Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-233).

D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages) / The change in function of word categories is a widespread phenomenon in Zulu and can be indicated across the whole spectrum of language elements. The dynamic developing nature of the language entails that units may shift upwards or downwards within the hierarchy, resulting in their assuming either a higher or lower rank. The so-called "class prefix" of class 2a is typified as a specialised and rank shifted variant of the emphatic pronoun bona on account of its syntactic and semantic characteristics. The class prefix of class 1a has not yet completely passed through the development process from Ur-Bantu *Ta and currently shows charateristics of both copula and class prefix. Various other affixes of the noun such as, inter alia, the diminutive suffix and prefixes such as {-50-} and {~nga-} originated from former nouns and verbal stems. A 1arge degree of interaction occurs between pronouns and other word categories. The (abbreviated) demonstrative pronoun a functions as relative pronoun in establishing relative constructions. The verbal suffix {-yo} which functions in verbal relative constructions as nominaliser and with an emphatic semantic value also originated from a pronoun. A few pronouns from the locative classes may function as (auxiliary) verb stems while others serve as "conjunct ions". The distance indicating suffixes of the demonstrative pronouns, with the retention of significance, are employed in other word categori es such as adverbs and interjective demonstratives. Category shifting, therefore, also occurs on the level of morphemes. A mutual underlying composition is disclosed for all relative constructions (verbal and nominal) as consisting of the relative pronoun a as introductory member followed by a complement in the relative mood. This postulation makes provision for the occurence of a underlying copulative verb stem *-(1)i in the relative and situative moods. In the indicative the negative auxiliary verb stem -si is regarded as (underlying) part of the copulative construction. Various particle words such as the connective na and the instrumental nga, the hortative particles (m)a and A(ke), certain "conjunctions" such as uma and qede, the particles be and se and certain enclitic particles find their origin in verbs. It has been indicated within the category 'verb' that the aspectual morphemes originated in former verb stems. Certain verbs can be lowered in rank with specific morphological and semantic changes and then function as auxiliary verb stems. In certain cases the auxiliary verb stems can shift upwards in rank by morphematic elision of the concordial morpheme and be employed as autonomous "conjunctions". Adverbs are mainly derived from other word categories in that noun class prefixes function as adverbial prefixes. The adverbial prefix {ka-} is reduced to the obsolete class 13 of Ur-Bantu which contained mainly diminutive words as well as words with an adverbial significance. The morpheme {-ka} whi ch occurs in words such as kangaka originated in the demonstrative pronoun of this class, namely lakha. Ideophones show formal, semantic and syntatic similarities with verbs and are typified in principle as the complement of the auxiliary verb stem -thi.

The main claim of this dissertation is that Hume’s theory of the self can be interpreted in terms of a causal or functional theory of mind. It is a thesis about Hume’s identification of mental particulars―impressions and ideas―in terms of the kind of roles that each plays in the cognitive system that it is a member of. The true Humean idea of the human mind is to understand it as a system of different mental states and processes, which are linked together by the relation of cause and effect. Functionalism as such can be construed as both teleo-functionalism and psycho-functionalism. The former is rooted in his teleological characterization of the mind according to which the bundle of perceptions persists over time by maintaining functional continuity, whereas the main source of Hume’s psycho-functionalism lies in his Representational Theory of Mind. Hume, however, Hume expresses his strong dissatisfaction with his earlier treatment of the topic, and confesses that he now finds an inconsistency in his original account. He does not make clear in his recantation what he finds problematic in his earlier account. And although more than a dozen interpretations have been suggested, no consensus as to what Hume’s worry is has emerged. I claim that Hume’s functionalism, as presented in the main body of the Treatise, stores a problem for him and when he arrives at the Appendix he realises the problem and confesses that he is unable to resolve it. The problem that leads to the inconsistency has two main possible sources: First, the principles of constancy and coherence may successfully account for the arising belief in the idea of the continued and distinct existence of external objects and the idea of personal identity, but they fail to explain our belief in other minds (selves). Second, Hume’s functionalism is circular because it presupposes personal identity. The central idea is that if Hume is right to say that something like functional continuity would suffice for persons to persist through time, then he must show that we can have a complete account of how one’s mental states produce the idea of a persisting self without making assumption about the identity condition of their subject or bearer. And of course, psycho-functionalism, including Hume’s, identifies a mental state in terms of its functional relations to other mental states that are the states of the same person. This is straightforwardly circular.

This thesis is a case study on the emergence of functional categories in bilingual first language acquisition. The investigation focuses on the transition from one-word to multiword utterances and the shaping of functional projections of Determiner, Agreement and Tense and their associated formal features. The empirical basis of this work is a corpus of thirty-nine videorecorded observations of Carlo, an English-Italian bilingual child, during free-play sessions with an adult. Data was collected separately for English and Italian for a period of fifteen months from when the child was 1;10 until he was 3;1, and was then transcribed in CHAT format. Four interrelated lines of enquiry inform the analysis presented here. The principal research question concerns the acquisitional strategies adopted by C. in these early stages of development in the two languages. A bilingual child is the closest one can get to a perfect matched pair where a number of variables such as socio-cognitive development, socio-economic status, parents' education, etc. are eliminated, and the two main variables to be investigated are the child's two input languages. This is an ideal situation in which the respective roles of general acquisitional strategies and language particular ones can be teased apart. An analysis of the emergence of the morphosyntactic correlates of Determiner, Agreement and Tense categories in English and Italian reveals a discrepancy between the two languages in the age of acquisition, rate of acquisition and in the language-specific strategies the child adopts. The observation of a significant difference in C.'s acquisitional strategies in English and Italian leads us to the second and third research questions: the way in which the emergence of functional categories differs between the two languages, and the reasons why this should be the case. The most obvious difference is the extent to which morphological correlates of functional categories emerge in the child's speech. In Italian, verbal and nominal morphology emerges earlier than in English and, at least in the nominal system, there is evidence that an Agreement category is part of the child's grammar. In English, verbal morphology is virtually non-existent by the end of the period of observation, and there is no substantial evidence that either Agreement or Tense are realised. Lexically-specific, item-based learning plays a substantial role in both languages, but in Italian there is some evidence that a number of grammatical contrasts are becoming productive by age 3;0, albeit some of them are still limited to a small number of lexical items. Two reasons were identified for the observed differences in the emergence of Determiner, Agreement and Tense in English and Italian: a typological reason, and an environmental reason. The former concerns the richness of Italian morphology, where grammatical contrasts are transparently marked both on nominal and verbal paradigms, as opposed to the relative poverty of English morphology where such contrasts correlate less obviously ans systematically with morphophonological markers. The latter reason concerns the very different input conditions in which C. is exposed to Italian and English: Italian is the home language spoken to him by his family and his babsysitters, while he is addressed in English by the staff at the nursery where one adult is in charge of several children and cannot engage in the one-to-one interaction which is typical of the dyadic situation in which C. finds himself at home. The differences observed in the lead-lag pattern between C.'s Italian and his English also provide sufficient evidence to address the fourth research question concerning the separate developement of the two languages. The analysis of the data did not reveal any systematic interferences from one language to the other. On the contrary there is evidence that C. is sensitive to the different morphosyntactic cues of his two input languages, and that he can treat the two as independent, self-contained problem spaces.

The aim of this thesis is to suggest an efficient marketing strategy for the use of functionalist sights as part of national heritage. This architecture from the first half of the 20th century has a large potential for both local inhabitants and tourists. The final suggestions are based on analysis and survey. The main solution of the problem is to improve marketing activities and communication with the potential tourists.

O lakota é uma língua do tipo head-marking falada no centro dos Estados Unidos, principalmente nos estados de Dakota do Norte e Dakota do Sul. O presente trabalho visa analisar e demonstrar um aspecto da língua ainda pouco explorado: a morfologia da classe de palavras tradicionalmente conhecida como pronome. Há nesta língua evidências de que tal classe é composta de uma raiz verbal precedida por morfemas pessoais, os mesmos usados nos verbos regulares, e seu uso dentro de uma sentença é similar ao da clivagem. Da mesma forma que os pronomes pessoais, os substantivos, os números e os pronomes interrogativos também podem receber os mesmos morfemas em determinados contextos e, assim, exercer função de núcleo do predicado. O modelo teórico adotado para a análise da língua é a Gramatica de Papel e Referência (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), um modelo funcionalista que busca compreender a manifestação de estruturas gramaticais levando em consideração seus aspectos semânticos e pragmáticos. Suas principais motivações são como desenvolver um modelo teórico baseando-se em línguas de tipologias diversas, especialmente aquelas de estruturas diferentes das do inglês ou de outras línguas europeias e de que modo a interação entre sintaxe, semântica e pragmática pode ser melhor descrita em sistemas linguísticos diferentes. A metodologia consiste em extrair e analisar as sentenças pertinentes de duas das maiores obras em língua lakota atualmente disponíveis: os livros Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) e New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). As sentenças serão analisadas de acordo com sua estrutura morfológica e sintática, bem como pelo uso que é feito das ocorrências. Além disso, será necessário apresentar também o uso das marcas de pessoa nos verbos, em especial aqueles usados na identificação e categorização de entidades, a fim de estabelecer paralelos entre as duas ocorrências. / Lakota is a head-marking language, spoken in the Midwest Region of the United States, mainly in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. This work aims to analyze and demonstrate one aspect of the language that has been little explored: the morphology of the part of speech traditionally known as independent pronoun. In this language, there is evidence that such part of speech is composed of a verbal root preceded by personal morphemes, the same ones used in regular verbs, and its usage within a sentence is similar to that of the cleft sentence. As well as personal pronouns, nouns, numbers and interrogative pronouns may also have the same morphemes in certain contexts and, then, are able to perform the function of core of the predicate. The theoretical model adopted to analyze the language is Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), a functionalist model that seeks to understand the manifestation of grammatical structures, considering their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Its main motivations are how to develop a theoretical model based on languages of different typologies, especially those whose structures are different from the English ones and other European languages, and how syntax, semantics and pragmatics can best be described in different linguistic systems. The methodology consists of extracting and analyzing relevant sentences from two of the greatest works in Lakota language that are currently available: Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) and New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). The sentences will be analyzed according to their morphological and syntactic structures, as well as the usage made of the occurrences. In addition, it is also necessary to present the usage of personal marks in verbs, especially those used in the identification and categorization of entities, in order to draw parallels between the two occurrences.

O lakota é uma língua do tipo head-marking falada no centro dos Estados Unidos, principalmente nos estados de Dakota do Norte e Dakota do Sul. O presente trabalho visa analisar e demonstrar um aspecto da língua ainda pouco explorado: a morfologia da classe de palavras tradicionalmente conhecida como pronome. Há nesta língua evidências de que tal classe é composta de uma raiz verbal precedida por morfemas pessoais, os mesmos usados nos verbos regulares, e seu uso dentro de uma sentença é similar ao da clivagem. Da mesma forma que os pronomes pessoais, os substantivos, os números e os pronomes interrogativos também podem receber os mesmos morfemas em determinados contextos e, assim, exercer função de núcleo do predicado. O modelo teórico adotado para a análise da língua é a Gramatica de Papel e Referência (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), um modelo funcionalista que busca compreender a manifestação de estruturas gramaticais levando em consideração seus aspectos semânticos e pragmáticos. Suas principais motivações são como desenvolver um modelo teórico baseando-se em línguas de tipologias diversas, especialmente aquelas de estruturas diferentes das do inglês ou de outras línguas europeias e de que modo a interação entre sintaxe, semântica e pragmática pode ser melhor descrita em sistemas linguísticos diferentes. A metodologia consiste em extrair e analisar as sentenças pertinentes de duas das maiores obras em língua lakota atualmente disponíveis: os livros Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) e New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). As sentenças serão analisadas de acordo com sua estrutura morfológica e sintática, bem como pelo uso que é feito das ocorrências. Além disso, será necessário apresentar também o uso das marcas de pessoa nos verbos, em especial aqueles usados na identificação e categorização de entidades, a fim de estabelecer paralelos entre as duas ocorrências. / Lakota is a head-marking language, spoken in the Midwest Region of the United States, mainly in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. This work aims to analyze and demonstrate one aspect of the language that has been little explored: the morphology of the part of speech traditionally known as independent pronoun. In this language, there is evidence that such part of speech is composed of a verbal root preceded by personal morphemes, the same ones used in regular verbs, and its usage within a sentence is similar to that of the cleft sentence. As well as personal pronouns, nouns, numbers and interrogative pronouns may also have the same morphemes in certain contexts and, then, are able to perform the function of core of the predicate. The theoretical model adopted to analyze the language is Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla, 1998), a functionalist model that seeks to understand the manifestation of grammatical structures, considering their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Its main motivations are how to develop a theoretical model based on languages of different typologies, especially those whose structures are different from the English ones and other European languages, and how syntax, semantics and pragmatics can best be described in different linguistic systems. The methodology consists of extracting and analyzing relevant sentences from two of the greatest works in Lakota language that are currently available: Dakota Texts (Deloria, 1932) and New Lakota Dictionary (Ullrich, 2008). The sentences will be analyzed according to their morphological and syntactic structures, as well as the usage made of the occurrences. In addition, it is also necessary to present the usage of personal marks in verbs, especially those used in the identification and categorization of entities, in order to draw parallels between the two occurrences.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

In this thesis, I examine the relationship between folk tales and Japanese animation, or anime. In spite of the popular association between animation and adolescence, animated television series and films have a dynamic and compelling relationship with various age groups and nationalities. Additionally, anime and animation draw liberally from a number of folk tale traditions. Consequently, in this essay, anime is understood as a global phenomenon that draws on international cultural elements and is consumed in several international markets. Before entering an analysis of the use of folk tales in anime, a history of animation and the place of anime within a Japanese and global matrix is provided. This history not only looks at the development of anime, its connection to Western cinema and animation studios, but also its connection to other Japanese artistic genres, such as manga. Once this foundation is established, it is possible to connect anime with folk tale scholarship in chapter two. This chapter explores this connection in three ways, namely similar content, structure and function. Chapter three builds on the analysis in the preceding chapter and examines the ways anime, as a visual, televised, episodic series, builds on and alters the folk tale tradition. This is primarily explored through the use of visual storytelling techniques and the proliferation of advanced technology. Additionally, this chapter addresses a major point made against the use of folk tales in mass media, specifically the loss of variation. The final chapter concludes and summarizes the ideas, and analysis throughout the thesis. It is in this final chapter that suggestions for further research can be found. This thesis looks not only at the use of folk tales and folk tale characteristics in new media, such as anime, but how these new media contribute to and help to pass on folk tale traditions. Ultimately, this paper suggests anime is an example of a contemporary form of tale telling, which draws on traditional elements as well as catering to a contemporary audience.