No description available.

The current work investigated the stimulation induced spatial response of the cerebral microvascular network by reconstruction of the 3D microvascular morphology from in vivo two photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) volumes using an automated, model based tracking algorithm. In vivo 2PFM imaging of the vasculature in the forelimb representation of the primary somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats was achieved via implantation of a closed cranial window, and intravascular injection of fluorescent dextran. The dilatory and constrictory responses of the cerebral microvascular network to functional stimulation were heterogeneous and depended on resting vascular radius and response latency. Capillaries experienced large relative dilations and constrictions, but the larger vessel absolute volume changes dominated the overall network cerebral blood volume change.

The current work investigated the stimulation induced spatial response of the cerebral microvascular network by reconstruction of the 3D microvascular morphology from in vivo two photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) volumes using an automated, model based tracking algorithm. In vivo 2PFM imaging of the vasculature in the forelimb representation of the primary somatosensory cortex of alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats was achieved via implantation of a closed cranial window, and intravascular injection of fluorescent dextran. The dilatory and constrictory responses of the cerebral microvascular network to functional stimulation were heterogeneous and depended on resting vascular radius and response latency. Capillaries experienced large relative dilations and constrictions, but the larger vessel absolute volume changes dominated the overall network cerebral blood volume change.

abstract: Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by biologically active neural tissue are critical in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases. Biological EMFs are characterized by electromagnetic properties such as electrical conductivity, permittivity and magnetic susceptibility. The electrical conductivity of active tissue has been shown to serve as a biomarker for the direct detection of neural activity, and the diagnosis, staging and prognosis of disease states such as cancer. Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) was developed to map the cross-sectional conductivity distribution of electrically conductive objects using externally applied electrical currents. Simulation and in vitro studies of invertebrate neural tissue complexes demonstrated the correlation of membrane conductivity variations with neural activation levels using the MREIT technique, therefore laying the foundation for functional MREIT (fMREIT) to detect neural activity, and future in vivo fMREIT studies. The development of fMREIT for the direct detection of neural activity using conductivity contrast in in vivo settings has been the focus of the research work presented here. An in vivo animal model was developed to detect neural activity initiated changes in neuronal membrane conductivities under external electrical current stimulation. Neural activity was induced in somatosensory areas I (SAI) and II (SAII) by applying electrical currents between the second and fourth digits of the rodent forepaw. The in vivo animal model involved the use of forepaw stimulation to evoke somatosensory neural activations along with hippocampal fMREIT imaging currents contemporaneously applied under magnetic field strengths of 7 Tesla. Three distinct types of fMREIT current waveforms were applied as imaging currents under two inhalants – air and carbogen. Active regions in the somatosensory cortex showed significant apparent conductivity changes as variations in fMREIT phase (φ_d and ∇^2 φ_d) signals represented by fMREIT activation maps (F-tests, p <0.05). Consistent changes in the standard deviation of φ_d and ∇^2 φ_d in cortical voxels contralateral to forepaw stimulation were observed across imaging sessions. These preliminary findings show that fMREIT may have the potential to detect conductivity changes correlated with neural activity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2020

Le comportement humain est à la fois singulier et universel. La singularité serait principalement due aux trajectoires de vie propre à chaque individu (variant entre autres selon leur culture) alors que l’universalité émanerait d’une nature universelle ancrée dans un génome universel. Démêler les influences de la nature et de la culture sur le comportement humain est le Saint Graal de l’anthropologie biologique. J’aborde cette question en explorant les effets génétiques et environnementaux sur les bases psychiques du comportement. Plus particulièrement, je teste l’hypothèse que la singularité et l’universalité comportementales humaines s’observent au plan psychique par l’exploration de leur substrat neurobiologique, et que ce substrat possède à la fois un ancrage génétique et environnemental. À l’aide de données d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) recueillies auprès de 862 participants du Human Connectome Project (HCP), j’analyse les activations cérébrales liées à sept tâches socio-cognitives qui recoupent diverses facultés, dont le langage, la mémoire, la prise de risque, la logique, les émotions, la motricité et le raisonnement social. Après avoir groupé les sujets selon la similarité de leurs patrons d’activation cérébrale (c.-à-d. leurs sous-types neurobiologiques), j’estime l’influence génétique et environnementale sur la variabilité interindividuelle de ces divers sous-types. Les résultats démontrent bel et bien l’existence d’un regroupement des sujets selon la similarité de leurs cartes d’activation cérébrale lors d’une même tâche socio-cognitive, ce qui reflète à la fois le caractère singulier et universel des corrélats neuronaux d’un comportement observable. La variabilité interindividuelle constatée dans ces regroupements cérébraux témoigne quant à elle d’effets génétiques (héritabilité) ainsi qu’environnementaux (environnementalité), dont les ampleurs respectives varient selon la nature de la tâche effectuée. De plus, les sous-types cérébraux mis à jour révèlent une association avec les mesures comportementales et de performance effectuées lors des diverses tâches à l’étude. Enfin, les sous-types neurobiologiques résultant des diverses tâches partagent certaines bases génétiques. Dans leur ensemble, ces résultats appuient la notion que le comportement humain, ainsi que les processus neurobiologiques le sous-tendant, sont des phénotypes au même titre qu’un caractère morphologique ou physiologique, c’est-à-dire qu’ils sont le résultat de l’expression conjointe de bases génétiques (nature) et environnementales (culture). / Human behaviour is both singular and universal. Singularity is believed to be mainly due to life trajectories unique to each individual (influenced among others by culture), whereas universality would stem from a universal nature resulting from a panhuman genome. Unravelling the influences of nature and nurture on human behaviour is the Holy Grail of biological anthropology. I approach this issue by exploring genetic and environmental influences on the neuropsychological underpinnings of behaviour. In particular, I test the hypothesis that the singularity and universality of human behaviour are also observed at the psychological level through the exploration of the neurobiological basis of behaviour, and that these bases have both genetic and environmental sources. Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 862 participants from the Human Connectome Project (HCP), I analyze brain activation related to 7 socio-cognitive tasks covering language, memory, risk taking, logic, emotions, motor skills, and social reasoning. After grouping subjects according to the similarity of their brain activation patterns (neurobiological subtypes), I estimate the genetic and environmental influences on the variation between participants on these subtypes. The inter-individual variability in cerebral groupings appears to have both genetic (heritability) and environmental (environmentality) sources that vary according to the particular psychological task involved. Moreover, these neurobiological subtypes show an association with behavioural and performance measures assessed by the socio-cognitive tasks. Finally, the neurobiological subtypes across the 7 tasks share common genetic links. Overall, the results support the notion that human behaviour, as well as its underlying neurobiological processes, are phenotypes in the same way as morphology or physiology, i.e., are the results of the integrated expression of a genetic basis (nature) and environmental influences (nurture).

No description available.