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Orientador : Pilar Rodriguez de Massaguer / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 McKnight_IvanaCristinaSpolidorio_D.pdf: 5817991 bytes, checksum: 5c66ef125a481e35fe8dddcb00029844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, uma bactéria termoacidófila esporogênica, recentemente tem sido relacionada com problemas de deterioração em sucos de frutas pasteurizados. Devido a alta resistência térmica de seus esporos, sobrevivem aos tratamentos de pasteurização. A deterioração é descrita pela produção de odor desagradável, semelhante a desinfetante, não ocorre produção de gás e raramente há formação de sedimentos no suco. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estabelecer uma metodologia de isolamento para Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris em suco de maracujá e suco de abacaxi, identificar as cepas isoladas e determinar a resistência térmica destes isolados nos sucos. Suspensões de esporos da cultura padrão A. acidoterrestris DSM 2498 foram submetidas a tratamentos térmicos 60°C/60min, 60°C/30min, 70°C/20min, 80°C/5,10 e 30 min e ebulição por 5 min, para determinar a melhor condição de ativação dos esporos em suco de maracujá e abacaxi, separadamente. O melhor tratamento para a ativação nos dois sucos estudados foi o de 70°C/20 min. Foi determinado o tempo de enriquecimento para o isolamento de esporos de A. acidoterrestris a partir de amostras de suco de maracujá e abacaxi experimentalmente contaminadas com a cepa padrão DSM 2498. O melhor tempo de enriquecimento varia com o suco, para o de maracujá foi de 48 hs e para o de abacaxi, 24hs. Um total de 57 amostras de suco de maracujá e 50 amostras de suco de abacaxi integrais e pasteurizados foram examinados para detectar a presença desta bactéria. Para a detecção as amostras inicialmente foram inoculadas em tubos com caldo BAM (Bacillus acidocaldarius medium) e foram ativadas conforme indicado acima. A quantificação dos esporos foi feita pela técnica do Número Mais Provável ( NMP), em caldo BAM(pH 4,5). Do conteúdo de cada tubo foi retirada uma alçada e inoculada em ágar BAM, com incubação a 50°C/7dias. Não foram obtidos isolamentos a partir do suco de abacaxi. No suco de maracujá foram constatadas 16 ( 28%) de amostras positivas para a presença de A. acidoterrestris. A contaminação variou entre 1,1 e > 2,3 NMP/100ml de suco, ocorrendo a maior incidência nos meses de junho e julho, época seca do ano, indicando que o grau de contaminação está relacionado com a sazonal idade. Dezesseis colônias típicas foram submetidas à caracterização bioquímica pelo sistema API CH 50, que não foi satisfatório para a identificação desta bactéria em suco de maracujá, e a caracterização genotípica pelo método do RAPD, que sugeriu uma elevada similaridade genética (maior que 95%) entre a maioria dos isolados do suco de maracujá e a cepa padrão A. acidoterrestris DSM 2498. Foi determinada a resistência térmica de 3 isolados e também da cepa padrão em suco de maracujá, pelo método TDT (Tempo de Destruição Térmica), em tubos selados. Os valores D para a cepa padrão e para a cepa 4 que demonstrou maior resistência térmica foram de 19,9 e 28,9 min para 87°C; 4,8 e 8,0 min para 90°C e 1,4 e 2,0 min para 95°C, e os valores z obtidos foram 7,3 e 7,1°C, respectivamente. Foi demonstrado que a pasteurização comercial aplicada ao suco de maracujá não foi suficiente para destruir os esporos de A. acidoterrestris . Um processo de 102,1 °C/ 36 s seria adequado para reduzir 3 ciclos logarítmicos da cepa mais termoresistente isolada neste estudo, sem afetar os atributos sensoriais do suco / Abstract: Alicyclobacillus aCidoterrestris, a thermoacidofilic sporogenic bacteria, has recently presented deterioration problems in pasteurized juices. Due to the elevated thermal resistance of its spores, they survive the pasteurization process. The deterioration is described as an unpleasant odor production, similar to that of a disinfectant. There is no gas production, but occasionally sediments form within the juice. The aim of this research was to establish an isolation method for Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in passion fruit and pineapple juices, to identify the strains isolated and evaluate their heat resistance in the juices. Spore suspensions of the typical strain A. acidoterrestris DSM 2498 were submitted to heat treatments of, 60°C/60min, 60°C/30min, 70°C/20min, 80°C/5, 10 and 30 min, and boiled 5 min, to determine the best activation conditions for the spores within the passion fruit juice and pineapple juice separately. The best activation treatment found for both juices was 70°C/20min. The enrichment time to isolate the spores of A acidoterrestris, was determined from passion fruit juice and pineapple juice samples experimentally contaminated with typical strain DSM 2498. The best enrichment time for passion fruit juice was 48hs, and for pineapple juice 24hs. A total of 57 samples of passion fruit juice, and 50 samples of pineapple juice, integral and pasteurized were examined in order to detect the presence of the quoted bacteria. For detection, the samples were initially inoculated in tubes with BAM (Bacillus acidocaldarius medium) broth, and were activated at 70°C/20min followed by enrichment at 50°C/48hs for the passion fruit juice, and 50°C/24hs for the pineapple juice. Spore quantification was done by the Most Probable Number (NMP) Technique. From each tube, a loopful was removed and inoculated into BAM agar, followed by incubation for 7 days/50°C. No isolation from pineapple was observed. From the passion fruit juice 16(28%) positive samples for the presence of A. acidoterrestris were obtained. The contamination varied between 1.1 and > 2.3 NMP/100ml of juice, the major incidence occurring in June/July, the dry season of the year, indicating that the level of contamination is related to season. Sixteen typical colonies were submitted to biochemical characterization by the API CH 50 system. This method was not satisfactory for identification and genotipical characterization by RAPD was applied. The results suggested an elevated genetic similarity (over 95%) between most of the isolates from passion fruit juice and typical strain A. acidoterrestris DSM 2498. The heat resistance of 3 isolates and the typical strain in passion fruit juice,was determined by the TDT sealed tube method. The D values for the typical strain and for the most heat resistant isolated strain were 19.9 and 28.9 min at 87°C, 4.8 and 8.0 min at 90°C and 1.4 and 2.0 min at 95°C ones, and the z values obtained were 7.3 and 7.1°C, respectively. It was demonstrated that the commercially applied pasteurization of passion fruit juices was not sufficient to destroy the A. acidoterrestris spores. A 102,1 °C/36sec process would be adequate to reduce 3 logarithmic cycles of the most thermally resistant strain isolated in this study, without affecting the sensory attributes of the juice / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Food Science / Elizabeth Boyle / Unpasteurized fruit juices have been implicated as the source of foodborne outbreaks due to pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Cryptosporidium parvum. The growth of pathogens can usually be slowed through freezing or largely eliminated through pasteurization. Although pasteurization is often effective in eliminating pathogens, it often yields undesirable flavors that are unlike those of fresh juice. Growing consumer trends towards “healthy” unpasteurized alternatives are fueling the development of alternative processing techniques. Several promising techniques for pathogen reduction in the processing of fruit juices are currently being developed. A new technique that is already being marketed worldwide is hyperbaric processing (HPP) which subjects the fruit juice to a high pressure of up to 1000 MPa. The high-pressure treatment results in up to a 7 log reduction kill in pathogens while preserving the naturally occurring flavor profile, sensory attributes and nutritional benefits. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) and ionizing radiation are also being widely explored as viable techniques to process unpasteurized fruit juices. PEF promises to be a commercially viable energy efficient alternative to pasteurization, adding only $0.03 – $0.05 per liter to final food costs. Although irradiation enjoys support for use in the processing of fruit juice by regulatory agencies, support in public opinion is lacking and hinders its growth as an alternative to pasteurization. Other experimental techniques are also present in the development pipeline. Ultrasonic radiation and high intensity pulsed light radiation are both experimental techniques that are being researched. A particularly exciting alternative is the use of plant-based antimicrobials. Several fruits and spices are known to be natural antimicrobials and are therefore being researched as alternatives to the traditional chemical preservatives.

Published Article / Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a non-pathogenic, spore-forming bacterium that can survive the commercial pasteurisation processes commonly used during fruit juice production. Surviving bacterial endospores germinate, grow and cause spoilage of high acid food products. Fruit juices can be treated using ultraviolet light (UV-C) with a wavelength of 254 nm, which has a germicidal effect against micro-organisms. In this study, A. acidoterrestris was inoculated into water, used wash water from a fruit processing plant and grape juice concentrate. Ultraviolet dosage levels (J L-1) of 0, 61, 122, 183, 244, 305 and 367 J L-1 were applied using a novel UV-C turbulent flow system. The UV treatment method was shown to reliably achieve in excess of a 4 log10 reduction (99.99%) per 0.5 kJ L-1 of UV-C dosage in all the liquids inoculated with A. acidoterrestris. The applied novel UV technology could serve as an alternative to thermal treatments of fruit juices for the inactivation of Alicyclobacillus spores as well as in the treatment of contaminated wash water used in fruit processing.

Vitamin C occurs in relatively high concentrations in fresh and processed fruits and vegetables but is found to a lesser extent in animal tissues and animal-derived products. Nearly 90 % of vitamin C in the human diet is obtained from fruits and vegetables but this can be indirect by way of commercially prepared fruit juices. These juices are often enriched with vitamin C which has been synthetically prepared. There is a wide range of such juices on the New Zealand market, and they are a significant source of dietary vitamin C for many in the population. The focus of this research is on the Keri range of juice products.The present study monitors the fate of vitamin C during storage of Keri juices up to the best-before date, and under a range of other storage and consumption situations. Two methods were adopted for determining ascorbic acid (AA, the chemical identity of vitamin C). These were the titrimetric method, which is based upon the reduction of the dye 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by AA in acidic solution, and liquid chromatography, which is used to separate AA from its immediate oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid. In the latter method these two analytes can be measured independently. The liquid chromatography was less successful than the simpler titrimetric method, so most of the work was done by titration. However, the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid, which has vitamin C activity in vivo, remained uncertain. Moreover, the titrimetric method could not be applied to juices with high purple anthocyanin concentrations, like blackcurrant, because the colour change at the titration end point could not be detected. pH adjustment to change colour was ineffective, and decolourisation with charcoal led to the rapid and complete destruction of AA. The concentration of AA in Keri juices at the time of manufacture were always much higher than claimed on the labels. Storage for up to nine months at room temperature resulted in a loss in AA of between 37 and 68 %, depending on the juice and exposure to fluorescent light. However, the time of storage was a much more dominant factor than light exposure. The kinetics of loss, straight lines, were most easily explained by an aerobic model of AA degradation from oxygen diffusing across the polyethylene tetraphthalate bottle wall. Overall, the label claims made were defensible in terms of the best-before date, because it took at least 100 days of storage before the AA concentration in the most susceptible juices fell below the claimed value. This is because these drinks are fast moving consumer goods and storage beyond 100 days is unlikely. (Nonetheless, the supplier (Keri Juice Company) has since adopted its new unitised method of formulating juice. This has resulted in an initially higher concentration of vitamin C as compared to the juices under investigation.) In the nine months storage experiment there was some evidence for the presence of dehydroascorbic acid in blackcurrant drinks, but not in another three juices. Pasteurisation during preparation of these drinks resulted in up to 7 % loss of AA, probably due to oxygen dissolved in water, and accelerated by heat of pasteurisation. Higher temperatures in later storage also accelerated losses. Progressive exposure of juice to air during simulated consumption of 3 L bottles over a week also accelerated losses. Finally, exposure to sunlight in a diurnal temperature environment accelerated losses five-fold higher than in total darkness. Filtration of ultraviolet light approximately halved the loss due to sunlight. Overall however, it can be concluded that AA in the Keri range of juices is very resistant to degradation of AA.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Food Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-56).

The production of free flowing powder by spray drying of sugar-acid rich foods requires an appropriate carrier. High molecular weight materials such as maltodextrins are commercially used as a drying aid because of their high glass transition temperature (Tg). Alternatively, fibre-rich by-products from fruit and vegetable juice processing might provide high molecular weight elements that are suitable as a drying support. This study aimed to understand the variables affecting the spray-dried product of fruit juice so that non-sticky fibre-based juice powder could be obtained. Freeze dried carrot fibre was centrifically-milled to 50-100 µm sizes. Three sugar determination methods; enzymatic, enzyme membrane and HPLC with RID, were compared. The freeze drying performance of fructose, fructose + carrot fibre and fructose + carrot fibre + malic acid had the glass transition temperatures measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at 0.1 °C min-1. The results from the freeze drying were used as a key for the possibility of spray dried apple juice + carrot fibre. Similar methods were used to study freeze dried fructose + maltodextrin (DE max 9.8) and fructose + maltodextrin + malic acid. Dried sucrose, glucose and fructose were used to study glass transition temperature of melted amorphous sugars and mixtures by the visual experiment and DSC at 0.1°C min-1 of heating and cooling scans. The Gordon-Taylor equation was used to predict the Tg of anhydrous two-sugar mixtures from experimental and literature data. The Coachman and Karaze equation was used to predict Tg of three-sugar mixtures and compared to the experimental data. Spray dried powders of fructose + carrot fibre of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70% w/w and apple juice concentrate + carrot fibre of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70% w/w at 165/75°C inlet/outlet temperature in a laboratory scale drier were compared to that of fructose + maltodextrin (DE max 9.8) and apple juice concentrate + maltodextrin of 50, 60 and 70% w/w (dry basis). Dielectric analysis in the range 200 Hz -1 MHz between 10-105 °C were applied to find the onset Tg (based on DSC results) from freeze dried mixtures of 14, 21, and 28% w/w (dry basis) carrot fibre+ fructose. The enzymatic method was found to be the most accurate method for sugar determination of fruit juice but the HPLC method was the most practical one. The results of Tg values of sugars and mixtures melted showed that the Tg values from heating and cooling scans of fructose, glucose and sucrose were in good agreement with literature. Fructose acted as a plasticizer; an increase in the fructose fraction decreased the Tg of sugar mixtures. Sucrose increased the Tg of the mixtures while the Tg of the three-sugar mixtures was less variable when there was a moderate to high proportion of glucose. The visual Tg values of sugars and mixtures were 7-28 °C higher than the onset DSC heating and cooling Tg values. This result suggested that more than one method should be used to study the glass transition of substances. The Gordon-Taylor equation did not fit well the Tg values of the dry sugars and their mixtures from this experiment. The variations might have been due to the degradation of sugar samples on the melting process. The Coachman and Karaze equation gave a good prediction of the three-sugar mixtures from this experiment. The carrot fibre was found to be crystalline. Carrot fibre increased the Tg of freeze dried fructose and decreased stickiness of fructose. Increasing malic acid fraction decreased Tg of the mixtures. Freeze dried fructose + maltodextrin showed higher hygroscopicity than freeze dried fructose + carrot fibre. It was not possible to determine Tg of fructose + maltodextrin + malic acid due to the swelling and hygroscopicity of the freeze dried samples. Tg values of freeze dried fructose + carrot fibre and fructose + maltodextrin were found to high enough to allow spray drying of these mixtures. The minimum fraction of carrot fibre to facilitate spray drying of fructose and apple juice concentrate was found to be 30%. Mixtures with maltodextrin at a fraction lower than 50% could not be successfully spray dried. When spray drying fructose + carrot fibre, apple juice + carrot fibre, fructose + maltodextrin and apple juice + maltodextrin at the appropriate ratios most of the powder stuck to the drier walls. The powder swept from the wall was free flowing with moisture content of approximately 2-4%. The Tg values of these powder indicated the wall build-up might be avoided in larger scale drying. Tg values of spray dried powder from the mixtures with fibre and maltodextrin were found to be not very different. The yield from mixtures with carrot fibre was three times higher than those of mixtures with maltodextrin. This cast doubts that Tg alone could be a good indicator for the stickiness of spray dried material. The microscope images and DSC scans of spray dried powders of fructose + carrot fibre and apple juice + carrot fibre showed crystalline material. The particle of spray dried fructose + maltodextrin and apple juice + maltodextrin were mostly amorphous. The crystals are more physically and chemically stable than the amorphous form. Thus carrot fibre is a good additive in spray drying of fruit juice. Dielectric analysis at low frequency was able to possible detect Tg of single and double components. For food polymer with many components it was found that Tg value was not consistently dependent on frequency. In conclusion, carrot fibre was a more effective carrier for spray drying than maltodextrin when compared on a mass basis and spray drying condition. Since edible fibre is an essential element needed by the human body, spray drying of fruit juice using fibre as a carrier showed the great potential of fibre in the application of fruit juice spray drying. In the case of clear juice, after reconstitution, the fibre can be easily separated from the juice as there seemed to be no chemical binding between the juice and the fibre during the spray drying process.

Vitamin C occurs in relatively high concentrations in fresh and processed fruits and vegetables but is found to a lesser extent in animal tissues and animal-derived products. Nearly 90 % of vitamin C in the human diet is obtained from fruits and vegetables but this can be indirect by way of commercially prepared fruit juices. These juices are often enriched with vitamin C which has been synthetically prepared. There is a wide range of such juices on the New Zealand market, and they are a significant source of dietary vitamin C for many in the population. The focus of this research is on the Keri range of juice products.The present study monitors the fate of vitamin C during storage of Keri juices up to the best-before date, and under a range of other storage and consumption situations. Two methods were adopted for determining ascorbic acid (AA, the chemical identity of vitamin C). These were the titrimetric method, which is based upon the reduction of the dye 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol by AA in acidic solution, and liquid chromatography, which is used to separate AA from its immediate oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid. In the latter method these two analytes can be measured independently. The liquid chromatography was less successful than the simpler titrimetric method, so most of the work was done by titration. However, the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid, which has vitamin C activity in vivo, remained uncertain. Moreover, the titrimetric method could not be applied to juices with high purple anthocyanin concentrations, like blackcurrant, because the colour change at the titration end point could not be detected. pH adjustment to change colour was ineffective, and decolourisation with charcoal led to the rapid and complete destruction of AA. The concentration of AA in Keri juices at the time of manufacture were always much higher than claimed on the labels. Storage for up to nine months at room temperature resulted in a loss in AA of between 37 and 68 %, depending on the juice and exposure to fluorescent light. However, the time of storage was a much more dominant factor than light exposure. The kinetics of loss, straight lines, were most easily explained by an aerobic model of AA degradation from oxygen diffusing across the polyethylene tetraphthalate bottle wall. Overall, the label claims made were defensible in terms of the best-before date, because it took at least 100 days of storage before the AA concentration in the most susceptible juices fell below the claimed value. This is because these drinks are fast moving consumer goods and storage beyond 100 days is unlikely. (Nonetheless, the supplier (Keri Juice Company) has since adopted its new unitised method of formulating juice. This has resulted in an initially higher concentration of vitamin C as compared to the juices under investigation.) In the nine months storage experiment there was some evidence for the presence of dehydroascorbic acid in blackcurrant drinks, but not in another three juices. Pasteurisation during preparation of these drinks resulted in up to 7 % loss of AA, probably due to oxygen dissolved in water, and accelerated by heat of pasteurisation. Higher temperatures in later storage also accelerated losses. Progressive exposure of juice to air during simulated consumption of 3 L bottles over a week also accelerated losses. Finally, exposure to sunlight in a diurnal temperature environment accelerated losses five-fold higher than in total darkness. Filtration of ultraviolet light approximately halved the loss due to sunlight. Overall however, it can be concluded that AA in the Keri range of juices is very resistant to degradation of AA.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_cct_me_arafcf.pdf: 1107388 bytes, checksum: 2cc93b7db82a29b5ffd682f9692f3559 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A atenção farmacêutica é uma prática onde o farmacêutico tem a responsabilidade para com o paciente quanto às suas necessidades farmacoterapêuticas, garantindo a eficácia do tratamento e a segurança da farmacoterapia utilizando como instrumento o medicamento. A farmácia hospitalar é um órgão de abrangência assistencial técnico-científico e administrativo onde uma de suas principais funções é estabelecer um sistema racional de distribuição de medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o sistema de distribuição de medicamentos de uma farmácia hospitalar de um hospital oncológico, bem como identificar os fatores que levam às falhas no processo de distribuição de medicamento. A pesquisa foi realizada na farmácia central de um Hospital Oncológico do Estado de São Paulo em 2007, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. A amostra constituiu-se de 3 (12%) farmacêuticos 3 (12%) assistentes de farmácia e 19 (76%) atendentes de farmácia. Todos os profissionais foram consultados quanto a sua disposição para participar do estudo e a seguir, os mesmos assinaram o temo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os dados coletados nos mostram que o sistema de distribuição do referido hospital é o sistema por dose individualizada diferenciada, com prescrição eletrônica. Os resultados das observações realizadas durante os 7 dias, indicam o ambiente como principal problema na distribuição de medicamentos (44,77%), pois o local é impróprio, com vários profissionais desenvolvendo atividades diferentes e interrupções freqüentes. Pela observação do ambiente foi possível demonstrar através de fluxogramas todas as ações desenvolvidas pelos profissionais da farmácia desde o momento da chegada da prescrição eletrônica até a entrega dos medicamentos à equipe de enfermagem. As entrevistas com os profissionais nos mostram que os tipos de erros mais... / The pharmaceutical care is a practice where the pharmacist has the responsibility in relation to and with the patient regarding their pharmacotherapeutic needs, guaranteeing the treatment efficiency as well as the pharmacotherapy safety having as its instrument the medicine. The hospital pharmacy is an administrative technical-scientific organ where its main function is to establish a rational system of medicine distribution. The aim of this study was to analyze the medicine distribution system in a hospital pharmacy from an oncologic hospital as well as to identify the factors that lead us to failures related to the medicine distribution process. The survey took place at the central pharmacy from an oncologic hospital in the state of São Paulo after approval of the Committee of the Ethics in Research. The sample includes 3 (12%) pharmacists, 3 (12%) pharmacy assistants and 19 (76%) pharmacy attendants. All the professionals were asked about their willingness to participate in the survey and afterwards they signed on the “Free Will Participation Agreement”. The collected data show us that the distribution system from the above mentioned hospital is the individually differential dose system, with electronic prescription. The results based on the 7 days observation show the environment as the main problem in the medicine distribution (44.77%) once the place is improper and have several professionals performing different activities as well as frequent interruptions. From the environment observation was possible to demonstrate, through the fluxograms, all the actions performed by the pharmacy professionals from the electronic prescription’s arrival until the medicine delivery to the nursing team. The interviews with the professionals show us that the most frequent errors were related to the medicine dispensing (28.05%) and to the medical prescriptions (26.85%); its causes were due... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)