Atypical functional organization in the brains of adult male dyslexics was investigated through the divided visual field (DVF) paradigm. By intentional manipulation, equal levels of overall performance between groups were obtained, which made clearer interpretation of the results possible. Both dyslexic and control subjects appeared to have left hemisphere specialization for nonsense words. Dyslexics exhibited no asymmetry for face recognition indicating bilateral representation of this function in their brains, while control subjects exhibited the expected left visual field advantage. The results are considered both as group means and as frequency data. The results provide modest support tor the hypothesis that dyslexics have atypical functional organization. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Abstract Functional organization is nowadays the most common form of business organization structure, the company's department was established in accordance with business function and forms a pyramidal structure of organization, and this is the so-called traditional organizational structures. This organizational structure has the greatest advantage of the easy control and more accurate on the budget and cost calculations. In such functional organization structure, its main disadvantage is too slow in responding to condition changes and this reaction need interdepartmental coordination. If the environment changes faster or technology is a non-routine and interdependent, then the phenomenon of longitudinal decision-making information overloading and senior decision making slowly will take place. In such an organization, everyone used to wait for a high-level decision and lack of horizontal linkages and solve problem autonomously. Formosa Plastics Goup is a flat functional organization. Formosa heavy industrial is a subsidiary of Formosa Plastics Group, established in 1991. The main business of Formosa Heavy Industries Corporation in recent years has been changed from undertake co-generator power plant for group in-house company to undertake overseas cogeneration power plant turnkey projects. In order to make the project execution more efficient on integration, management and accomplish project per contract specified schedule, specification, quality, performance and under budgets, Formosa heavy industrial tried to execute project by means of project organization. But the power and responsibility of functional unit are often more obvious than project team, result in the project team was unable to implement the project of the desired performance. This research expects to know how large engineering companies organize their project teams and how good their performances are by investigating the characteristics and advantages of the project organization. Besides, expert interviews are conducted in two major engineering companies, GIBSIN Engineers, Ltd. and CTCI CORPORATION. And through the in-depth case study on corporate environment, corporate culture, enterprise system and the department characteristic, it is recommended that Formosa Heavy Industries Corporation Co-generation Department had better to take Matrix project organization. Formosa Enterprise system is given responsibility and authority according to its functional organization of vertical schema, inevitably, the project manager could not given formal authority that is departed from the established system of the company. The actual practice is to incorporate project manager into the decision making procedure of each functional division regarding of the project. One of the reasons is that the project manager can fully grasp the progress rates of various functional departments.Secondly, the project managers can follow the project implementation point of view to involve in the decision-making on the implementation of operations appropriately and Immediatly. Finally, this research recommends that the implementation would be required to the environment, organizational culture, interpersonal relationships, and information flow so can enhance the effectiveness of project execution. Key words: project management, project teams, functional organization, project organization.

Vam monitoritzar paràmetres físics i químics, macroinvertebrats bentònics, clorofil·la a, productors primaris i matèria orgànica durant un any (2001-2002) per examinar els efectes d'una font puntual sobre la composició taxonòmica, la estructura de la comunitat, l'organització funcional, la utilització de l'habitat i la estoquiometria al riu la Tordera (Catalunya).Aigües avall de la font puntual, concentració de nutrients, cabal i conductivitat eren majors que al tram d'aigües amunt, mentre que oxigen dissolt era menor. La densitat de macroinvertebrats era més elevada al tram d'aigües avall però la biomassa era similar als dos trams. La riquesa taxonòmica al tram de dalt era un 20% més alt que al tram de baix. Els anàlisis d'ordenació separen clarament els dos trams en el primer eix, mentre que els dos trams presentaven una pauta temporal similar en el segon eix. La similaritat entre els dos trams en composició taxonòmica, densitats i biomasses després de les crescudes d'abril i maig de 2002, indiquen que les pertorbacions del cabal poden actuar com a un mecanisme de reinici de la comunitat bentònica i jugar un paper important per a la restauració d'ecosistemes fluvials.Els dos trams presentaven una biomassa de perifiton, plantes vasculars, CPOM i FPOM similars, mentre que clorofil·la a, algues filamentoses, molses i SPOM eren majors al tram d'aigües avall. La densitat relativa de trituradors era menor sota la font puntual mentre que col·lectors i filtradors van ser afavorits. La biomassa relativa de trituradors també era menor sota la font puntual, però la biomassa de col·lectors i depredadors va augmentar. Les relacions entre densitat de grups tròfics i els seus recursos eren rarament significatives. La relació s'explicava millor amb la biomassa de macroinvertebrats. Els dos trams compartien la mateixa relació per raspadors, col·lectors i filtradors però no per trituradors i depredadors.La densitat i la biomassa de macroinvertebrats es trobaven positivament correlacionades amb la quantitat de recursos tròfics i la complexitat d'habitat, mentre que la riquesa taxonòmica es trobava negativament relacionada amb paràmetres hidràulics. La influència dels substrats inorgànics prenia menor rellevància per a la distribució dels macroinvertebrats. Els anàlisis d'ordenació mostren com les variables del microhabitat de major rellevància eren CPOM, clorofil·la a, algues filamentoses i velocitat. La cobertura de sorra només era significativa per al tram d'aigües amunt i les molses, al d'aigües avall. El número de correlacions significatives entre macroinvertebrats i les variables del microhabitat era més elevat per al tram de dalt que per al de baix, bàsicament per diferències en composició taxonòmica. La biomassa de macroinvertebrats va aportar una informació semblant a la obtinguda per la densitat.Perifiton i molses tenien uns continguts de nutrients similars en els dos trams. Els %C i %N d'algues filamentoses també eren similars en els dos trams però el %P sota la font puntual era el doble que al tram de dalt. Les relacions estoquiomètriques en CPOM, FPOM i SPOM eren considerablement menors sota la font puntual. Els continguts elementals i relacions van ser molt variables entre taxons de macroinvertebrats però no van resultar significativament diferents entre els dos trams. Dípters, tricòpters i efemeròpters presentaven una estoquiometria similar, mentre que el C i el N eren inferiors en moluscs i el P en coleòpters. Els depredadors presentaven un contingut en C i N més elevat que la resta de grups tròfics, mentre que el P era major en els filtradors. Els desequilibris elementals entre consumidors i recursos eren menors en el tram d'aigües avall. A la tardor i l'hivern la major font de nutrients va ser la BOM mentre que a la primavera i a l'estiu va ser el perifiton. / We monitored physical and chemical parameters, benthic macroinvertebrates, chlorophyll a, primary producers, and organic matter for one year (2001-2002) to assess the effect of a point source input on the taxa composition, community structure, functional organization, microhabitat distribution, and elemental stoichiometry in La Tordera stream (Catalonia, NE Spain).Below the point source, nutrient concentrations, discharge, and specific conductance were higher than at the upstream reach, while dissolved oxygen decreased. Total macroinvertebrate density was higher at the downstream reach than at the upstream reach. The two reaches did not differ in macroinvertebrate total biomass. On average, taxa richness at the upstream reach was 20% higher than at the downstream reach. Ordination analysis clearly separated the samples of the two reaches in the first axis and corroborated the effect of the point source on the benthic community. The two reaches followed a similar temporal pattern with respect to the distribution of taxa along the second axis. Higher similarities between the two reaches in taxa composition, densities and biomass after the spates of April and May 2002, suggest that flooding events may act as a reset mechanism for benthic communities and play an important role in stream restoration.The two reaches did not differ in standing stocks of periphyton, vascular plants, CPOM and FPOM. Chlorophyll a, filamentous algae, mosses, and SPOM concentrations were increased by the point source. Relative density of shredders was reduced at the downstream reach, whereas gatherers and filterers were enhanced. Relative biomass of shredders decreased below the point source as well, but gatherers diminished and predators increased. The relationships between density of functional feeding groups and their presumed food resources were rarely significant. The relation between consumers and their food resources was best explained through macroinvertebrate biomass. The two reaches had the same relationship for scrapers, gatherers, and filterers, but differed for shredders and predators.Macroinvertebrate density and biomass were positively correlated with food resources and complexity of habitat architecture while taxa richness was negatively correlated with hydraulic parameters. Inorganic substrate exerted a lesser influence on macroinvertebrate distribution. Ordination analysis revealed that the microhabitat variables of major relevance at the two reaches were CPOM, chlorophyll a, filamentous algae, and maximum water velocity. Sand coverage was only retained at the upstream reach and moss, at the downstream reach. The number of significant correlations between macroinvertebrates and microhabitat variables was higher at the upstream reach than at the downstream reach mainly because of higher taxa richness. Macroinvertebrate biomass provided similar information to that obtained from density in our study case.Periphyton and mosses had similar nutrient contents in the two reaches. The %C and %N filamentous algae was also similar in the two reaches, but %P below the point source was two times higher than that at the upstream reach. Stoichiometric ratios for CPOM, FPOM, and SPOM decreased considerably below the point source. Elemental contents and ratios were highly variable among macroinvertebrate taxa but did not differ significantly between the two reaches, indicating homeostatic regulation. Dipterans, caddisflies, and mayflies had similar elemental contents and stoichiometry, whereas C and N were lower in mollusks and P in beetles. Predators had the higher C and N contents, while %P was higher in filterers and lower in scrapers. Elemental imbalances between consumers and resources were amended at the downstream reach relative to the upstream reach. Macroinvertebrates represented, on average, relatively low nutrient storage in the ecosystem. At the upstream reach, autochthonous production represented the major input of nutrients into the ecosystem food web, whereas the major source of P for heterotrophic production at the downstream reach was represented by allochthonous inputs.

中國大陸移轉訂價法規起步較晚，但近年來中國積極防堵並加大查核力度，在大部分操作方式都被阻絕的情況下，台商僅剩「保留合理利潤」一途。如何在這個前提下達到利潤最大化並降低稅務風險，是本研究探討的問題。依本研究之結論，獲得以下之結論: 一、透過集團組織重組，建立集中化管理模式，依照各公司功能及風險考量，分配合理利潤。 二、在考量風險下，透過預先訂價協議及成本分攤協議以降低稅務風險。 三、建立符合各國法規之集團訂價策略，掌握各國稽核重點，制定集團統一的溝通及防禦策略，事先做好同期資料及相關文據以供備查。 / The development of regulations with respect to transfer pricing was started late in China, however, China took positive actions to avoid transfer pricing and enforced the rules more strictly in recent years. Therefore, the Taiwanese investors only have the way of “remaining the reasonable profit” in the event of that most of the operating models have been prohibited. How to obtain the maximun benefit and lower the tax risk in such situation are the objectives and questions of this study. According to this research, the conclusion is as below: 1. To allocate the reasonable profit by group restructuring and setting the centralized management mode in accordance with consideration in function and risk of each corporation. 2. To lower the tax risk through advance pricing agreements and cost sharing agreements in consideration of the risk. 3. To build the group pricing strategy which is accordance with the regulations of each filed, controlling the inspection focus of each countries, setting the group strategy for communication and defense, and preparing the same period information and other related documents for future reference.

Ce travail s'intéresse à l'organisation fonctionnelle du système sensorimoteur. La somatotopie est une caractéristique essentielle de M1, mais l'organisation fonctionnelle des autres aires motrices (PM, SMA, et IPL) n'est pas encore clairement établie. Premièrement, nous avons exploré par IRMf l'organisation fonctionnelle sensorimotrice chez des sujets sains exécutant des mouvements simples. Nos résultats montrent que les représentations motrices sont organisées selon des synergies musculaires et qu'une organisation somatotopique, différente de celle de M1, existe dans l'IPL. Bien qu'elle fasse régulièrement l'objet de critiques, la DES est à la base de la plupart de nos connaissances sur le cortex moteur, que confirme les études en IRMf. Ainsi, en réponse au débat en cours, nous avons passé en revue les arguments récents confortant la confiance que nous pouvons accorder à la DES. Des études récentes concluent à l'implication du PPC dans l'intention motrice, mais le débat reste ouvert sur la relation entre intention et préparation motrices. Certains prétendent que l'intention serait le sous-produit de la préparation motrice, ne laissant aucune place à la volonté dans le contrôle moteur. Pour étudier cette question, nous avons mis en place une expérience comportementale, incluant des tâches de réaction simple et de Libet pour comparer les deux processus cognitifs. Nos résultats montrent que le temps de réaction entre intention interne et réaction motrice est égal à celui séparant commande externe et réaction motrice. Cela contredit donc l'affirmation selon laquelle la préparation motrice précèderait l'intention et donc que l'intention émergerait du processus d'intention motrice / In this thesis, I am interested in the functional organization of human cortical sensorimotor system. Somatotopy is the prominent structure of the functional organization in sensory and motor cortex. However, the structure of the functional organization in higher order motor area, such as IPL is little known. Therefore, in the first part, I study the functional organization of human sensory- and motor- related brain regions using fMRI, by guiding healthy subjects to perform simple repetitive movements of different body parts. Our results demonstrate that, 1) motor synergy is the neural basis represented in the motor cortex; and 2) somatotopic organization also exists in IPL but with different structure from that of sensorimotor cortex. Despite continuous criticism on DES, most of our primitive knowledge of the sensorimotor cortex comes from DES studies, and our fMRI result supports the findings of DES. In response to the ongoing debate on DES, in the second study, we review recent evidence to re-establish the confidence on DES. Accumulating evidence indicates that PPC is related to the emergence of motor intention. However, debate on the relation between motor intention and preparation never stops, some claims that motor intention is the byproduct from motor preparation, thus denying the volition of human motor control. Besides this complexity, we design a straightforward behavior experiment, including simple reaction task and Libet task, in order to compare the cognitive process of motor preparation and motor intention. Our result shows that RT from internal motor intention to motor output is equal to the RT from external cue to motor output, thus rejecting the possibility that motor preparation starts in advance of motor intention and doesn't support that motor intention arises from the process of motor intention

Le but de cette thèse était d'étudier l'organisation anatomo-fonctionnelle du système sensorimoteur humain et la façon dont les mouvements volontaires sont produits et contrôlés. Avec le développement de l’imagerie cérébrale, des méthodes de corrélation anatomo-clinique et de stimulation électrique directe cérébrale, de nombreuses avancées scientifiques ont pu être réalisée. Ces trois approches complémentaires ont été utilisé dans cette thèse afin d’améliorer la compréhension de l’organisation sensorimotrice cérébrale. Dans la première étude (soumise à publication), nous avons montré que la chirurgie cérébrale éveillée utilisant la stimulation électrique directe est une procédure sûre et efficace chez les enfants afin de réduire le déficit neurologique postopératoire. L'approche améliore la précision de la détection des zones éloquentes, avec une bonne tolérance neuropsychologique et psychologique. Une évaluation psychologique et neuropsychologique est essentielle. Dans une deuxième série de deux études, nous avons montré que la partie dorso-postérieure dorsal du cortex pariétal (DPPr) est une structure clé dans l'organisation complexe du mouvement manuel fin chez l'homme à travers la mise en oeuvre d'une boucle sensori-parieto-motrice.La première étude (publiée, Current Biology 2018) montre que la stimulation électrique directe d’une region corticale focale dans la partie dorso-postérieure du cortex pariétal entraine l’inhibition de la production du mouvement manuel, c’est-à-dire bloque l'initiation et la réalisation de ce dernier, sans produire de contraction musculaire ni de sensation consciente de mouvement. Dans la seconde étude (en cours de soumission), nous avions pour objectif d'identifier précisément les bases anatomiques du circuit parietal inhibiteur précédemment décrit. Grâce à la tractographie de diffusion (DTI), nous avons réussi à isoler des projections ipsilatérales spécifiques reliant les sites d’inhibition du DPPr, retrouvés dans la première étude, avec la zones dévolues au contrôle distal fin dans les cortex primaires moteur (M1) et sensoriel (S1). Ces données montrent que la boucle pariétale inhibitrice est directe depuis S1 vers DPPr vers M1 (même s'il n'est pas possible d'exclure l'existence d'échanges bidirectionnels entre ces aires). Dans la dernière étude (en cours de soumission), nous nous sommes intéressé à une structure motrice fondamentale, qui supporte 50 % des invasions tumorales chez l'enfant : le cervelet. Il s'agissait de déterminer si les lésions précoces étaient oui ou non prédictives d'une récupération déficitaire à long terme après prise en compte des covariables les plus critiques. Nous avons mesuré la récupération fonctionnelle à long terme chez 3 groupes survivants de lésion de la fosse postérieure. Les 3 groupes étaient comparables en ce qui concerne leurs caractéristiques tumorales mais opérés à différents âges : jeune (≤ 7 ans), moyen (> 7 ans et ≤ 13 ans) et tardif (> 13 ans). La qualité de vie (échelles cliniques : Health-related Quality of Life -hrQol- et Performance Status -PS-), les performances motrices (ataxie -ICARS- et motricité fine -Pegboard-) et cognitif (quotient intellectuel -FSIQ-) furent mesurés. L'âge précoce lors de la chirurgie, une lésion des noyaux profonds cérébelleux et la nécessité d'une radiothérapie postopératoire révélèrent une influence significativement négative et indépendante sur la récupération à long terme des participants. Ces résultats confirment l'existence d'une période critique de développement au cours de laquelle la "machine à apprendre" cérébelleuse revêt une importance cruciale / The aim of the thesis was to investigate the mapping of the anatomofunctional organization of the human sensorimotor system and how volutional movements of human are produced and controlled. Neuroimaging and especially DTI, fine anatomo-functional observation in patient and direct electrical stimulation were considered. This multi-modal approach permitted to improve our understanding of sensorimotor organization in humans. In the first study, we showed that awake brain surgery with the use of direct electrical stimulation is a safe and efficient procedure in children in order to decrease post-operative neurological deficit. It improves the accuracy of detecting eloquent area, with a good tolerance from a neuropsychological and psychological aspect. Age-adapted neuropsychologic preparation may enable offering ABS even to younger children on an individual basis. In a second series of two studies, we showed that the dorso-posterior part of the parietal cortex is a key structure in the complex organization of movement in human with a S1-DPPr-M1 loop. In the first study, direct electrical stimulation of focal cortical site in the dorso-posterior part of the parietal cortex triggered inhibition of movement production and blocked ongoing movement without producing muscle contraction or conscious movement sensation. In the second study, we aimed to find a direct projection from the PRR, defined in the first study (Desmurget et al., 2018), to the primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex. Thanks to the DTI state-of-the-art tractography, we succeeded in finding such major ipsilateral streamlines projecting in the well-known hand knob region giving new insights of the white matter structures involved in the inhibition of volitional hand movements. These observations confirm clinical per-operative data showing that stimulating the counterpart of PRR in humans can disrupt hand movements ipsilaterally, irrespective of the hemisphere. Moreover, our results shed light on the implication of the PRR for the volitional hand sensorimotor operating behavior. In the last study, we investigate the impact of early cerebellar damage on long-term functional recovery in 3 groups of posterior fossa survivors, comparable with respect to their tumoural characteristics but operated at different ages: young (≤ 7 years), middle (> 7 years and ≤ 13 years) and old (> 13 years). Daily (Health-related Quality of Life -hrQol-, Performance Status -PS-), motor (International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale -ICARS-, Pegboard Purdue Test -PegBoard-) and cognitive (Full Scale Intelligence Quotient -FSIQ-) functioning were measured. Early age at surgery, lesion of deep cerebellar nuclei and post-operative radiotherapy had a significant, independent negative influence on long term recovery. These results support the existence of an early critical period of development during which the cerebellar "learning machine" is of critical importance

Au cours des dernières années, de nouvelles évidences semblent indiquer que, tout autant que sa séquence, l’organisation d’un génome dans l’espace et le temps est importante pour comprendre la fonction de celui-ci. Une des avancées fonda- mentales sur le sujet a été de présenter à l’échelle du génome la carte des inter- actions ADN-ADN. Ces interactions sont essentiellement de 2 types, soit entre chromosomes ou entre régions du même chromosome. Par la suite, la modélisa- tion a permis de visualiser et appréhender la structure tridimensionnelle (3D) du génome à partir des données 3C, ou d’une modélisation purement théorique. Une question importante et centrale demeure, soit de résoudre les mécanismes res- ponsables de l’organisation spatiale et fonctionnelle du génome. Notamment, une question est de savoir comment des processus nucléaires tels que la transcription affectent la structure du génome. Cependant, l’idée selon laquelle les données de types 3C capturent cette information dans la levure est remise en question par le fait que les modèles théoriques du génome récapitulent les caractéristiques mar- quantes soulignées par 3C. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons conçu une approche qui, pour évaluer l’importance d’une interaction, se base sur la distri- bution d’interactions entre les 2 régions d’ADN mises en contacts. Nos résultats supportent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les éléments fonctionnels et propres aux données expérimentales de la structure 3D du génome se forment d’une manière spécifique à l’échelle de l’interaction et au type d’interactions. Par ailleurs, nos résultats indiquent qu’un grand nombre de facteurs de transcription induisent la proximité spatiale des gènes dont ils régulent l’expression. / Over the last decade, accumulating empirical evidence suggest that, as much as its sequence, a genome spatiotemporal organization is essential to understand it’s biological function. One of the major breakthroughs has been chromosome conformation capture (3C) experiments presenting DNA-DNA contact for whole genomes at unprecedented resolution (5-10kb). Along with genome-wide maps of DNA contacts came genome 3D modelling from experimental 3C data, and even from purely theoretical and biophysical basis. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the genome spatial functional organization are still not well understood. Among other questions, how the regulation and event of nuclear processes such as transcription modulate genome structure or how genome structure affect these in turn is still not fully resolved. Moreover, computational models of S.cerevisae genome have recapitulated the hallmarks at larger scale of its 3D features. In order to contrast genome structural features arising from the event of biochemical and molecular activity, we have develop a method assessing the significance of structural features. The underlying principle is to consider for a given interaction, the two DNA regions put in contact and the distribution of existing interactions between these before assigning significance to the selected interaction. Using this method, we demonstrate that structural features resulting from potential biochemically active processes occur at precise scale on the genome. Our results also highlight that exact nature of the interaction (between vs across chromosomes) is crucial to such events. Finally, we have also found that a large portion of transcription factors have their targeted genes in spatial proximity.