Orientador: Maria Aparecida Azevedo Pereira da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Biasoto_AlineCamaraoTelles_D.pdf: 2961321 bytes, checksum: 2144f2646383ead14df3703953f1a70a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O suco concentrado de caju apresenta grande potencial de mercado, mas tem sua receptividade prejudicada em decorrência da perda, por evaporação ou degradação, de compostos voláteis importantes para o aroma e sabor da bebida. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: conhecer a dinâmica da perda e formação de voláteis durante a concentração do suco de caju por evaporação, avaliar o impacto dessas alterações sobre o perfil sensorial da bebida ao longo do processo de concentração, e identificar a importância odorífera dos voláteis perdidos e formados. Suco fresco de caju (clone CCP76) foi concentrado de 10,3°Brix a 42,1°Brix em evaporador piloto tipo termo-sifão, operando em sistema fechado, com vácuo de 700mmHg e com vapor a 110oC. Ao longo do processo de concentração cinco amostras de suco foram recolhidas. Seus teores de sólidos solúveis foram de 11,8°Brix, 14,9°Brix, 20,2°Brix, 29,6°Brix e 42,1°Brix. Os voláteis do suco fresco e das cinco amostras de suco concentrado foram extraídos por método de enriquecimento dos vapores do headspace em armadilha contendo polímero poroso (Porapak®), procedendo-se duas horas de captura sob vácuo de 70mmHg, e eluição dos voláteis capturados em acetona. Os voláteis foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e quantificados por padronização externa, utilizando-se 12 padrões de diferentes classes químicas. A importância odorífera dos voláteis presentes nos isolados do suco fresco e do suco concentrado a 42,1°Brix foi avaliada pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa-olfatometria (CG-O) Osme. O perfil sensorial do suco fresco e das cinco amostras de suco concentrado foi gerado pela técnica de Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ®). Os dados sensoriais foram analisados por ANOVA, Tukey (p=0,05) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Modelos preditivos gerados para avaliar a dinâmica da perda e formação de ésteres, terpenos, álcoois, aldeídos, cetonas e hidrocarbonetos ao longo da concentração do suco de caju, indicaram que logo na primeira etapa de concentração, quando o suco foi concentrado até 11,8°Brix, foram perdidos aproximadamente 95% dos terpenos, 85% dos ácidos e cerca de 50% das cetonas e aldeídos. Já na segunda etapa do processamento, quando a bebida foi concentrada até 14,9°Brix, foram perdidos mais de 90% dos ésteres inicialmente presente no suco fresco, 85% dos álcoois e 90% dos hidrocarbonetos. Quando o suco atingiu 20,2°Brix, o conteúdo de álcoois e principalmente de hidrocarbonetos passou a aumentar, sugerindo uma possível formação de voláteis dessas classes químicas nas etapas finais de concentração do suco. Alterações significativas no perfil sensorial ocorreram a partir da concentração do suco acima de 20,2°Brix, com destaque para o aumento na intensidade de aroma e sabor cozido, aroma e sabor passado, aroma e gosto doce e redução de aroma e sabor de caju fresco. A análise CG-olfatometrica e correlações entre os dados instrumentais e sensoriais identificaram os seguintes voláteis como marcadores potenciais da intensidade de aroma e sabor de caju fresco na bebida: isovalerato de metila, 2-metil-butanoato de etila, butanoato de etila, isovalerato de etila, hexanoato de etila, butanoato de metila, 2-metil-butanoato de metila e 2-metilene-butanoato de etila. Por sua vez, os voláteis pentanal, tolueno, salicilato de homomentila, psi-cumeno e acetato de 1-metil-hexila correlacionaram-se positivamente com intensidade dos aromas e sabores de cozido e passado no suco de caju. De um modo geral, a perda de ésteres e terpenos ao longo da concentração do suco, associada ao aumento dos níveis de hidrocarbonetos promoveu alterações drásticas no perfil sensorial do suco concentrado. Uma adequada recuperação dos terpenos e ésteres evaporados no inicio do processo de concentração, seguida da sua reincorporação ao suco processado seria uma solução para a melhoria da qualidade sensorial do suco concentrado por evaporação / Abstract: Concentrated cashew apple juice shows considerable market potential, but its acceptability is affected by the loss of volatile compounds of importance to the aroma and flavor of the beverage, due to evaporation or degradation. The objectives of this research were: understand the dynamics of the loss and formation of volatiles during the concentration of cashew apple juice by evaporative concentration, evaluate the impact of these alterations on the sensory profile of the beverage throughout the concentration process, and identify the odiferous importance of the lost and formed volatiles. Fresh cashew-apple juice (clone CCP76) at 10.3ºBrix were concentrated to 42.1ºBrix in a pilot thermo-syphon type evaporator operating in a closed system with 700mmHg of vacuum and steam at 110ºC. Five juice samples were taken throughout the concentration process and were found to contain the following soluble solids contents: 11.8°Brix, 14.9°Brix, 20.2°Brix, 29.6°Brix and 42.1°Brix. The volatiles of the fresh juice and of the five concentrated samples were extracted from the headspaces for two hours using a vapor enrichment method with a trap containing the porous polymer Porapak® under a vacuum of 70mmHg, followed by elution of the trapped volatiles into acetone. The volatiles were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified by external standardization using 12 standards of different chemical classes. The odoriferous importance of the volatiles present in the isolates from the fresh juice and from that concentrated to 42.1ºBrix were evaluated by the Osme gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) technique. The sensory profiles of the fresh juice and of the five samples of concentrated juice were generated by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®). The sensory data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey (p=0.05) and by the Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Predictive models generated to evaluate the dynamic of the loss and formation of esters, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons during concentration of the cashew-apple juice indicated that in the first step of concentration, when the juice was concentrated to 11.8ºBrix, approximately 95% of the terpenes were lost, 85% of the acids, about 50% of the ketones and aldehydes. In the second processing step when the beverage was concentrated to 14.9ºBrix, more than 90% of the esters initially present in the fresh juice were lost, more than 90% of the hydrocarbons and 85% of the alcohols. When the juice reached 20.2ºBrix, the content of alcohols and principally that of hydrocarbons starting increasing again, suggesting the formation of volatiles from these chemical classes in the final juice concentration steps. Significant changes in the sensory profile occurred when the juice was concentrated to 20.2ºBrix or above, highlighting increases in the cooked flavor and aroma, overripe flavor and aroma and sweet flavors and aromas, with reductions in the fresh cashew apple flavor and aroma. The GC-olfactometry analysis plus correlations between the instrumental and sensory data identified the following volatiles as potential markers of the intensity of fresh cashew apple flavor and aroma in the beverage: methyl isovalerate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl isovalerate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl butanoate, methyl 2-methyl butanoate and ethyl 2-methylene- butanoate. On the other hand, the volatiles pentanal, toluene, homomenthyl salicylate, psi-cumene and 1-methyl-hexyl acetate correlated positively with the intensities of the cooked and overripe aromas and flavors of cashew apple juice. In general it can be conclude that the loss of esters and terpenes during concentration of the juice, associated with the increase in hydrocarbons resulted in drastic changes in the sensory profile of the concentrated juice. One possible solution for improvement of the sensory quality of the concentrated juice could be an adequate recovery of the terpenes and esters evaporated off at the start of the concentration process by evaporation, followed by their reincorporation into the processed juice / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutora em Alimentos e Nutrição

Different factors such as growing environmental awareness due to the increasing negative impact of persistent plastic wastes, the uncontrollable price variations of the raw material and the rapid depletion of  reserves have increased the interest in research regarding polymers derived from renewable sources to replace petroleum-based materials. One of the earth’s most abundant macromolecules is cellulose. The production of cellulose from another resource replaces and reduces the demand from plants, the other resource being cellulose from a bacterial system. Bcaterial cellulose film were produced by fermenting apple waste (apple pomace) from cider production donated by Herrljunga Cider in Herrljunga, Sweden and expired fruit juice, produced by LoveJuice Indonesia, containing a mixture of fruits, mainly apple. As inoculum for the fermentations two different Kombucha cultures were used. To optimize the fermentation conditions, factors such as nitrogen source, sugar content, temperature, pH, surface area, sterilization of the substrate, culture condition and fermentation time was varied to obtain the desired result. The bacterial cellulose films were dried at 50-70 °C in an oven, air-dried or freeze-dried to evaluate the impact of drying technique on the final material. The behavior of the microorganism during fermentation was monitored by sampling and observation. The consumption rate of carbohydrates was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The properties of the obtained biofilms were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile testing and determination of cellulose content in the obtained biofilms. Two different sugar concentrations (35 g/l and 70 g/l) and three different caffeine concentrations (0 g/l, 150 g/l and 225 g/l) as nitrogen source were investigated to determine the best condition. A control batch of conventional (black tea and 70 g/l table sugar) Kombucha was used as reference. The highest tensile strength (50 MPa) and thermal stability was observed in the biofilms with the highest yield that had been dried in oven. The biofilms obtained by fermenting apple pomace from the cider industry showed the highest tensile strength and highest thermal stability in comparison to fermenting expired fruit juice. The biofilm obtained by fermenting apple waste(sugar concentration 70 g/l) in combination with sterilizing the substrate without adding any nitrogen source, dried in an oven and purified using 0,1 M NaOH resulted in the highest tensile strength, highest thermal stability and the purest biofilm from a visual aspect. The highest yield was observed in the fermentation of apple pomace (sugar concentration 70 g/l) from the cider industry without sterilization of the initial media with an addition of nitrogen of approximately 450 mg/l). The optimal fermentation period was observed to be 14-15 days, at 25-28 °C under static conditions using a glass vessel with a diameter of 20 cm and an initial pH of 5,5.

Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Species of Alicyclobacillus are acid-tolerant and heat-resistant bacteria that cause spoilage of heat-treated fruit juices stored at room temperature. During the past decade, Alicyclobacillus spp. have become a major cause of spoilage in pasteurised fruit juices leading to significant economic losses world-wide. Spoilage has been reported in apple, pear, orange, peach, mango and white grape juice, as well as in fruit juice blends, fruit juice containing drinks and tomato products, such as tomato juice and canned tomatoes. Spoilage is characterised by a medicinal smell and guaiacol production. These endospore-formers have been shown to survive pasteurisation conditions of 95 °C for 2 min, grow at temperatures between 25° and 60 °C and a pH range of 2.5 to 6.0. Knowledge of this organism is limited, both locally and internationally and the route of contamination to the final product is not well established. In this study the fruit concentrate processing environment was investigated as a potential source and route of contamination for the final product. Species of Alicyclobacillus were isolated from orchard soil, various stages during processing and from fruit juice and concentrates. The isolates were identified based on morpholological, biochemical and physiological properties. Identification to species level was done by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and strain differentiation by RAPD-PCR. Results indicate that species of A. acidoterrestris and Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius were found in orchard soil and throughout the processing environment. This is the first report on the isolation of these species from orchard soil, vinegar flies and the fruit processing environment. The 16 isolates identified as A. acidoterrestris grouped into four clusters based on RAPD-PCR banding patterns, suggesting that they belong to at least four genotypic groups. Isolates from the fruit concentrate, wash water and soil located outside of the fruit processing plant grouped into one cluster. Concluded from these results, A. acidoterrestris found in the wash water and soil outside of the factory could act as a potential reservoir of organisms for the contamination of the final fruit concentrate. Thus good manufacturing practices play an essential role in controlling incidence of spoilage caused by these bacteria. Fruit juices can be treated using ultraviolet (UV-C) light with a wavelength of 254 nm, which has a germicidal effect against micro-organisms. Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores were inoculated into tap water, used wash water from a fruit processing plant and grape juice concentrate. Ultraviolet dosage levels (J L−1) of 0, 61, 122, 183, 244, 305 and 367 were applied using a novel UV-C turbulent flow system. The UV treatment method was shown to reliably achieve in excess of a 4 log10 reduction (99.99%) per 0.5 kJ L-1 of UV-C dosage in all the liquids inoculated with A. acidoterrestris. The applied novel UV technology could serve as an alternative to thermal treatments of fruit juices for the inactivation of Alicyclobacillus spores or in the treatment of contaminated processing wash water. Finally, the thermal inactivation at 95 °C for two strains of A. acidoterrestris isolated from contaminated fruit juice concentrates were investigated in a 0.1% (m/v) peptone buffer solution (pH 7.04) and grape juice (pH 4.02, 15.5 °Brix). The thermal inactivation of A. acidoterrestris spores followed first-order kinetics, suggesting that as the microbial population is exposed to a specific high temperature, the spores inactivated at a constant rate. D-values determined in the buffer solution were calculated to be 1.92 min and 2.29 min, while in grape juice D-values were found to be 2.25 min and 2.58 min for the two strains tested. From this study it is clear that the D-value is dependant on the strain tested, but also on the soluble solids of the solution the cells are suspended in. The results indicated that the spores of A. acidoterrestris isolated from South African fruit juice concentrate may survive after the pasteurisation treatment commonly applied during manufacturing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Spesies van Alicyclobacillus is suur-tolerante en hittebestande bakterieë wat bederf veroorsaak in hitte-behandelde vrugtesappe wat teen kamertemperatuur gestoor word. Gedurende die afgelope dekade het Alicyclobacillus spp. ‘n belangrike oorsaak van bederf in gepasteuriseerde vrugtesappe geword en beduidende ekonomiese verliese wêreldwyd veroorsaak. Bederf is aangeteken in appel-, peer-, lemoen-, perske-, mango- en witdruiwesap, sowel as in vrugtesapversnitte, vrugtesapbevattende drankies en in tamatieprodukte soos tamatiesap en ingemaakte tamaties. Bederf word gekenmerk deur ’n medisinale reuk en guaiacol produksie. Daar is gevind dat hierdie endospoorvormers pasteurisasie teen 95 °C vir 2 min kan oorleef en kan groei by temperature tussen 25° en 60 °C en ‘n pH van 2.5 to 6.0. Plaaslik sowel as internasionaal is kennis van hierdie organisme beperk en die roete van kontaminasie van produkte is nog nie goed vasgestel nie. In hierdie studie is die vrugtekonsentraat-verwerkingsmilieu ondersoek as ‘n moontlike bron en roete van kontaminasie van die finale produk. Spesies van Alicyclobacillus is vanuit vrugteboordgrond, verskeie verwerkingstadia en van vrugtesap en vrugtesapkonsentraat geïsoleer. Die isolate is op grond van morfologiese, biochemiese en fisiologiese eienskappe geïdentifiseer. Identifikasie tot spesiesvlak is deur 16S rDNS sekwensering gedoen en stam differensiasie deur RAPD-PKR. Resultate het aangetoon dat A. acidoterrestris en A. acidocaldarius in vrugteboordgrond sowel as in alle stadia van die verwerkingsmilieu voorkom. Dit is die eerste verslag van die isolering van hierdie spesies uit die Suid-Afrikaanse vrugteverwerkingsmilieu, vrugteboordgrond en asynvlieë. Die 16 isolate, geïdentifiseer as A. acidoterrestris en in vier groepe geplaas op grond van hul RAPD-PKR bandpatrone, dui aan dat hulle aan minstens vier genotipiese groepe behoort. Isolate afkomstig van die vrugtekonsentraat, waswater en die grond buitekant die vrugteverwerkingsaanleg het een groep gevorm. Uit hierdie resultate kan afgelei word dat A. acidoterrestris, wat in die waswater en grond buite die aanleg voorkom, as ‘n moontlike bron van organismes vir die kontaminering van die finale vrugtekonsentraat kan dien. Goeie vervaardigingspraktyke speel dus ‘n noodsaaklike rol in die beheer van bederf veroorsaak deur hierdie bakterieë. Vrugtesappe kan behandel word met ultravioletlig (UV-C) met ‘n golflengte van 254 nm wat ‘n dodende effek op mikro-organismes het. Kraanwater, gebruikte waswater van ‘n vrugtesapvervaardigingsaanleg en druiwesapkonsentraat is met A. acidoterrestris spore geïnokuleer. Ultraviolet toedieningsvlakke (J L−1) van 0, 61, 122, 183, 244, 305 en 367 is aangewend met behulp van ‘n nuwe UV-C drukvloei stelsel. Daar is aangetoon dat die UV-behandelingsmetode ‘n betroubare vermindering (99.99%) van meer as 4 log10 per 0.5 kJ L-1 van ‘n UV-C dosis gee in al die vloeistowwe wat geïnokuleer is met A. acidoterrestris. Die toegepaste nuwe UV-tegnologie kan gebruik word as ‘n alternatief tot die hittebehandeling van vrugtesap vir die deaktivering van Alicyclobacillus spore of in die behandeling van gekontamineerde waswater. Ten slotte is hitte-deaktivering teen 95 °C van twee stamme van A. acidoterrestris, geïsoleer uit gekontamineerde vrugtesapkonsentraat, in ‘n 0.1% (m/v) peptoonbufferoplossing (pH 7.04) en druiwesap (pH 4.02, 15.5 °Brix), ondersoek. Die hitte-deaktivering van A. acidoterrestris spore het eerste-orde kinetika gevolg, wat aandui dat die mikrobe-populasie teen ‘n konstante tempo afsterf, wanneer blootgestel aan ‘n spesifieke hoë temperatuur. Die D-waardes in die bufferoplossing is bereken as 1.92 min en 2.29 min, terwyl daar gevind is dat die D-waardes in druiwesap 2.25 min en 2.58 min is vir die twee betrokke stamme. Vanuit hierdie studie is dit duidelik dat die D-waardes afhang van die betrokke stam, maar ook van die oplosbare vaste stowwe van die oplossing waarin die selle opgelos is. Die resultate dui daarop dat die spore van A. acidoterrestris, wat geïsoleer is uit Suid-Afrikaanse vrugtesapkonsentraat, die pasteurisasiebehandeling wat algemeen tydens vervaardiging toegepas word, kan oorleef. Aangesien die toepassing van strenger hittebehandeling om spore van A. acidoterrestris te deaktiveer onaanvaarbare organoleptiese veranderinge in die produk tot gevolg het, word dit aanbeveel dat die risiko van bederf verminder behoort te word deur die gebruik van goeie vervaardigingspraktyke gedurende vrugteverwerking.

O caldo de cana é uma bebida saborosa, energética, não alcoólica que conserva todos os nutrientes presentes na cana-de-açúcar, muito apreciado no Brasil que, se devidamente explorado, pode alcançar um mercado consumidor com proporções ainda maiores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o grau de aceitação do mercado consumidor e a estabilidade do caldo de cana puro e adicionado de suco de frutas, submetido ao processamento térmico (70&#176;C/ 25 min) e/ ou à radiação gama (2,5 kGy), armazenado em garrafas de polietileno de alta densidade sob refrigeração (5 &#177; 1&#176;C). O teste de mercado do caldo de cana processado e embalado foi avaliado através da aplicação de 350 questionários em seis municípios paulistas. A qualidade do caldo de cana foi avaliada através dos parâmetros: microbiológicos (contagem de aeróbios psicrotróficos, bactérias lácticas e fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes), físico-químicos (pH, cor, acidez titulável, teor de sólidos solúveis, ratio e atividade da polifenoloxidase) e sensoriais (teste hedônico). Foi determinada a composição centesimal das bebidas elaboradas analisando-se: umidade, valor calórico, carboidratos totais, açúcares totais e redutores, extrato etéreo, proteínas, teor de ácido ascórbico, cinza e minerais. A vida útil foi determinada a cada 7 dias analisando o produto armazenado sob refrigeração durante 42 dias. Os resultados foram avaliados através de análise de variância e comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Entre as 350 pessoas entrevistadas, mais da metade interessa-se e preocupa-se com a segurança de sua alimentação habitual e rotineira e apresenta receio em se alimentar em comércio de alimentos de rua. Os lanches foram os alimentos citados como os rotineiramente consumidos, seguidos pelo caldo de cana e pastel. Entre os entrevistados, 80% mencionaram apreciar caldo de cana, não havendo correlação entre idade e escolaridade e a preferência pela forma de consumo foi com adição de suco de limão. Cerca de 55% dos entrevistados mencionaram que consumiriam com maior freqüência o caldo de cana puro ou adicionado de suco de frutas, processado e embalado. Os processamentos aplicados ao caldo de cana não alteraram significativamente o aroma e o sabor da bebida. O teste sensorial para a escolha das melhores concentrações de suco de frutas a ser adicionado ao caldo de cana elegeu a adição de 4% de suco de limão e 10% de suco de abacaxi. A adição dos sucos de frutas ao caldo de cana nas concentrações propostas não alterou sua composição centesimal. No entanto, a adição do suco de abacaxi ao caldo de cana incrementou significativamente o teor de manganês e o de açúcares redutores quando comparado com o caldo de cana puro e adicionado de suco de limão. Considerando os resultados do teste de mercado, elegeu-se o caldo de cana adicionado de suco de limão como o preferido entre os provadores para a análise da vida útil do produto. As bebidas elaboradas pela mistura de caldo de cana e suco de limão submetidas à irradiação, pasteurização combinada com radiação e pasteurização mantiveram qualidade microbiológica, físico-química e sensorial satisfatória durante os períodos de 28, 35 e 42 dias, respectivamente, após o processamento. O tratamento térmico isolado foi considerado a melhor forma de conservação da bebida. / Sugarcane juice is a taste drink, energetic, no alcoholic that conserves all the nutrients in cane sugar. It was very appreciated by the Brazilian population and its production has been shown to be a highly lucrative business. This research had the following objectives: evaluate the acceptance of the consuming market and the stability of pure sugarcane juice or added with natural fruit juices, submitted of heat treatment (70&#176;C/ 25 min) and/ or gamma radiation (2,5 kGy) and stored in high density polyethylene bottles, under refrigeration (5 &#177; 1&#176;C). Sugarcane juice market test was evaluated through the application of 350 questionnaires on six São Paulo cities. Sugarcane juice stability was evaluated through microbiological (psicrothrophic count, lactic bacteria and yeasts and molds count), physical-chemical (pH, color, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ratio and polyphenoloxidase activity) and sensory (hedonic test) parameters. Centesimal composition was determined analyzing: humidity, caloric value, total carbohydrates, total and reducing sugars, lipids, proteins, ascorbic acid, ash and minerals. Sugarcane juice shelf life period was determinate ever 7 days over a period of 42 days stored under refrigeration. The data were submitted to the variance analysis and compared by Tukey&#39;s test (p<0,05). Among the 350 interviewed people, more of the half one is interested about its habitual food safe and care about street foods. Sandwiches had been cited foods as routinely consumed, followed for the sugarcane juice and &#34;pastel&#34;. Among the interviewed ones, 80% had mentioned to appreciate sugarcane juice. It had not correlation between age and school age and the preference for the consumption form was with lemon juice addition. About 55% of the interviewed ones had mentioned that would more frequently consume sugarcane juice processed and packed. Sugarcane juice processament didn&#39;t modify the flavor and taste of the drink. It was concluded from the sensory analyses that the best mixture was that formulated with sugarcane juice and 4% of lemon juice as well as 10% of pineapple juice. Sugarcane juice centesimal composition wasn&#39;t altered by fruit juice concentration addition. However, sugarcane juice added with 10% pineapple juice incremented manganese and reducing sugars when compared with pure sugarcane juice and added with 4% lemon juice. The market test prefered mixture was shown to be that containing sugarcane juice and natural lemon juice for evaluation the shelf life. Sugarcane juice added with 4% of lemon juice submitted to gamma radiation, heat treatment combinated with gamma radiation and heat treatment remaining satisfactory microbiological, sensory and physicalchemical characteristics until 28, 35 and 42 days respectively, after processing. These results indicated that the heat treatment was effective for sugarcane juice preservation.

As laranjas, das variedades Moro e Pera, são conhecidas por sua composição de flavonoides, em especial, a subclasse flavanona, além das antocianinas na laranja Moro. Ambas as subclasses apresentam capacidade antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e hipolipidêmica, podendo atenuar as alterações metabólicas decorrentes do consumo de uma dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da ingestão de sucos de laranja, das variedades Moro e Pera, sobre os parâmetros oxidativos de camundongos saudáveis e com resistência à insulina, esta última induzida por uma dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica. Camundongos machos, da linhagem C57Bl/6, foram distribuídos em seis grupos, três grupos receberam uma dieta controle e três grupos uma dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica, durante 12 semanas. Concomitante às dietas, dois grupos de cada tratamento receberam suco de laranja Pera e o outro suco de laranja Moro em substituição à água de beber. Na 10ª e 11ª semana, foram realizados o ipITT e o ipGTT. No final do tratamento, foram coletados o sangue, fígado e coração. As flavanonas majoritárias caracterizadas em ambos os sucos foram a narirutina e hesperitina. Além das flavanonas, a cianidina 3-glucosídeo foi a antocianina majoritária no suco de laranja Moro. O consumo de dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica acarretou em ganho de peso e adiposidade corporal, além de alterações metabólicas, como intolerância à insulina e a glicose, com o desenvolvimento da resistência insulínica, de acordo com o índice de HOMA-IR. Contudo, o suco de laranja, da variedade Pera, foi capaz de atenuar os parâmetros metabólicos como a sensibilidade à insulina, além da adiposidade e peso corporal. No tecido hepático, foi observado redução da peroxidação lipídica e da expressão proteica da enzima catalase nos animais tratados com dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica, quando comparado à dieta controle; e aumento na atividade de superóxido dismutase no tecido cardíaco. Não se observou diferenças significativas nas demais enzimas antioxidantes, bem como no dano oxidativo ao DNA avaliado pelo ensaio do cometa. No tecido cardíaco, foi observado aumento da peroxidação lipídica e de glutationa peroxidase nos animais tratados com dieta controle mais suco de laranja Pera e suco de laranja Moro, respectivamente. Assim, a dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica não acarretou em estresse oxidativo e, de maneira geral, os sucos não alteraram este quadro. Como conclusão, o suco de laranja Pera, atenuou as alterações metabólicas relacionadas ao metabolismo de carboidratos, mas não alterou os parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. / Oranges, Moro and Pera varieties, are known for their composition of flavonoids, especially the subclass flavanone, beyond the anthocyanins in the Moro variety. Both subclasses present antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic capacities, and may attenuate the metabolic alterations due to the consumption of a hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic diet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of orange juice intake, Moro and Pera varieties, on the oxidative parameters of insulin resistant mice induced by a high-fat and high carbohydrate diet. Mice (C57Bl/6 strain) were distributed in six groups: three groups received a control diet and three groups received a high-fat and high carbohydrate diet during 12 weeks. Concomitantly to the diets, two groups of each treatment received Pera and Moro orange juice in replacement of water. The ipITT and ipGTT were done at 11 e 12 week. At the ending of the treatment, blood, liver and heart were collected. The flavanones narirutine and hesperitin were the major flavanones in both juices. In addition, cyanidin 3-glycoside was the major anthocyanin in Moro orange juice. The consumption of high-fat and high carbohydrate diet resulted in weight gain and body adiposity, and metabolic alterations, such as decrease in insulin tolerance and development of insulin resistance, according to the HOMA-IR index. However, orange juice of the Pera variety was able to attenuate metabolic parameters increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing adiposity and body weight. In hepatic tissue, decrease on lipid peroxidation and protein expression of the catalase were observed in animals treated with high-fat and high carbohydrate diet when compared to the control diet; and an increase activity of the superoxide dismutase in cardiac tissue. No significant differences were observed in the other antioxidant enzymes, as well as in the oxidative DNA damage assessed by the comet assay. In cardiac tissue, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase were increased in animals treated with control diet plus Pera and Moro orange juice, respectively. Thus, the high-fat and high carbohydrate diet did not promote oxidative stress and, in general, the juices did not alter oxidative parameters. In conclusion, Pera orange juice attenuate the metabolic alterations related to the metabolism of carbohydrates, but not alter oxidative stress parameters.

Se presenta un modelo matemático para el diseño y simulación de un reactor de lecho fijo con enzimas inmovilizadas en partículas esféricas porosas. La ecuación de diseño del reactor se ha resuelto para el caso de un sistema enzimático, con limitaciones difusionales internas, que obedece a una cinética de Michaelis-Menten reversible.La validez del modelo se ha comprobado con el sistema enzimático naringina/naringinasa, aplicable al proceso de desamargado de zumos cítricos. / A mathematical model for design and simulation of a fixed bed reactor with immobilized enzymes in spherical particles is presented. The reactor design equation is solved for an enzymatic system taking into account internal diffusional limitations. Moreover, the enzyme obeys a reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetic. The validity of the model is checked by using the enzymatic system naringine/naringinase, which is used for fruit juice debbitering processes.

In this study the action of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on compression heating of liquid foods and pressure transmitting fluids, inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in different food media (milk and fruit juices), pulsed pressure and high pressure carbon dioxide treatments was investigated. The experimental results in this study allowed pointing out some important results: (i) The thermal effects of compression should be taken into account when HHP pasteurization processes are developed. Initial temperature of the food product and compression rate should carefully be selected in order to compensate the compression heating / (ii) The HHP inactivation kinetics need not follow traditional first-order kinetics, hence alternative inactivation models are ought to be found. Weibull model can be used for HHP inactivation kinetics of microorganisms / (iii) The pulsed pressure treatment could be an alternative to continuous HHP, but optimization should be done between the pulse holding time, the number of pulses and the pressure level to reach the desirable number of log-reduction of microorganisms (E. coli and L. innocua) compatible with an industrial application / (iv) The storage duration and storage temperature after HHP treatment should carefully be optimized to increase the safety of HHP treated fruit juices since the growth of injured microorganisms can be avoided during storage / (v) The high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) treatment in combination with pulsed pressure can be an efficient way to inactivate the microorganisms in skim milk and to reduce the maximum pressure level for the desired log-reduction.

Orientador: Waldemar Gastoni Venturini Filho / Banca: Léa Silva Santana / Banca: Ricardo Figueira / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia isotópica para detectar possíveis adulterações em bebidas comerciais de maracujá. A análise isotópica foi feita nas matérias-primas (suco concentrado de maracujá e açúcares comerciais) e aditivos (acidulante, antioxidante, e aromatizante), polpa, suco tropical adoçado e néctares. Também foram realizadas análises químicas como Brix, pH, acidez titulável e ratio nas matérias-primas e nas bebidas à base de maracujá. Foram fabricados em laboratório produtos conforme os padrões de identidade e qualidade estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e produtos adulterados, com concentrações de carbono C3 e C4 conhecidas, para que a precisão do método fosse avaliada. Foi verificada a influência da presença de aditivos alimentares nas mensurações de W13C das bebidas. Além disto, foram feitos gráficos (oBrix vs. % fonte C3) para determinar a legalidade das bebidas a base de maracujá encontradas no mercado brasileiro / Abstract: The present work had as objective develops methodology isotopic to detect possible adulterations in commercial beverage of passion fruit. The isotopic analysis was made in the raw materials (passion fruit and commercial sugars) and addictive, pulp, sweetened tropical juice and nectars. Also chemical analyses were accomplished like Brix, pH, acidity titulável and ratio in the raw materials and in the drinks to the passion fruit base. They were manufactured in laboratory products conforms the identity patterns and quality established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) and adulterated products, with concentrations of carbon C3 and known C4, so that the precision of the method was evaluated. The influence of the presence was verified of addictive alimentary in the mensurações of 13C of the drinks. Besides, they were done graphic (oBrix vs. % source C3) to determine the legality of the drinks the passion fruit base found at the Brazilian market / Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuÃria / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver formulaÃÃes de sucos tropicais mistos, baseando-se em dados da Dieta MediterrÃnea (DM), utilizando ferramentas de otimizaÃÃo de processos, para avaliar e quantificar possÃveis efeitos aditivo, sinergÃstico e antagÃnico entre as variÃveis, e avaliar o perfil funcional in vitro e in vivo dos sucos. Foi utilizado um planejamento estatÃstico do tipo fracionado para seleÃÃo das variÃveis (P<0,10), seguido de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) 25 com P<0,05. As variÃveis independentes foram Ãs concentraÃÃes das polpas de frutas (%) das seis espÃcies de frutas tropicais (camu-camu, acerola, caju, cajÃ, aÃaà e manga) e como variÃveis dependentes a capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) atravÃs do mÃtodo ABTS, polifenÃis totais (TP), Ãcido ascÃrbico e aceitaÃÃo sensorial. Para os ensaios in vivo foram utilizadas duas formulaÃÃes de suco tropical misto: formulaÃÃo A (suco tropical misto de acerola, abacaxi, aÃaÃ, caju, cajà e camu-camu) e formulaÃÃo B (suco tropical misto de acerola, abacaxi, aÃaà e cajÃ), com suas diferentes porcentagens de polpa (%). Ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, recÃm-desmamados foram distribuÃdos em 7 grupos, sendo controle (Ãgua), e seis grupos de animais tratados por gavagem com a reconstituiÃÃo em Ãgua das formulaÃÃes dos sucos liofilizadas nas concentraÃÃes: 100, 200 ou 400mg/kg de peso corpÃreo, durante 30 dias. Foram avaliados os Ãndices nutricionais de consumo de raÃÃo e ganho de peso; anÃlises bioquÃmicas: glicose, triglicerÃdeos, colesterol total, HDL (High Density Lipoprotein), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST); peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica do soro e fÃgado, pelo mÃtodo TBARS (substÃncias reativas ao Ãcido tiobarbitÃrico) e atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, catalase (CAT), superÃxido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), nos eritrÃcitos, e fÃgado. A partir da anÃlise dos planejamentos estatÃsticos, o camu-camu, a acerola e o aÃaà foram os principais fatores que influenciaram o potencial antioxidante das formulaÃÃes, e o cajà mostrou um efeito positivo sobre a aceitaÃÃo sensorial dos sucos tropicais. Observou-se um efeito antagÃnico entre acerola e camu-camu para a resposta TAC. A formulaÃÃo otimizada foi composta por 20% acerola, 10% de camu-camu, 10% de cajÃ, 10% caju e 10% de aÃaÃ, que correspondeu a um resultado de 155,46 mg.100 g-1 de Ãcido ascÃrbico, 103,01 mg de GAE.100 g-1 para TP, 10,27 ÂM Trolox g-1 para TAC e aproximadamente 6,1 de aceitaÃÃo sensorial. Os grupos tratados com as formulaÃÃes de sucos mistos nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa significativa em relaÃÃo aos Ãndices nutricionais e parÃmetros bioquÃmicos, incluindo a atividade das enzimas ALT e AST, indicando que as formulaÃÃes nÃo ocasionaram danos hepÃticos aos animais. Os resultados demonstraram que a atividade das enzimas SOD e CAT no fÃgado (FA200), e GSH-Px nos eritrÃcitos (FB400), e TBARS no soro e fÃgado (FB100, FA400, FB200, FB400) foi significantemente reduzida nos grupos tratados com os sucos de frutas, quando comparados com o grupo controle, enquanto que o HDL-c aumentou (FB400). Os resultados in vitro e in vivo sugerem que o consumo dos sucos tropicais mistos desenvolvidos neste trabalho foi eficaz na defesa antioxidante endÃgena, sugerindo efetivamente que os sucos de frutas tropicais podem ter significativa relevÃncia para efeitos benÃficos a saÃde. / The aim of this research was to optimize the formulation of mixed tropical juices, based on research into the Mediterranean Dietâ (MD), using a statistical design of fractional type for variable selection (P<0.10), followed by a planning type DCCR (Delineation central composite rotational) 25 with P<0.05, and response surface methodology (RSM), which it was possible to assess. Moreover this investigation proposed to quantify possible additive effects, synergisms and antagonisms between variables, and to evaluate in vitro and in vivo profile of functional the juices. We used six species of tropical fruits (camu-camu, acerola, cashew, yellow mombin, acai and mango). The dependent variables were analyzed: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using ABTS method, total polyphenols (TP), ascorbic acid and sensory acceptance. The independent variables were the concentrations of fruit pulp (%). For evaluate the in vivo assays were used two formulations of optimized mixed tropical fruit: The formulation (mixed tropical acerola juice, pineapple, acai, cashew, yellow mombin and camu-camu) and formulation B (mixed tropical acerola juice, pineapple, acai and yellow mombin), with different pulp proportions (%) and weaned rats that were divided in 7 groups: control (water), six groups of animals treated by gavage in water to reconstitute lyophilized juice formulations at concentrations of 100, 200 or 400mg/kg for 30 days. The followed analyzes were performed: The nutritional indices of feed intake and weight gain; biochemical analyzes of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL (High Density Lipoprotein), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum lipid peroxidation and liver method TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in erythrocytes and liver. Concerning to the statistical planning and MSR, camu-camu, acerola and acai were the main factors that influenced the antioxidant potential of the juice, and yellow mombin showed a positive effect on sensory acceptability of tropical juice. There was an antagonistic effect between acerola and camu-camu in regarding to TAC. The optimal formulation was composed of 20% acerola, 10% camu-camu, 10% yellow mombin, 10% cashew and 10% acai, which corresponding a result of 155,46 mg.100g-1 ascorbic acid, 103,01 mg GAE. 100 g-1 TP, 10,27 ÂM Trolox g-1 for TAC and sensory acceptance of approximately 6.1. The groups treated with the formulations of mixed juices showed no statistical significant difference in relation to nutritional indices and biochemical parameters, including the activity of the enzymes ALT and AST, indicating that the formulations did not cause liver damage these animals. The results showed that the SOD activity and CAT in the liver (FA200) and GSH-Px in erythrocytes (FB400) and in serum and liver TBARS (FB100, FA400, FB200, FB400) were efficiently reduced in the groups treated with the fruit juices, when compared with the control group, while HDL-c increased (FB400). In conclusion, daily consumption of 200mL of optimized formulation is responsible for approximately 50% of the recommended amount of antioxidants in the Mediterranean diet pattern, therefore, a rich source for these bioactive compounds. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that consumption of tropical juices mixed evaluated was effective in endogenous antioxidant defense, and effectively suggest that the tropical fruit juices may have significant relevance to the health beneficial effects.

O caldo de cana é uma bebida saborosa, energética, não alcoólica que conserva todos os nutrientes presentes na cana-de-açúcar, muito apreciado no Brasil que, se devidamente explorado, pode alcançar um mercado consumidor com proporções ainda maiores. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o grau de aceitação do mercado consumidor e a estabilidade do caldo de cana puro e adicionado de suco de frutas, submetido ao processamento térmico (70&#176;C/ 25 min) e/ ou à radiação gama (2,5 kGy), armazenado em garrafas de polietileno de alta densidade sob refrigeração (5 &#177; 1&#176;C). O teste de mercado do caldo de cana processado e embalado foi avaliado através da aplicação de 350 questionários em seis municípios paulistas. A qualidade do caldo de cana foi avaliada através dos parâmetros: microbiológicos (contagem de aeróbios psicrotróficos, bactérias lácticas e fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes), físico-químicos (pH, cor, acidez titulável, teor de sólidos solúveis, ratio e atividade da polifenoloxidase) e sensoriais (teste hedônico). Foi determinada a composição centesimal das bebidas elaboradas analisando-se: umidade, valor calórico, carboidratos totais, açúcares totais e redutores, extrato etéreo, proteínas, teor de ácido ascórbico, cinza e minerais. A vida útil foi determinada a cada 7 dias analisando o produto armazenado sob refrigeração durante 42 dias. Os resultados foram avaliados através de análise de variância e comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Entre as 350 pessoas entrevistadas, mais da metade interessa-se e preocupa-se com a segurança de sua alimentação habitual e rotineira e apresenta receio em se alimentar em comércio de alimentos de rua. Os lanches foram os alimentos citados como os rotineiramente consumidos, seguidos pelo caldo de cana e pastel. Entre os entrevistados, 80% mencionaram apreciar caldo de cana, não havendo correlação entre idade e escolaridade e a preferência pela forma de consumo foi com adição de suco de limão. Cerca de 55% dos entrevistados mencionaram que consumiriam com maior freqüência o caldo de cana puro ou adicionado de suco de frutas, processado e embalado. Os processamentos aplicados ao caldo de cana não alteraram significativamente o aroma e o sabor da bebida. O teste sensorial para a escolha das melhores concentrações de suco de frutas a ser adicionado ao caldo de cana elegeu a adição de 4% de suco de limão e 10% de suco de abacaxi. A adição dos sucos de frutas ao caldo de cana nas concentrações propostas não alterou sua composição centesimal. No entanto, a adição do suco de abacaxi ao caldo de cana incrementou significativamente o teor de manganês e o de açúcares redutores quando comparado com o caldo de cana puro e adicionado de suco de limão. Considerando os resultados do teste de mercado, elegeu-se o caldo de cana adicionado de suco de limão como o preferido entre os provadores para a análise da vida útil do produto. As bebidas elaboradas pela mistura de caldo de cana e suco de limão submetidas à irradiação, pasteurização combinada com radiação e pasteurização mantiveram qualidade microbiológica, físico-química e sensorial satisfatória durante os períodos de 28, 35 e 42 dias, respectivamente, após o processamento. O tratamento térmico isolado foi considerado a melhor forma de conservação da bebida. / Sugarcane juice is a taste drink, energetic, no alcoholic that conserves all the nutrients in cane sugar. It was very appreciated by the Brazilian population and its production has been shown to be a highly lucrative business. This research had the following objectives: evaluate the acceptance of the consuming market and the stability of pure sugarcane juice or added with natural fruit juices, submitted of heat treatment (70&#176;C/ 25 min) and/ or gamma radiation (2,5 kGy) and stored in high density polyethylene bottles, under refrigeration (5 &#177; 1&#176;C). Sugarcane juice market test was evaluated through the application of 350 questionnaires on six São Paulo cities. Sugarcane juice stability was evaluated through microbiological (psicrothrophic count, lactic bacteria and yeasts and molds count), physical-chemical (pH, color, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ratio and polyphenoloxidase activity) and sensory (hedonic test) parameters. Centesimal composition was determined analyzing: humidity, caloric value, total carbohydrates, total and reducing sugars, lipids, proteins, ascorbic acid, ash and minerals. Sugarcane juice shelf life period was determinate ever 7 days over a period of 42 days stored under refrigeration. The data were submitted to the variance analysis and compared by Tukey&#39;s test (p<0,05). Among the 350 interviewed people, more of the half one is interested about its habitual food safe and care about street foods. Sandwiches had been cited foods as routinely consumed, followed for the sugarcane juice and &#34;pastel&#34;. Among the interviewed ones, 80% had mentioned to appreciate sugarcane juice. It had not correlation between age and school age and the preference for the consumption form was with lemon juice addition. About 55% of the interviewed ones had mentioned that would more frequently consume sugarcane juice processed and packed. Sugarcane juice processament didn&#39;t modify the flavor and taste of the drink. It was concluded from the sensory analyses that the best mixture was that formulated with sugarcane juice and 4% of lemon juice as well as 10% of pineapple juice. Sugarcane juice centesimal composition wasn&#39;t altered by fruit juice concentration addition. However, sugarcane juice added with 10% pineapple juice incremented manganese and reducing sugars when compared with pure sugarcane juice and added with 4% lemon juice. The market test prefered mixture was shown to be that containing sugarcane juice and natural lemon juice for evaluation the shelf life. Sugarcane juice added with 4% of lemon juice submitted to gamma radiation, heat treatment combinated with gamma radiation and heat treatment remaining satisfactory microbiological, sensory and physicalchemical characteristics until 28, 35 and 42 days respectively, after processing. These results indicated that the heat treatment was effective for sugarcane juice preservation.