abstract: Throughout generative syntax, verb movement has been discussed and debated to varying degrees. Syntacticians have attempted to describe this unique form of head movement and its constraints cross-linguistically. Pollock’s (1985, 1997) elaborate comparison of French and English verb movement restrictions has been considered one of the major contributions to the discussion. His analysis has led to the general understanding that auxiliaries are the only variety of verbs in English capable of moving to a higher position in the TP-layer—i.e. the T. In order to prove this claim, Pollock and others (e.g. Roberts 1993, Ernst 2002, Engels 2012, etc.) have examined the placement of other constituents—i.e. adverbs, negation, etc. In terms of adverb placement, Cinque (1999) assigns a position for each adverb in a rigid hierarchy. Claiming the adverbs are in the specifier position, this syntactic representation follows the rich Cartographic framework. I agree that adverbs are base-generated in the specifiers; however, I argue that such a specific ordering of adverbs is rather difficult to justify. Therefore, I adopt the scope-based approach, which groups adverbs into “zones” throughout the TP-layer. By analyzing spoken corpus data, this thesis provides empirical evidence of auxiliary verb movement occurring in Modern English. I argue that, despite being considered optional, English speakers move auxiliaries to the T more frequently, which is consistently indicated by the analysis of adverb placement in the TP-layer. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis English 2017

Electrical activity is omnipresent throughout the brain, and it varies dependant on the brain region. Areal hierarchy has been suggested to be one of the main principles of the organization of the brain, but there is not a lot of evidence available related to the specialization of the brain’s regions in the temporal domain, that is, how the activity evolves over time. It has been suggested that there is a relationship between spatial location and timescale [1] and that the timescales of neuronal activity in rodents change according to the hierarchical position (derived from anatomical connectivity measurements) of the brain region [2]. Timescale is related to to the capability of a neuron to maintain the same firing rate over a time period. This firing rate can be measured as decay time constant of an auto-correlation matrix of spiking activity, referred to as the timescale of a single neuron [3]. In this thesis, timescales of spontaneous brain activity were measured in eight regions of the mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) (data obtained in the Carlén Laboratory) and compared to the timescales of eight visual areas (Neuropixels Visual Coding dataset, Allen Institute for Brain Science) [4]. The results showed that cortical regions hold varying timescales, but that there is no clear correspondence of the timescales of spontaneous activity to the anatomical hierarchies. Instead, we show that the PFC regions have a greater variability in their respective timescales compared to visual cortical regions. The analysis was done using two different approaches, where for some regions the measured timescales significantly differs, due to the difference in the use of the magnitudes of the correlation. This work highlights how neuronal timescales measurements can be approached in cortical regions and used for the future work investigating their functional role and the mechanisms of generation of distinct neuronal timescales in the brain. / Elektrisk aktivitet är allestädes närvarande i hela hjärnan, och den varierar beroende på hjärnregionen. Arealhierarki har föreslagits vara en av huvudprinciperna för hjärnans organisation, men det finns inte mycket bevis tillgängligt relaterat till specialiseringen av hjärnans regioner i den temporala domänen, det vill säga hur aktiviteten utvecklas över tiden . Det har föreslagits att det finns ett samband mellan rumslig plats och tidsskala [1] och att tidsskalorna för neuronal aktivitet hos gnagare ändras beroende på den hierarkiska positionen (härledd från anatomiska anslutningsmätningar) i hjärnregionen [2]. Tidsskala är relaterat till förmågan hos ett neuron att bibehålla samma fyrningshastighet under en tidsperiod. Denna avfyrningshastighet kan mätas som fallstidskonstant för en autokorrelationsmatris av spikaktivitet, kallad tidsskalan för en enda neuron [3]. I denna avhandling mättes tidsskalor för spontan hjärnaktivitet i åtta regioner i musens prefrontala kortex (PFC) (data erhållen av Carlén Laboratory) och jämfört med tidsskalorna för åtta visuella områden (Neuropixels Visual Coding dataset, Allen Institute for Brain Science) [4]. Resultaten visade att kortikala regioner har olika tidsskalor, men att det inte finns någon tydlig överensstämmelse mellan tidsskalorna för spontan aktivitet med de anatomiska hierarkierna. Istället visar vi att PFC-regionerna har större variation i sina respektive tidsskalor jämfört med visuella kortikala regioner. Analysen gjordes med hjälp av två olika tillvägagångssätt, där de uppmätta tidsskalorna för vissa regioner skiljer sig avsevärt på grund av skillnaden i användning av storleken på korrelationen. Detta arbete belyser hur neuronala tidsskalemätningar kan beaktas i kortikala regioner och användas för det framtida arbetet med att undersöka deras funktionella roll och mekanismerna för generering av distinkta neuronala tidsskalor i hjärnan.

<p>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta OCR.</p><p>Uzajamnim djelovanjem i nrožimanjem faktora i elemenata prirodne osnove, te relevantnih dru&scaron;tveno-sreografskih procesa, izdiferencirala se posebna regionalna cjelina Semberija, koju karekteri&scaron;u homogenost i integrativnost.</p> / <p>The abstract has been processed with OCR optical text recognition technology.</p><p>Reciprocal operation and permeation of the natural basis /base/ factors and elements and relevant social geographic (al) procceses, the regional urit of Semberia, kxsvohose characteristics are homogesity and integrity has espe daily diferentiated frou the other anes.</p>