Ce travail de thèse a été motivé par la volonté de mesurer la transmission d’un faisceau électronique de basse énergie à travers un film. Ce type de mesures a été réalisé à l’aide du microscope électronique à projection MEP, dont l’utilisation est basée sur trois éléments clés : la pointe émettrice, l’objet, le système de détection. Les mesures effectuées permettent, sur un même objet, de déterminer la transmission en fonction de l’énergie cinétique des électrons incidents pour des énergies comprises entre quelques dizaines et plusieurs centaines d’électronvolts. Afin de mener à bien ces mesures, nous avons développé une procédure de fabrication de films ultra fins autosupportés. Leur caractérisation en MEB et MET a montré que cette procédure est fiable et qu’elle permet d’obtenir des films autosupportés de quelques nanomètres d’épaisseur sur des tailles latérales de quelques dizaines de micromètres. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement penchés sur des films d’or nano poreux et sur des films continus de nickel. Cependant, des essais encourageants (Co, Au/Co/Au, oxyde d’aluminium, tétracontane) utilisant cette procédure indiquent que cette méthode de fabrication peut être étendue. Les mesures de transmission que nous avons réalisées sur l’or et le nickel ont permis d’accéder à des caractéristiques inhérentes au matériau. En effet, elles constituent une nouvelle méthode de détermination du potentiel interne U et du libre parcours moyen Λ. Nous démontrons donc à travers ce travail que la mesure de l’intensité transmise d’un faisceau cohérent d’électrons par un film ultra fin peut être réalisée à une échelle locale voire sur un cristallite unique. De plus, les films nano poreux constituent des objets agissant sur l’onde électronique aussi bien au niveau de l’amplitude que de la phase. Il nous est donc possible de moduler la fonction d’onde électronique par la maitrise de l’épaisseur et de la porosité du film. / This work of thesis was motivated by the will to measure the transmission of an electronic beam of low energy through a film. These measures were realized with the electron projection microscope, the use of which is based on three key elements: the tip, the object, the system of detection. The made measures allow, on the same object, to determine the transmission according to the kinetic energy of the incidental electrons for energies included between some tens and several hundreds of électronvolts. To bring to a successful conclusion these measures, we developed a procedure to fabricate freestanding ultra thin films. Their characterization by electronic microscopy showed that this procedure is reliable and that it allows to obtain freestanding films of some nanometers of thickness about side sizes of some tens of micrometers. We more particularly bent over golden nano porous films and over continuous nickel films. However, encouraging attempts (Co, Au/Co/Au, aluminum oxide, tétracontane) using this procedure indicate that this fabrication method can be spread. Transmission measurements realized on gold and nickel allowed to reach characteristics inherent to the material. Indeed, they constitute a new method of determination of the inner potential U and of inelastic mean free path Λ. We thus demonstrate through this work that the measure of the transmitted intensity of a coherent electrons beam by an ultra thin film can be realized in a local scale even on a unique cristallite. Furthermore, nano porous films constitute objects acting on the amplitude and the phase of the electronic wave. It is thus possible to modulate the wave electronic function by the control of the thickness and the porosity of the film.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi explorar a versatilidade de filmes multicamadas de polieletrólitos (PEM) e suas aplicações em sistemas de entrega de drogas e como filmes funcionais para aplicações biomédicas. Filmes PEM montados pela técnica de camada por camada (layer­-by­-layer, LbL), foram explorados em três aplicações principais. Na primeira, foi explorado o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de funcionalização em filmes de poli(alilamina)/poli (estireno sulfonato), PAH/SPS. Os parâmetros de construção do filme para biotinilação dos grupamentos amina do PAH foram otimizados e aplicados na captura e detecção do antígeno específico da próstata (PSA), na concentração de 100 a 0,1 ng/mL, usando pontos quânticos (Qdots). Em comparação com outros trabalhos, este sistema apresentou uma boa sensibilidade na detecção de PSA, dentro do limite de detecção clínica de 0,4 a 0,1 ng/mL. A segunda aplicação envolveu o desenvolvimento de filmes de sacrifício baseados nas interações naturais da mucina submandibular bovina e da lectina, jacalina (BSM/JAC). Filmes de BSM/JAC apresentaram estabilidade quando submetidos a uma ampla faixa de pH (pH 3-­-9) e em solução de alta força iônica (5 M NaCl). A dissolução dos filmes BSM/JAC pôde ser seletivamente desencadeada mediante à incubação em solução de melibiose, 37 °C, pH 7,4, sem apresentar citotoxicidade às células. Na última parte deste trabalho, a incorporação de lipossomos ecogênicos (ELIP) em mochilas celulares foi investigada. Mochilas celulares são \"patches\" de 7­-10 µm de diâmetro que podem ser fabricados por meio de deposição alternada de polímeros utilizando-­-se a técnica de LbL, sobre uma matriz pré­-moldada obtida por fotolitografia, a fim de criar um sistema composto por três multicamadas estratificadas: uma região de liberação, para promover o destacamento do substrato, uma região de carga de droga, e uma região adesiva às células. O uso de ELIP permitiu incorporação de até 9x mais doxorrubicina (DOX) se comparado com o fármaco livre em solução absorvido pelos dos filmes. A liberação de DOX pelos filmes foi monitorado por 25 dias. Mochilas contendo ELIP-­DOX foram então aderidos a monócitos, e sua viabilidade monitorados por 72h. Mochilas vazias mostraram diminuir a proliferação de monócitos ao longo das 72 horas, enquanto mochilas carregadas com ELIP-­DOX mostraram uma diminuição dramática na população celular, apontando uma potencialização dos efeitos da droga pela sua proximidade com as células. / The overall goal of this thesis was to exploit the versatility of polyelectrolite multilayers (PEM) to be applied in drug delivery systems and biofunctionalizable films for biomedical applications. PEM films assembled by the layer-by­-layer technique were explored in three main applications. In the first part of this work, the development of a functionalization protocol of poly(allylamine)/poly(styrene sulfonate), PAH/SPS was explored. The optimal film parameters to the use of biotinylated multilayers were applied for the capture and detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) protein in the range of 100 to 0.1 ng/mL, by using quantum dots. Compared to previous work, this system presented a good sensitivity for PSA detection that is within the clinical limit range of 0.4 to 0.1 ng/mL. The second application involved the creation of a novel sacrificial multilayer film. Films based in natural interactions of bovine submaxillary mucin and the lectin jacalin, BSM/JAC were assembled. BSM/JAC films showed stability when underwent a wide rage of pH (pH 3 to 9) and high ionic strength (5 M NaCl) solutions. BSM/JAC dissolution could be triggered released by incubation in melibiose at 37 °C in pH 7.4 buffer, without cytotoxicity. In the last part of this work the incorporation of echogenic liposomes (ELIP) into cell backpacks was investigated. Cell backpacks are 7-10 µm diameter patches that can be fabricated through LbL polymer deposition onto a photopatterned array to create a stacked composite of three stratified multilayer systems: a releasable region for easy detachment from the substrate, a drug payload region, and a cell adhesive region. The use of ELIP allowed up to 9x more doxorubicin (DOX) loading when compared to free drug in solution adsorbed through the films. DOX release from films was monitored for over 25 days. ELIP­-DOX backpacks were then attached to mouse monocytes and their viability monitored by 72h. Empty backpacks showed to decrease monocytes proliferation over the course of 72h, while ELIP­-DOX backpacks showed a dramatic decrease in cell population, showing that DOX effects were enhancement in drug potency by its proximity.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi explorar a versatilidade de filmes multicamadas de polieletrólitos (PEM) e suas aplicações em sistemas de entrega de drogas e como filmes funcionais para aplicações biomédicas. Filmes PEM montados pela técnica de camada por camada (layer­-by­-layer, LbL), foram explorados em três aplicações principais. Na primeira, foi explorado o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de funcionalização em filmes de poli(alilamina)/poli (estireno sulfonato), PAH/SPS. Os parâmetros de construção do filme para biotinilação dos grupamentos amina do PAH foram otimizados e aplicados na captura e detecção do antígeno específico da próstata (PSA), na concentração de 100 a 0,1 ng/mL, usando pontos quânticos (Qdots). Em comparação com outros trabalhos, este sistema apresentou uma boa sensibilidade na detecção de PSA, dentro do limite de detecção clínica de 0,4 a 0,1 ng/mL. A segunda aplicação envolveu o desenvolvimento de filmes de sacrifício baseados nas interações naturais da mucina submandibular bovina e da lectina, jacalina (BSM/JAC). Filmes de BSM/JAC apresentaram estabilidade quando submetidos a uma ampla faixa de pH (pH 3-­-9) e em solução de alta força iônica (5 M NaCl). A dissolução dos filmes BSM/JAC pôde ser seletivamente desencadeada mediante à incubação em solução de melibiose, 37 °C, pH 7,4, sem apresentar citotoxicidade às células. Na última parte deste trabalho, a incorporação de lipossomos ecogênicos (ELIP) em mochilas celulares foi investigada. Mochilas celulares são \"patches\" de 7­-10 µm de diâmetro que podem ser fabricados por meio de deposição alternada de polímeros utilizando-­-se a técnica de LbL, sobre uma matriz pré­-moldada obtida por fotolitografia, a fim de criar um sistema composto por três multicamadas estratificadas: uma região de liberação, para promover o destacamento do substrato, uma região de carga de droga, e uma região adesiva às células. O uso de ELIP permitiu incorporação de até 9x mais doxorrubicina (DOX) se comparado com o fármaco livre em solução absorvido pelos dos filmes. A liberação de DOX pelos filmes foi monitorado por 25 dias. Mochilas contendo ELIP-­DOX foram então aderidos a monócitos, e sua viabilidade monitorados por 72h. Mochilas vazias mostraram diminuir a proliferação de monócitos ao longo das 72 horas, enquanto mochilas carregadas com ELIP-­DOX mostraram uma diminuição dramática na população celular, apontando uma potencialização dos efeitos da droga pela sua proximidade com as células. / The overall goal of this thesis was to exploit the versatility of polyelectrolite multilayers (PEM) to be applied in drug delivery systems and biofunctionalizable films for biomedical applications. PEM films assembled by the layer-by­-layer technique were explored in three main applications. In the first part of this work, the development of a functionalization protocol of poly(allylamine)/poly(styrene sulfonate), PAH/SPS was explored. The optimal film parameters to the use of biotinylated multilayers were applied for the capture and detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) protein in the range of 100 to 0.1 ng/mL, by using quantum dots. Compared to previous work, this system presented a good sensitivity for PSA detection that is within the clinical limit range of 0.4 to 0.1 ng/mL. The second application involved the creation of a novel sacrificial multilayer film. Films based in natural interactions of bovine submaxillary mucin and the lectin jacalin, BSM/JAC were assembled. BSM/JAC films showed stability when underwent a wide rage of pH (pH 3 to 9) and high ionic strength (5 M NaCl) solutions. BSM/JAC dissolution could be triggered released by incubation in melibiose at 37 °C in pH 7.4 buffer, without cytotoxicity. In the last part of this work the incorporation of echogenic liposomes (ELIP) into cell backpacks was investigated. Cell backpacks are 7-10 µm diameter patches that can be fabricated through LbL polymer deposition onto a photopatterned array to create a stacked composite of three stratified multilayer systems: a releasable region for easy detachment from the substrate, a drug payload region, and a cell adhesive region. The use of ELIP allowed up to 9x more doxorubicin (DOX) loading when compared to free drug in solution adsorbed through the films. DOX release from films was monitored for over 25 days. ELIP­-DOX backpacks were then attached to mouse monocytes and their viability monitored by 72h. Empty backpacks showed to decrease monocytes proliferation over the course of 72h, while ELIP­-DOX backpacks showed a dramatic decrease in cell population, showing that DOX effects were enhancement in drug potency by its proximity.

This essay is a comparative study of two sculptures with the same motive and title, The Dance, by Ellen Roosval: a freestanding sculpture created in 1925 and a relief sculpture from 1933. The essay has two objectives: to analyse these works of art and to highlight the artist Ellen Roosval as an example of a female artist in the early 20th century. Roosval’s reworking of the free-standing sculpture into a relief generates multiple transformations. The research questions in the current study are: how the reception of the works relates to the viewer; how typology, site and material affect the design and expression; and how the two sculptures relate to the interwar period aesthetics, dance and the motive. In the analysis of both works aspects of their meaning in relation to the beholder’s experience have been crucial. The applied method of analysis originates from Wolfgang Kemp as developed by Jessica Sjöholm Skrubbe, with particular emphasis on the beholder’s movements, the meaning of the term site-specific and the impact of the base. The study begins with a general background on the situation for female sculptors in the early 20th century, the artist Ellen Roosval, and dance. The dance section also introduces the dance company The Swedish Ballet (1920-25) that the two versions of The Dance were a tribute to. Then follows a contextualized analysis of the works focusing on the formal elements, the different sites, bases and the beholder’s movements. Next follows an analysis of typologies, materials and stylistic expressions as well as the shaping of the human body, nudity and movements. Roosval’s The Dance 1933 is compared both to the relief The Dance by Antoine Bourdelle from 1912 and to the Swedish Ballet performances. The analysis concludes with a discussion of how the site relates to the choice of materials and how aesthetics and dance relate to the period 1920s. The results demonstrate aspects of various transformations in relation to the beholders experience. The final discussion concludes on Roosval’s norm-breaking achievements, which inspired the title of this essay: The Resistance of Time.

The master thesis designs a mixed-use building in Ledeč nad Sázavou. The thesis consists of three parts. First part presents the project documentation of architectural-construction. Second part proposes the technical equipment of the building. Third part is assessment of the designed building by methodology for multicriteria evaluation of buildings SBToolCZ. The building is located in undeveloped and slightly sloping land. The building has three above-ground floors. There are three different operations in the building, which are a café and an electrical shop and an office part. There is a café, an electrical shop, technical and storage facilities on the first floor. The second and third floor is an office part and company apartment. Structurally, the building is solved by a two-wax load bearing system. The building is founded on footing and foundation slab. Load bearing vertical elements are walls, columns and posts. Externall wall is designed from ceramics block with and mineral insulation. Horizontal load-bearing structures are designed as cast-in-place reinforced slabs. The building has a flat roof. In the building is air condition and cooling system and heating. Part of electricity demand is covered by photovoltaics on the roof. All drawings and visualization are designes in software ArchiCAD.