The goal of this project is extraction of chitosan optimally by surveys of temperature changesalong with 1% Sulfuric acid utilization. Microbial chitosan is isolated as a bio-componentfrom cell wall of two kinds of Zygomycetes by some extraction methods. This projectcompares ability of two type Fungi (R. pulusilus and M.indicus) from Zygomycets forproduction of chitosan.To extract of chitosan is a combinational method with 40 %( w/w) Hydroxyl sodium for celldisruption and diluted Sulfuric acid (1% w/v) for chitosan extraction from cell wall as majorchemical components. 40% NaOH is used to get different degrees of deacetylation (DD) fromchitin for chitosan. In addition, it is examined 1% Sulfuric acid in a combination oftemperature factor changes. It is needed dialysis for chitosan purification from bondedphosphate groups. Standard curves of acetic acid experiences for DD and water phosphatedetermination were accomplished.It has resulted if degree of deacetylated chitin is about 50%; it has an average lost more than50% in 1% (v/v) Sulfuric acid, hence less recovery as a no privilege that it can be relapsed byacetone in chitosan solution. Factor of temperate in same times shows important effect onextraction yield of chitosan by 1% Sulfuric acid. Extracted chitosan in 120℃ has DD about50%. Absolutely, its solubility will be more and it needs to an intricate solution for separationof chitosan from phosphate bonds as a major impurity by dialysis, but in 90℃, DD of chitosanis more with less solubility in water.Between two Fungi, in experienced temperatures, hence, R. pulusilus has more recovery about0.87/AIM (g/g) in 90℃, which have more much DD than 50%, and M.indicus has 0.79/AIM(g/g) in 120℃ that it has DD about 50%.

Unsold bread makes up a signification fraction of waste occurring in Swedish supermarkets. This thesis seeks to address the problem of food waste, by cultivating filamentous fungi on bread waste and producing chitinous films and nonwovens from them. Rhizopus delemar was cultivated on bread waste in liquid-state fermentation in order to obtain mycelia biomass. The biomass was processed by alkali or protease treatments to disrupt the fungal cells and remove proteins and fats. Afterwards it was subjected to a bleaching treatment to remove lignin fractions of bread residues. The treated biomass was then subjected to a grinding treatment for a homogeneous dispersion of mycelial fibers, where the dispersion was confirmed by microscopic images. The chemically and mechanically processed biomass was used for the preparation of films and nonwoven composites by employing a wet-laid papermaking process. The films exhibited plastic-like features, due to their brittleness and their smooth upper surface. Films and nonwoven composites were characterized on their tensile properties, surface water contact angle and their surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Treating fungal biomass by alkali and then bleaching resulted in films with atensile modulus of 3.38 GPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 71.50 MPa. These are the highest reported tensile properties for mycelia derived films to date. Water contact angle measurements confirmed a hydrophobic quality of mycelial films. Scanning electron microscopy showed a very dense and even surface without an obvious fibrous morphology. Fungal biomass and viscose fibers together form a rigid nonwoven composite, in which fungal biomass takes over the role of a natural eco-friendly binding matrix. Flexural rigidity measurements were out of bounds and need to be confirmed by future studies. Additionally, a second strain of fungi, Fusarium venenatum, was cultivated on bread particles in water suspension in order to determine optimum growth conditions for future scale-up investigations.