Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-21T13:12:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPRD.pdf: 11103389 bytes, checksum: 0e5d6184c08c04b5d3f2de0c5b4f8e74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T18:35:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPRD.pdf: 11103389 bytes, checksum: 0e5d6184c08c04b5d3f2de0c5b4f8e74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T18:35:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPRD.pdf: 11103389 bytes, checksum: 0e5d6184c08c04b5d3f2de0c5b4f8e74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T18:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPRD.pdf: 11103389 bytes, checksum: 0e5d6184c08c04b5d3f2de0c5b4f8e74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This research aims to verify the thermal environment of a campus university, by evaluating the relative contribution of urban elements towards the modification of the air temperature. For this purpose, real data of air temperature were collected at several points of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). These were then related to the local urban indexes, by applying the technique of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), in order to develop a prediction model. This analysis considered three different scales of approaching, taking the radius of 25, 50 and 100 meters as references. Within the areas of these radii, the Occupation Coefficient (OC), the Urban Vegetation Coefficient (UVC), the Sky View Factor (SVF) and the Ground Cover Coefficient (GCC) were estimated. This method allowed the observation of interactions among these urban parameters and the thermal tendencies. The mathematical model developed by ANN training process was identified and described to be incorporated into a Geographical Information System. By this procedure, thematic maps were developed and, consequently, a microclimatic classification for the case study was proposed. The results pointed out that the urban indexes under investigation presented different relative importance according to the scale of analysis. For the diurnal period, the urban indexes had significant influence in the air temperatures of the Campus. Furthermore, the Urban Vegetation Coefficient was one of the most important parameters in the determination of the thermal patterns reached in the Campus area. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar o ambiente térmico de um campus universitário, através da avaliação da contribuição relativa dos elementos do entorno urbano em relação à alteração da temperatura do ar intraurbano. Para isso, dados reais sobre a temperatura do ar foram coletados em vários pontos do Campus da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Estes foram relacionados com índices urbanísticos locais, aplicando-se a técnica de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA), para a criação de um modelo matemático de previsão. A análise considerou três diferentes escalas tomadas a partir dos raios de abrangência de 25, 50 e 100 m. Nas áreas delimitadas por esses raios, foram estimados o Coeficiente de Ocupação (CO), o Coeficiente de Vegetação Urbana (CVU), o Fator de visão de céu (FVC) e o Coeficiente de Cobertura do Solo (CCS). Este método permitiu a observação das interações entre aqueles parâmetros urbanos e as tendências térmicas. O modelo matemático desenvolvido a partir do processo de treinamento na RNA foi identificado e descrito de forma a ser inserido em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Por esse procedimento foram criados mapas temáticos, e, consequentemente, foi proposta uma classificação microclimática para o estudo de caso. Os resultados apontaram que os índices urbanísticos estudados apresentaram importância relativa diferenciada de acordo com a escala de análise. Para o período diurno, os índices urbanísticos exerceram significativa influência sobre as temperaturas do ar no Campus. Além disso, o Coeficiente de Vegetação Urbana foi um dos parâmetros mais importantes na determinação dos padrões térmicos alcançados na área do Campus.

abstract: Spirometry is a type of pulmonary function test that measures the amount of air volume and the speed of air flow from a patient's breath in order to assess lung function. The goal of this project is to develop and validate a mobile spirometer technology based on a differential pressure sensor. The findings in this paper are used in a larger project that combines the features of a capnography device and a spirometer into a single mobile health unit known as the capno-spirometer. The following paper discusses the methods, experiments, and prototypes that were developed and tested in order to create a robust and accurate technology for all of the spirometry functions within the capno-spirometer. The differential pressure sensor is set up with one inlet measuring the pressure inside the spirometer tubing and the other inlet measuring the ambient pressure of the environment. The inlet measuring the inside of the tubing is very sensitive to its orientation and position with respect to the path of the air flow. It is found that taking a measurement from the center of the flow is 50% better than from the side wall. The sensor inlet is optimized at 37 mm from the mouthpiece inlet. The unit is calibrated by relating the maximum pressure sensor voltage signal to the peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) taken during a series of spirometry tests. In conclusion, this relationship is best represented as a quadratic function and a calibration equation is computed to provide a flow rate given a voltage change. The flow rates are used to calculate the four main spirometry parameters: PEF, FVC, FEV1, and FER. These methods are then referenced with the results from a commercial spirometer for validation. After validation, the pressure-based spirometry technology is proven to be both robust and accurate. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2013

Syftet med litteraturstudien var att granska och redogöra för kunskapsläget om liggande spirometri med avseende på forcerad vitalkapacitet (FVC) och forcerad expiratorisk volym under en sekund (FEV1) samt när det kan användas. Studien är en allmän litteraturstudie med evidensbaserad metod och systematiskt granskade, relevanta artiklar hämtade från databaserna Pubmed och Medline. Artiklarna valdes ut med hjälp av inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. Vid granskning av utvalda artiklar användes ett protokoll för kvalitetsgranskning för att säkerställa att artiklarna uppfyller vissa kriterier och var av god kvalitet. Litteraturstudiens resultat baserades på 10 relevanta vetenskapliga artiklar som besvarade studiens frågeställningar. Studien redovisade för en signifikant lägre FVC samt FEV1 i liggande position än i sittande, avseende både friska personer och personer med någon sjukdom/nedsättning. Resultatet visade hög sensitivitet och specificitet hos FVC och/eller FEV1  för uppskattning av diafragmastyrkan samt prognosbedömning hos personer med olika neuromuskulära sjukdomar. Spirometri i liggande position är en säker och icke-invasiv metod för användning för prognosbedömning vid olika neuromuskulära sjukdomar. Vidare studier bör bedrivas för att fastställa referensvärden och resultera i mer säker användning av metoden.

No description available.

Introduktion  Genom dynamisk spirometri går det att beräkna kvoten mellan forcerad exspiratorisk volym under en sekund och forcerad vitalkapacitet (FEV1/FVC) där ett värde på ≤0,7 tyder på obstruktiv lungsjukdom. Mobil spirometriutrustning skulle kunna möjliggöra tidigare diagnostisering av obstruktiva lungsjukdomar men även fungera som ett kostnadseffektivt alternativ vid enklare undersökningar. Syftet med studien var att jämföra resultat erhållna vid dynamisk spirometri utförd på en stationär respektive en mobil spirometriutrustning. Material och metod  I studien deltog totalt 36 försökspersoner. Data samlades in mellan februari-mars 2023 och bestod av FVC och FEV1 erhållna från dynamisk spirometri på Vyntus™ One (stationär spirometriutrustning) och Aiocare™ Vyaire (mobil spirometriutrustning). Ett parat t-test (signifikansnivå 0,05) utfördes för att avgöra om det förelåg någon signifikant systematisk skillnad för data mellan de båda utrustningarna och förekomsten av slumpfel illustrerades med Bland-Altman-diagram. Intraklasskorrelationskoefficient (ICC) beräknades för samtliga variabler. Resultat och slutsats  En mycket god korrelation mellan utrustningarna förelåg med ett ICC>0.9 för samtliga variabler. Ingen systematisk skillnad kunde påvisas för uppmätt FVC, FEV1 eller kvoten FEV1/FVC mellan Vyntus™ One och Aiocare™ Vyaire (p >0,05) och slumpfelet bedömdes acceptabelt. / Introduction  Dynamic spirometry enables calculating the ratio of forced expiratory volume under one second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) where ≤0,7 suggests obstructive lung disease. Mobile spirometer equipment could assist in earlier detection of obstructive lung diseases, but also function as a cost-efficient alternative. The purpose of the study is to compare results obtained with dynamic spirometry performed on a stationary and a mobile spirometry equipment. Material and method  A total of 36 subjects participated in the study. Data collected between February-March 2023 consisted of FVC and FEV1 obtained from dynamic spirometry on Vyntus™ One (stationary spirometry equipment) and Aiocare™ Vyaire (mobile spirometry equipment). A paired t-test (0,05 level of significance) determined if there was any significant systematic difference between data from the two types of equipment and the magnitude of sampling error was visualized by Bland-Altman plots. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for all variables. Result and conclusion  Excellent correlation with ICC>0,9 for all variables. There was no significant difference for measured FVC, FEV1 or FEV1/FVC between Vyntus™ One and Aiocare™ Vyaire (p >0,05) and the sampling error was considered acceptable.

Systemic inflammation is associated with impaired lung function. Inflammation is part of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the local and systemic inflammatory pattern differs. The overall aim was to evaluate systemic inflammatory markers in obstructive lung diseases and more specifically: To determine if CRP is related to respiratory symptoms, asthma, atopy and bronchial responsiveness (paper I), in a population sample from three countries (paper I and II); to evaluate if CRP is related to COPD, lung function and rate of lung function decline (paper II); to investigate the association of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 with lung function in a cross-sectional population based study (paper III); and finally, to study possible gender differences in the longitudinal association between CRP and lung function in a prospective population based study (paper IV). In the first study we reported that CRP was related to non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma, and that CRP was related to respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, nocturnal cough and breathlessness after effort, but not associated with atopy or bronchial responsiveness. In the second study we found that COPD was more common in subjects in the highest CRP quartiles and higher CRP levels were associated with lower FEV1 values in both men and women, but the negative association between CRP and FEV1 was larger in men than women. The FEV1 decline was larger in men with high CRP levels, whereas no such association was found for women. In the third study we reported that lower FEV1 was associated with higher levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and their ratio MMP-9/TIMP-1. After stratification for gender this association was significant in men but not women. In the fourth study we found that CRP levels were associated with change in both FEV1 and FVC in men but not women. This association was found for both baseline CRP and change in CRP, confirming a stronger association between systemic inflammation and lung function decline in men than women. In conclusion, systemic inflammation is associated with non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma. Our findings of a stronger association between the systemic inflammation and lung function impairment in men, but not women, may indicate a gender difference in the mechanisms of lung function decline.

Introduktion: Spirometri är en metod som utförs för att utesluta eller bekräfta en lungsjukdom. Dynamisk spirometri innebär mätning av lungvolymsförändringar över tid och omfattar både långsam och forcerad spirometri. Vid långsam spirometri mäts vitalkapacitet (VK). Vid forcerad spirometri mäts forcerad exspiratorisk volym på en sekund (FEV1), forcerad vitalkapacitet (FVK) och FEV%. Spirometri utförs i sittande position men den kan också utföras i stående position. Syftet med studien var att jämföra och se om det föreligger en signifikant skillnad för VK, FVK, FEV1 och FEV% vid dynamisk spirometri mellan sittande och stående position hos studenter utan känd lungsjukdom.  Material och Metod: Studien bestod av 21 frivilliga studenter med åldrarna 21-32 år, där 18 var kvinnor och tre män. Datainsamlingen utfördes vid Örebro universitet och variablerna som mättes vid undersökningen var: VK, FVK, FEV1 och FEV%. Mätningarna upprepades minst tre gånger i både sittande och stående position och de fick inte skilja sig åt mer än 150 ml. Ett parat t- test användes för att se om det förelåg en statistisk signifikant skillnad i mätvärdena mellan sittande och stående position. Resultat: Det parade t-testet visade att det inte föreligger någon statistiskt signifikant skillnad i variablerna VK (p = 0,19), FVK (p = 0,87), FEV1 (p = 0,37) och FEV% (p = 0,26) mellan sittande och stående position. Slutsats: Det föreligger ingen statistiskt signifikant skillnad för dynamisk spirometri mellan sittande och stående position. För att få en uppfattning om hur kroppsposition påverkar spirometri behövs en större population. / Introduction: Spirometry is a method performed to rule out or confirm a lung disease. Dynamic spirometry involves measuring lung volume changes over time. The dynamic spirometry includes slow and forced spirometry. With slow spirometry, vital capacity (VC) is measured. In forced spirometry, forced exspiratory volume of one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV% are measured. Spirometry is performed in a sitting position but can also be performed in a standing position. The aim of the study was to compare whether there is a significant difference for VC, FVC, FEV1 and FEV% in dynamic spirometry between sitting and standing position in students without known lung disease. Method and Materials: The study consisted of 21 volunteer students aged 21-32, of whom 18 were women and three men. The data collection was performed at Örebro University and the variables that were taken into account when performing it were: VC, FVC, FEV1 and FEV%. The maneuvers were repeated at least three times in both sitting and standing positions and they did not differ more than 150ml. A paired t-test was performed to see if there is a statistically significant difference in the measured values between sitting and standing position. Result: The paired t-test showed that there is no statistically significant difference in the variables VC (p = 0.19), FVC (p = 0.87), FEV1 (p = 0.37) and FEV% (p = 0, 26) between sitting and standing position. Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference for dynamic spirometry between sitting and standing position. To get an idea of how body position affects spirometry, a larger population is needed.

No description available.