areas of academic freedom, institutional neutrality, and context of the presentation. Each group was asked to comment regarding the issues, the administrative response, and concerns in the three case studies. Each group was asked to chose a policy from a list of three options for covering controversial student art exhibits. The results show different opinions exist between administrators, art faculty, and art students concerning academic freedom, institutional neutrality, and the exhibition of controversial student art. It is important to note however, the opinions do not divide precisely along administrator, faculty, and student classification lines. Most of the participants selected the policy which provided for group discussion during any controversy over student art. There is a need for educational institutions to become proactive in this area. / Ed. D.

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