Call number: LD2668 .T4 1962 B73

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The work described in this thesis was undertaken to study the reasons why Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 after incubation in Burk's nitrogen-free liquid will not form as many colonies when plated on Difco Tryptic Soy Agar as when planted on Burk's nitrogen-free agar. The difference in growth of A. vinelandii on the two agars was established by performing viable cell-plate counts. The difference in growth was most apparent at 24-hours incubation of the Burk's liquid-media cultures. Phase contrast microscopic observations of Tryptic Soy media cultures of A. vinelandii disclosed the regular formation of fungoid cells at early stages of growth of the bacteria, 18 to 24 hours.

No description available.

Vast- quantities of lignocellulosic materials, representing potential substrates for the cultivation of speciality mushrooms, are produced annually in South Africa. A number of these materials are derived as waste products of the timber and agricultural industries, e.g. Maranti (Shorea spp.) and Port Jackson Willow (Acacia longifolia) respectively. The screening of various wood-degrading fungi, which are cultivated worldwide for their production of speciality mushrooms, indicated that under the environmental conditions considered, certain species were adapted to cultivation on these lignocellulosic wastes (Pleurotus species) whereas others were not (Lentinus edodes and Flammulina velutipes). Furthermore, intra- and interspecies specific differences in the growth and production potential of the various lignocellulolytic fungi investigated on synthetic and natural medium were discovered. Biochemical and genetical investigations of these strains indicated differences between and within species which were often significant. Species varied qualitatively and quantitatively in the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced, which was loosely correlated with productivity on the different media investigated. Genetical studies, using RAPD fingerprinting, indicated that the Pleurotus genus is highly variable which supports the observed differences in growth, yield and enzymatic activity between different strains and species.

The ultimate goal of this research is to develop an efficient, reproducible and low cost method for analysis of VOCs in complex mixtures such as those in exhaled breath and in headspace of fungi cultures. In Chapter I; analytical methods for volatile biomarkers identification is reviewed In Chapter II, active SPME GCMS was employed to analyze VOCs in the breath of a single healthy male and a single female. The goal was to determine the extent of intra-individual variations in the VOC profiles. In Chapter III, a preliminary study was carried out in a greenhouse to determine the pathogenicity of different isolates of M. phaseolina on soybeans. This will allow, in future studies, the matching of VOC profiles of different isolates of M. phaseolina with their relative pathogenicity. This is a key step towards the development of an early warning system for the detection of pathogenic M. phaseolina fungus contaminations.

Azotobacter and various fungi were grown together in nitrogen-free media. Maximal fungal growth in the medium used was possible only at the expense of Azotobacter cells and growth was always accompanied by acid production. When the medium reached a pH of 2, the bacterial cells were aggregated on fungal hyphae and the culture fluid appeared to be free of Azotobacter. Aspergillus niger grew well at the expense of viable bacteria and other fungi grew well on heat-killed cells of A. vinelandii. Members of the genus Hormodendrum, although not causing significant decrease in pH, were also able to clear turbid cultures of Azotobacter. However, clearing, which involved the attachment of bacteria to fungal hyphae, was dependent on acid production by the fungi. Bacterial aggregation was followed by hyphal attachment, bacterial inactivation, and finally, bacterial cell lysis.

Investigações foram realizadas com fermentação submersa de Rhizopus arrhizus para produção de biomassa e dos co-polímeros quitina e quitosana, através do cultivo em meio sintético para Mucorales e milhocina, como substrato alternativo. Neste sentido, foram realizadas fermentações em frascos de Erlenmyers de 250 mL de capacidade, contendo 50 mL dos meios, foram inoculados em duplicatas com 1% de uma suspensão de 107/esporos por mL, incubados sob agitação orbital de 150rpm. A cada 24 h foram realizados conteúdo em biomassa, consumo de glicose, além da estimação e caracterização de quitina e quitosana e o pH foi monitorado no decorrer dos estudos (96h). Os dados obtidos foram validados utilizando uma análise por regressão não linear, visando explorar o potencial e versatilidade dos mucorales na produção dos co-polímeros. Os resultados obtidos com o meio sintético para Mucorales demonstraram um aumento máximo de biomassa com 72 h de cultivo submerso. A glicose foi totalmente consumida pelo metabolismo do fungo com 96h, com pH 3,2 e conseqüente estágio de declínio celular. A produção máxima de quitina e de quitosana por R. arrhizus foi de 73,5 mg e 158 mg, respectivamente, por grama de biomassa em 48 h de cultivo, com velocidade máxima de crescimento de Max 0,036(h-1)e tempo de geração de 4,6 h. Por outro lado, o cultivo submerso de R. arrhizus em milhocina, nas concentrações de 4,8 e 16%, como meio alternativo e de baixo custo, demonstrou crescimento máximo de 16,8 g/L, na concentração de 8% de milhocina, observando-se Max 0,064(h-1. Altos rendimentos de quitina (575mg/g de biomassa) e quitosana (416 mg/g de biomassa) foram obtidos com milhocina a 8%, com 72 h de cultivo, respectivamente, e pH variando de 6,5 para 8,2. Todos os copolímeros isolados foram caracterizados pelo índice de cristalinidade e espectro de absorção ao raio infravermelho, confirmando um alto grau de pureza quando comparados aos padrões de quitina e quitosana. Os dados obtidos experimentalmente de produção de quitina e quitosana foram validados pela estimativa de regressão não linear, demonstrando um bom ajuste das equações e reprodutibilidade. Os resultados com a fermentação submersa de R. arrhizus comparando milhocina a 8% com o meio sintético para Mucorales observou-se um aumento considerável de 782% e 263%, respectivamente, para a produção de quitina e quitosana. Assim, os resultados obtidos sugerem R. arrhizus como fonte de produção dos co-polímeros, como também a milhocina, considerando o potencial nutritivo e o baixo custo / Inquiries had been carried out with submerged fermentation of Rhizopus arrhizus for production of biomass and copolymers chitin and chitosan, using the culture in synthetic medium for Mucoralean and corn steep liquor, as alternative substratum. In this direction, fermentations in Erlenmyers flasks of 250mL had been carried out, contend 50 mL of the media had been inoculated in duplicates with 1% of a suspension of 107/spores/mL, incubated under orbital shaker of 150rpm. To each 24 h had been carried out the content in biomass, glucose consumption, production and characterization of chitin and chitosan, and pH was monitored in elapsing of the studies (96h). The dates had been validated using an analysis for not linear regression, aiming at to explore the potential and versatility of Mucoralean in the production of copolymers. The results obtained with the synthetic medium for Mucoralean had demonstrated a maximum increase of biomass at 72 h of submerged culture. The total of glucose total was consumed by the metabolism of fungus at 96h, with pH 3,2 and consequence period of behavior of cellular decline. The maximum production of chitin and chitosan was 73.5mg and 158 mg, respectively, for gram of biomass with 48 h of cultivation, and maximum speed of growth of Max 0.036 (h-1) and generation time of 4.6h. On the other hand, the submerged culture of R. arrhizus in corn steep liquor, concentrations of 4, 8 and 16%, as alternative medium and of low cost showed maximum growth of 16.8 g/L, in the concentration of 8% of corn steep liquor, observing a Max 0.064h-1. High yields of chitin (575 mg/g biomass) and chitosan (416mg/g biomass) could be achieved using the medium containing corn steep liquor at 8%, with 72 h of cultivation, respectively, and pH varying of 6.5 to 8.2. All the isolated copolym rs in both culture media were characterized by index of crystallinity and absorption to the infra-red ray peaks, and were confirmed using the chitin and chitosan standards. The experimental data obtained with chitin and chitosan were validated by the estimation of not linear regression, demonstrating to a good adjustment of the equations and reproducibility. The results with the submerged fermentation of R. arrhizus were compared corn steep liquor at 8% with synthetic medium for Mucoralean fungi, and was observed an increase of 782% and 263% respectively, for chitin and chitosan production. The results obtained suggest R. arrhizus as source of production of the copolymers and as well as the corn steep liquor, considering the nutritional potential and the low cost

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Quitosana é um polímero natural derivado da desacetilação da quitina, oriundo da parede celular de fungos e exoesqueletos de crustáceos. Devida a sua estrutura química a quitosana apresenta propriedades de grande importância biotecnológica com diversas aplicações nas áreas ambientais, agricultura, cosméticos entre outras. Para averiguar a produção de quitosana por micro-organismo, estudos foram realizados utilizando o fungo Mucor subtilíssimus UCP/WFCC 1262 isolado do solo da caatinga do estado de Pernambuco, através do planejamento fatorial completo de 23, por fermentação semisólida (FSS), utilizando batata doce (Ipomoea batatas L.) suplementada com milhocina (resíduo industrial) e extrato de levedura, sendo as variáveis respostas produção de biomassa e quitosana. Para a produção de biomassa o ensaio 5 cuja composição: 3g de batata doce, 8ml de milhocina, e não utilizando extrato de levedura apresentou o melhor resultado com 13,32g/L de biomassa, e para quitosana o ponto central com 120,96 g/100g de biomassa com seguinte composição: 20g de batata doce, 6ml de milhocina, 0,1ml de extrato de levedura. A caracterização da quitosana demonstrou um grau de desacetilação de 60%. A quitosana microbiológica obtida foi testada quanto a sua capacidade ambiental no processo de descoloração do corante catiônicao, azul de metileno (AM), empregado na indústria têxtil tendo como variáveis pH, tempo e temperatura . Os resultados obtidos sobre eficiências de descoloração do azul de metileno pela adsorção da quitosana demonstraram que o pH 6 foi mais eficiente na descoloração do AM com a biossorção de 92,73%, na condição 8,30mg do adsorvente para 20 mg de AM em solução aquosa, sugerindo seu emprego em processos de biorremediação de efluentes têxteis. / Chitosan is a natural polymer derived from deacetylation of chitin, derived from the cell wall of fungi and exoskeletons of crustaceans. Due to its chemical structure exhibits properties of chitosan great biotechnological importance with many applications in the environmental fields, agriculture, cosmetics, among others. To check chitosan production by micro-organism, studies were performed using the fungus Mucor subtilíssimus UCP / WFCC 1262 isolated from soil of the savanna of the state of Pernambuco, through full factorial design of 23, by solid state fermentation (FSS) using sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) supplemented with corn steep liquor (industrial waste) and yeast extract, and the response variables biomass and chitosan. For biomass production testing 5 whose composition 3g sweet potato, 8ml milhocina, and not using yeast extract showed the best result with 13.32 g / L of biomass, chitosan and the center point with 120.96 g / 100g biomass with the following composition: 20 g sweet potatoes, 6ml of corn steep liquor, 0.1 ml of yeast extract. The characterization of chitosan showed a degree of deacetylation of 60%. Microbiological chitosan obtained was tested for its environmental capacity in the discoloration of catiônicao dye, methylene blue (MB), process used in the textile industry having variables such as pH, time and temperature. Results obtained with efficiencies discoloration of methylene blue adsorption of the chitosan showed that the pH 6 was more efficient in bleaching AM biosorption with 92.73% under the condition of 8.30 mg to 20 mg of adsorbent in solution PM aqueous, suggesting its use in bioremediation processes of textile effluents.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-06-08T17:11:23Z (GMT) / Submitted by ISABELLA DE CENÇO LOPES null (isalops@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-09T11:31:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabella de Cenço Lopes.pdf: 907430 bytes, checksum: fce337e1df2e1a5dfa90bd270c59e5d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-09T17:59:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_ic_me_sjrp.pdf: 907430 bytes, checksum: fce337e1df2e1a5dfa90bd270c59e5d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T17:59:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_ic_me_sjrp.pdf: 907430 bytes, checksum: fce337e1df2e1a5dfa90bd270c59e5d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi de aumentar a produção de conídios de Metarhizium anisopliae através de alterações do substrato e das condições de cultivo e produzi-lo em biorreator de bandeja. Os substratos testados foram arroz tipo 1, quirera de arroz e farelo de arroz, sendo o cultivo realizado em embalagens plásticas contendo 10 g de substrato seco. Inicialmente, foi empregado arroz tipo 1 como substrato, variando-se as formas de umidificação no seu preparo, sendo o cultivo realizado em embalagens plásticas contendo 10g de substrato seco. Determinada a condição adequada de umidificação, os substratos arroz tipo 1 e quirera de arroz foram submetidos a diferentes condições de fotoperíodo: escuto contínuo, claro contínuo e escuro e claro alternados. O farelo de arroz foi adicionado a bagaço de cana-de-açúcar de modo a estruturar fisicamente o meio de cultivo. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com arroz e quirera de arroz. A primeira alternativa de ampliação de escala foi realizada em embalagens plásticas, utilizando arroz tipo 1 e quirera com 500g de substrato seco. A etapa seguinte da ampliação de escala foi em um biorreator de bandeja com aeração realizada sobre a camada de substrato, sendo os testes realizados com arroz tipo 1, e duas espessuras de camada partículas, 2 e 4 cm. Em todos os ensaios, a resposta observada foi a concentração final de conídios. Foi testada ainda a virulência dos conídios produzidos em relação a lagartas de Diatraea flavipennella nas diferentes condições de produção. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, o farelo de arroz não é uma boa opção de substrato devido a sua pouca praticidade de manipulação e a quirera apresentou resultados satisfatórios nos ensaios, podendo ser considerada uma opção viável para utilização industrial devido ao seu baixo custo. O biorreator de bandeja elaborado apresentou bons resultados de produção de conídios em relação a produção em embalagem plástica de maior capacidade com o substrato arroz tipo 1, a qual, no entanto, apresentou produção de esporos inferior à da embalagem de menor capacidade. Os testes de virulência comprovaram a eficiência dos conídios em todos os ensaios com pequenas variações no tempo de mortalidade. / The work targeted the increase of the production of spores of Metarhizium anisopliae through modifications of the substrate and of the cultivation conditions, and produce such spores in a tray bioreactor. Type 1 rice, broken rice and rice bran were tested as substrate, which were cultivated in plastic bags containing 10 g of dry substrate. Alternatives of humidification were tested with type 1 rice. For the best alternative of humidification, type 1 rice and broken rice were submitted to alternatives of different exposures to light, provided by a fluorescent lamp: continuous dark, continuous light, alternation between dark and light. To the bran was added sugar cane bagasse in order to provide physical structure to the culture medium. The best results were obtained with rice and broken rice and the illumination regime does not influence on the spore production. The first attempt of scaling-up the spore production was the use of plastic bags containing 500 g of dry substrate, either rice or broken rice. The next scaling-up step was in a tray bioreactor aerated flowing air parallel to the top of the cultivation medium, using type 1 rice as substrate in two different thickness of medium, 2 and 4 cm. In every experiments, the response variable was the conidia concentration. The virulence against Diatraea flavipennella caterpillars was also tested for spores produced in the different experimental conditions. The results showed that rice bran is not an efficient alternative due to its difficult manipulation, while broken rice produce conidia concentration similar to type 1 rice and can be considered a cheap alternative for industrial production of spores. The tray bioreactor presented similar results to the large capacity plastic bags, which presented lower conidia concentrations than the small capacity container. The virulence experiments showed high efficiency of the conidia in all tested samples, with little variation in the time of lethality.