Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 4, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on Aug. 14, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta." Includes bibliographical references.

Berlin, Humboldt-University, Diss, 2003.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Producción Animal / En la Estación Experimental Oromo, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, se realizó un ensayo con la finalidad de determinar y comparar la eficiencia biológica del Frisón Neozelandés (FN) y del F1 (producto del cruzamiento entre machos Jersey y hembras Frisón Neozelandés), bajo condiciones de pastoreo. Para la cuantificación y comparación de la eficiencia biológica de ambos biotipos se dispuso de 12 vacas, las cuales se distribuyeron en cuatro tratamientos asignados según biotipo y número ordinal de parto. El tratamiento 1 a tres animales FN de primer parto, el tratamiento 2 a tres mestizos F1 de primer parto, el tratamiento 3 a tres animales FN de segundo parto y el tratamiento 4 a tres mestizos F1 de segundo parto. Durante el ensayo se evaluaron dos períodos, cada uno de 21 días. En estos se controló diariamente el peso de los animales y la producción diaria de leche. Se realizó control lechero una vez por semana, con el fin de conocer la cantidad de grasa y proteína de la leche promedio por animal y se recolectó muestras de pradera para determinar la disponibilidad y conocer el aporte nutricional de ésta. Los animales cumplieron una rutina diaria, la cual se mantuvo inalterable durante todo el ensayo. Ésta comenzaba con la ordeña de la mañana, labor que se efectuaba alrededor de las 05:30 AM. Luego eran pesados y más tarde conducidos a la pradera, donde permanecían hasta la ordeña de la tarde. Esta labor se efectuaba alrededor de las 15:00 PM; luego de esto los animales retornaban a pastorear a la pradera. El ensayo reveló que las hembras F1 presentaron niveles similares en producción de leche (sin corregir) y de proteína láctea que FN y una mayor producción de grasa láctea, que se reflejó en un mayor contenido energético de la leche, el cual fue más significativo en las hembras de segunda lactancia que en las primíparas.Debido a que los animales F1 presentaron menores pesos vivos y metabólicos que los FN, al expresar las producciones de leche y sólidos por unidad de peso, las hembras mestizas mostraron una clara superioridad, la que fue más marcada en producción de leche corregida por materia grasa y en producción de grasa láctea. El biotipo F1 al ser de menor tamaño corporal destinó una menor cantidad de la energía metabolizable consumida a mantención, por lo que destinó una mayor proporción de la energía metabolizable ingerida a producción láctea generando una mayor eficiencia biológica. / In order to quantify and compare the biological efficiency of the Frisón Neozelandés and of the F1(product of crossing between male Jersey and female Frisón Neozelandés), under pasture conditions, a research was carried out at the Experimental Station Oromo, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Universidad de Chile. For this purpose, twelve cows were randomly allotted in four treatments according to biotype and calving ordinal number. Treatment 1 evaluated three animal FN of first calving, treatment 2, three crossbred F1 of first calving, the treatment 3 three FN of second calving and treatment 4 three crossbred F1 of second calving. Animals were evaluated during two periods of 21 days each one. Animal weight and milk production were daily controlled. Samples of milk were taken once a week in order to get the fat and protein content per animal. Pasture samples were collected to determine dry matter and nutritional contribution. The animals followed a daily routine, that was kept constant during all the trial. It began with the morning milking, at 05:30 o'clock. After that they were weighed and put on pasture, where they were kept until the afternoon milking at 15:00 o'clock, then the animals returned to grazing. Results indicated that the female F1 presented similar production levels of milk without fat correction and milk protein than FN and higher milk fat production, that was reflected in a greater energy content of the milk, which was more significant in the females of second lactation than in the primiparous. Because the F1 cows had smaller liveweight and metabolic weight than the FN, when milk productions and solids were related to weight unit, the crossbred females showed a clear superiority that was more marked in milk production corrected for fat matter and fat milk production. Since the biotype F1 presented smaller body size, they derived a smaller amount of consumed metabolizable energy to maintenance, using a higher amount of it for milk production presenting a better biological efficiency than FN.

The effect of stage of lactation on milk yield, somatic cell counts, mineral and fatty acid profiles in pasture-based Friesian, Jersey and Friesian × Jersey cows was investigated. Twenty Friesian, twenty Jersey and twenty Friesian × Jersey cows were randomly selected from a dairy herd. A total of 202 milk samples were collected and analysed in three stages of lactation. Genotypic differences were observed in milk yield and fat content. Friesian cows produced the highest yield and lowest fat content whereas the opposite was true for Jersey cows (P<0.01). No significant differences were observed in SCC in the different genotypes, but SCC levels were higher in mid and late lactation (P<0.001). There was no effect (P<0.005) of genotype and stage of lactation interaction on Ca, P, Mg, Na, Mn and Bo concentration. Jersey cows had the least concentration of Fe and Cu in all stages of lactation. Strong positive correlations were observed among Ca and P, Mg and Zn. Aluminium had a strong positive relationship with Bo, Fe, Mn and Zn (P<0.001). Generally, SCC had a weak positive relationship with macro elements but a significant negative relationship with microelements. Yield levels were negatively correlated with Mg, Na, Al, Mn and SCC. Pasture ALA, SFA, n-3, n-6/n-3 and PUFA/MUFA concentration did not differ across the study period. Linoleic acid was highest in the second phase which coincides with mid lactation in cows (P<0.001). Highest moisture content coincided with the least fat free dry matter content in early lactation (P<0.001). Significantly high fat content was observed in late lactation than in early lactation. Highest butyric, caproic, linoleic, n-6 and PUFA were observed for Friesian cows. All other fatty acids ratios were not significantly different among different genotypes. Highest CLA, ALA, LA, SFA, PUFA, n-6, and n-3 and atherogenicity index were observed in early lactation whereas desaturase activity indices were highest in late lactation. Strong positive correlations were observed among milk vaccenic, ALA, LA and CLA concentrations. Inverse relationships were observed between SFA and long chain fatty acids. It can be concluded, it may be of advantage to consume milk from early stage of lactation poses a lower risk to coronary diseases and are much safer to consume.

This study, being part of a larger project - "Canadian/New Zealand GxE Interaction Trial" - is comparing Canadian and New Zealand sired heifers for growth traits within Canada, since differences for growth traits were found in the Polish strain comparison (Jasiorowski et al., 1987) and due to selection programs in the two countries. Twenty Canadian Holstein and twenty New Zealand Friesian progeny tested, A.I. bulls were randomly mated to over 1,000 cows in 10 Canadian herds. 3,539 records of weight and wither height from 475 heifers (i.e. 241 Canadian and 234 New Zealand sired) were generated. Subsets of the data for different stages of heifer maturity were analyzed separately. Herd and strain effects least squares means were estimated using analysis of variance. Genetic and phenotypic and correlations and heritability for weight and wither height were estimated by a Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) algorithm and an animal model (AM). No differences were found between sire strains for weight except at 15 and 18 months where sib groups of Canadian (CN) sires were heavier than their New Zealand (NZ) contemporaries (393 vs 386 kg and 447 vs 445 kg, respectively). CN sired heifers were taller at all ages except at birth, 3 and 9 months of age. At 24 months CN heifers were 136 cm while NZ heifers were 133 cm. Heritability estimates for weight at birth was 0.62 for the CN strain and 0.59 for the NZ strain. CN estimates (3 to 6 months) and NZ estimates (3 to 9 months) were close to zero. Between 9 to 24 months CN strain estimates ranged from 0.44 to 0.69 while NZ estimates were 0.17 to 0.51. The joint estimates ranged from 0.10 to 0.66. Heritability estimates for wither height for CN strain at birth and between 9 to 21 months were between 0.34 to 0.66 and close to zero between 3 to 6 and at 24 months. The NZ estimates at birth, 18, 21 and 24 months were between 0.36 to 0.93 but close to zero between 3 to 15 months. The joint estimates ranged from 0.32 to 0.75 between 12 to 24 months. Genetic correlations between weight and wither height ranged from 0.62 to 1.0 for CN strain and from -0.04 to 0.91 for NZ strain between 4.5 to 21 months. At six months of age the genetic correlation for CN strain was -0.01 and NZ strain was 0.54. At birth, both sire groups had a genetic correlation of 1.0. At 24 months NZ strain had a genetic correlation of 0.84 while that of the CN strain was 0. Genetic correlations for the joint analysis ranged from 0.61 to 1.0 for all ages except at 6 months (0.18). Phenotypic correlations between weight and wither height were between 0.33 to 0.60 for CN group and 0.33 to 0.62 for NZ group. The joint estimates were 0.36 to 0.61. There were no differences in the phenotypic variances except at 9, 12 and 15 months. Genetic variances were different at all ages except at birth for weight. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

Two trials were designed to study the relationships of dietary fiber (ADF) and protein level and source to fecal consistency in lactating cattle. In Experiment 1, 30 cows (12 multiparous, 18 primiparous) were randomly assigned to one of six total mixed diet treatments through four 21 d periods. For Experiment 2, six primiparous cows were used in two 6 x 6 Latin squares to evaluate water consumption, apparent digestibilities of DM, AOF, NOF, and starch, and to quantitate whole corn kernel passage. Total mixed diets for both trials were formulated to contain 17% (LF) or 25% AOF (HF) with CP levels of: 15% (S15) and 22% (S22) with soybean meal (SBM) supplementation, or 22% (G22) with combination of 50% corn gluten meal (eGM) and 50% SBM. Two forage sources were evaluated: corn silage (e) and alfalfa/corn silage (Ae) (50:50 on OM basis). Fecal consistency was evaluated using a 4 point scale (l-most fluid to 4-least fluid). Experiment 1 demonstrated that lower dietary fiber reduced fecal pH (LF=6.65, HF=7.11) and fecal score (LF=2.18, HF=2.41), but increased fecal DM (LF=16.1%, HF=13.2%). Supplementing SBM (S22) decreased fecal DM (S22=14.1%, G22=15.5%) and fecal score (S22=2.01, G22=2.48). Forage source affected fecal DM (C=14%,AC=15.3%), but not pH or score. HF=13.2%). Supplementing SBM (S22) decreased fecal DM (S22=14.1%, G22=15.5%) and fecal score (S22=2.01, G22=2.48). Forage source affected fecal DM (C=14%,AC=15.3%), but not pH or score. Results of Experiment 2 support major conclusions of Experiment 1. High supplementation of SBM increased daily water consumption (S22=80.2 kg, G22=74.5 kg), and reduced fecal score (S22=1.9, G22=2.4). Forage source affected apparent corn kernel (C=21.1% ,AC=33.9%) and starch (C=96%, AC=93%) digestibilities. High protein diets resulted in greater apparent DM digestibility (S15=68.2%, S22=71.8%, G22=71%). In prediction of fecal score from dietary components and animal parameters, dietary DM percent and 4% fat corrected milk (r²=.09, Experiment 1), and DM intake (r²=.12, Experiment 2) were variables most related to fecal score. Dietary effects on fecal consistency were primarily due to ADF level and type of protein supplement. Accurate prediction of fecal consistency score from the dietary and animal parameters identified was not possible. Further study is suggested to evaluate different protein sources, the contribution of water consumption, and to clarify interactions of protein, forage source and fiber level in relation to fecal consistency. / Master of Science

L’objectif de ce projet de recherche était de déterminer les effets d’une supplémentation de probiotiques du genre Bacillus sur les performances de production de vaches de race holstein en mi-lactation et sur le profil en acides gras de leur lait. Pour ce faire, six vaches multipares porteuses d’une canule ruminale ont été utilisées selon un dispositif en chassé croisé répliqué et randomisé. Les vaches ont ainsi reçu soit 200 g/j de poudre de lactosérum comme traitement témoin ou 200 g/j de BioPlus 2B (Chr Hansen, Milwaukee, WI), un probiotique commercial de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus licheniformis, représentant un apport quotidien de 6,4 × 10¹¹ UFC et utilisant la poudre de lactosérum comme diluant. La production laitière, la composition du lait et son profil en acides gras, les paramètres de fermentation ruminale et le microbiote ruminal ont été évalués. Les traitements n’ont pas affecté les performances laitières. L’utilisation du probiotique a cependant augmenté la concentration relative d’anteiso 13:0 et d’anteiso 15:0 et tendait à augmenter la concentration totale d’acides gras à chaîne ramifiée dans les matières grasses du lait lorsque comparé au traitement témoin. Les traitements n’ont pas modifié le pH, l’azote ammoniacal ou les concentrations en acétate, propionate et butyrate du rumen. Cependant,le probiotique a augmenté la concentration ruminale d’isovalérate et tendait à augmenter celle de l’isobutyrate. Cette expérience a permis d’observer la sensibilité du profil en acides gras du lait face aux modifications du microbiote ruminal. Les bactéries probiotiques du genre Bacillus pourraient donc être utilisées dans un protocole de maximisation des acides gras à chaîne ramifiée du lait pour permettre une augmentation du niveau de ces acides gras dans les produits laitiers. / The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on dairy performance of mid-lactating Holstein dairy cows and on their milk fatty acid composition. To this end, six multiparous cows fitted with a rumen cannula were used in a randomized replicated crossover design. Cows received 200 g/d of either whey powder, as a control, or BioPlus 2B (Chr Hansen, Milwaukee, WI), a commercial direct-fed microbial providing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, representing a daily dose of 6.4 ×10¹¹ cfu, and using whey powder as a carrier. Milk production, composition and fatty acid profile, as well as ruminal parameters and microbiota were evaluated. Bacillus concentrationin the rumen increased with the addition of the direct-fed microbial supplement. Treatmentdid not affect ruminal pH, NH3-N and concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate.However, direct-fed Bacillus increased ruminal concentration of isovalerate and tended to increase the concentration of isobutyrate. Treatments did not affect milk performance. The direct-fed Bacillus increased the relative concentration of anteiso 13:0 and anteiso 15:0 in milk fat, and tended to increase total concentration of branched-chain fatty acids as compared with control. This trial indicates that milk fatty acid composition is sensitive to ruminal microbiota modifications. Direct-fed Bacillus could be used as part of a standard protocol aiming to produce milk enriched in branched-chain fatty acids.

L'objectif du présent mémoire était de comparer, en situation commerciale, le comportement de génisses laitières Holstein nourries selon la recommandation canadienne (20 % du poids à la naissance) et ad libitum au pic de la consommation lactée, pendant le sevrage et après le sevrage. Pour ce faire, 114 génisses de deux fermes laitières commerciales ont été réparties aléatoirement entre les régimes d'alimentation lactée et étaient logées en groupe avec un distributeur automatique de lactoremplaceur du 7ième au 76ième jour de vie (sevrage). Des accéléromètres ont été utilisés pour déterminer le temps passé couché, la durée des épisodes passés couchés et la fréquence des épisodes passés couchés. Des observations comportementales directes par un observateur en continu (tétée entre veaux, veau qui déplace un autre veau à la louve) et en discontinu (comportement alimentaire, d'abreuvement en eau et de couchée) ont été réalisées pendant deux fois une heure dans chacune des trois périodes de consommation visées par l'étude. Indépendamment du régime lacté, le temps passé couché était plus élevé au pic de la consommation lactée alors que la durée des épisodes passés couchés variait en fonction de la période et du traitement lacté. La fréquence des épisodes passés couchés diminuait en post-sevrage et elle était plus élevée pour les animaux du traitement ad libitum que ceux du traitement suivant la recommandation canadienne au pic de la consommation. Les comportements d'alimentation et d'abreuvement étaient plus fréquent en post-sevrage alors que le comportement de couchée était le plus élevé en présevrage, indépendamment du traitement lacté. Il y avait une tendance à plus de tétée entre veaux en post-sevrage pour les veaux nourris en ad libitum. Cependant, pour les deux traitements, les nombres moyens d'évènements de tétée entre veaux et de déplacement d'un veau par un autre étaient dans des plages considérés acceptables. Malgré les différences observées, les deux traitements ont été adéquats en ce qui a trait aux comportements des veaux. / The objective of this study was to compare, on commercial farms, the behaviour of Holstein dairy calves fed milk replacer equivalent to the current Canadian recommendation or ad libitum at peak milk replacer intake, during the weaning period and after weaning. To do so, 114 heifers from two commercial dairy farms were randomly assigned to the two milk replacer feeding regimes and were group-housed, fed with an automatic milk replacer from day 7 to day 76 of age (weaning). Accelerometers were used to determine lying time, lying bouts, and bouts duration. Direct visual behavioural observations by an observer (feeding behaviour, drinking behaviour, and lying behaviour) were also assessed discontinuously while redirect behaviour (displacement of one calf by another at the automated milk feeder, and cross-suckling) were observed continuously for two one-hour periods of live observations for each of the three selected periods. Daily lying time increased at the peak of milk replacer intake relative to the other observational periods. Mean bout duration varied between periods and treatments. Lying bouts were more frequent after weaning and under the ad libitum treatment during peak milk replacer intake. Feeding and drinking behaviours were more frequent in the post-weaning period while lying time was higher at the peak milk replacer intake period. There was a tendency for more suckling between calves at postweaning when calves were fed ad libitum. Overall, all behavioral observations remained acceptable for both treatments. Therefore, despite the difference observed, both treatments appeared to be adequate in terms of calf behaviour