The aim of this thesis is to study the multidimensional relation between the spatial and the social by focusing on Van as a place. In order to understand social processes, it is important to view the complex relation between the spatial and the social. Taking the space-place relation into consideration, this work approaches to the processes of construction and representation of identity of place in the framework of the interrelation between place, culture and identity. Different groups in society are in a constant contestation over the construction of the meaning and the identity of place. This work, studies how place is constituted both materially and imaginarily within this contestation process. Senses of place and the meanings given to places are formed by social, cultural, economical and political situations of the people. Consequently this thesis, discusses the contestation over the representation and the use of place in the context of social, cultural, economical, political processes and power relations. It considers the dynamics which are effective on the constitution of image of Van. It studies the influences of these dynamics on the construction, the use, the transformation and the reproduction of place through the cultural practices of different groups in the city. This thesis, researches the relation between place and culture, the everyday life practices of different groups and the process of production of meaning through these practices.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / The main aim of this thesis was to examine whether learning processes occur in fluid intelligence (Gf) tasks, whether it is essential for them to occur for induction to take place and whether they contribute to individual differences in performance. In mainstream differential research, Gf is conceptualised as a factor important in induction tasks that are considered novel and context-free (Cattell, 1963, 1987). Thus, performance has typically been assumed to be uninfluenced by previous acquisitions of knowledge structures. Sources of individual differences in Gf task performance have been attributed to working memory capacity (WMC), particularly individual differences in the ability to combat proactive interference. In contrast, the cognitive reasoning literature associates induction with the use of prior conceptual knowledge. A middle-ground position is that Gf tasks may require learning to occur across the task, which would draw upon WMC. That is, individual differences in Gf task performance may be due to knowledge learnt across the task, rather than knowledge brought to the task. Gf items have traditionally been presented in easy-to-hard order but easier items may unintentionally provide learning opportunity for harder items. This would contradict both classic and modern test theories which make the assumption that items within a task are independent of each other. The learning hypothesis was explored in the current work along with the issue of whether it is possible to reliably solve complex Gf items without some relevant, prior knowledge. Also, the distinction between within-item induction and across-item learning was investigated, along with the relationship between across-item learning and proactive interference. An experimental-differential approach was used to manipulate learning opportunity within Gf tasks in four experiments. The first experiment examined whether learning takes place in Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1962) and if so, to what extent this learning is a source of individual differences. Specifically, whether rule learning within the task is necessary for abstraction to take place and whether those of higher Gf ability learn faster than those of lower Gf ability. The next three experiments examined the distinction between knowledge that may be brought to the task, learning that occurs across multiple items in the task and induction within a single item that may be independent of any prior knowledge including knowledge learnt across the task. The effect of proactive interference as a consequence of learning and knowledge was also investigated. The experiments examined which of these are relevant to general performance (i.e., common to everyone) and which contribute to individual differences. Learning-opportunity was manipulated in a task from the cognitive reasoning literature – the Modified Sweller and Gee (MSG) Task. Traditional Series Completion tasks were used as Gf markers and data analyses employed Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM). The advantage of the MSG Task is that it has qualities typical of Gf tasks but unlike conventional Gf tasks, it is able to assess within-item induction in isolation from any potential influences from across-item learning. This is because it involves multiple attempts within each item with feedback, allowing single items to be administered reliably. When across-item learning opportunity is absent, the MSG Task is able to provide an estimate of participants’ within-item induction success through the number of attempts they need within a single item. The amount participants learn across items can be approximated by comparing performance on items preceded by learning opportunity (i.e., easier items with similar rule-types), with items not preceded by learning opportunity. Lastly, the effects of proactive interference can be evaluated by comparing performance on items preceded by interference (i.e., items with different rule-types) with those that are not preceded by interference. Overall, it was found that with no learning opportunity leading up to novel items (to provide relevant prior knowledge), solution was nearly impossible for all participants. When learning opportunity was provided, all participants were able to greatly improve their performance but those of higher Gf improved more. It was concluded that while Gf tasks appear visually novel, they must contain a combination of familiar elements in earlier items (which make use of knowledge that participants bring to the task) and novel elements in later items (which require the use of knowledge that must be learnt from earlier items); and those of higher Gf perform better on Gf tasks, at least partly because they are able to benefit more from the learning opportunity provided by earlier items. It was found that proactive interference affects all participants when they learn from prior items. However, insufficient evidence was found to suggest that the ability to combat proactive interference contributes to individual differences in performance.

The aim of this thesis is to study the multidimensional relation between the spatial and the social by focusing on Van as a place. In order to understand social processes, it is important to view the complex relation between the spatial and the social. Taking the space-place relation into consideration, this work approaches to the processes of construction and representation of identity of place in the framework of the interrelation between place, culture and identity. Different groups in society are in a constant contestation over the construction of the meaning and the identity of place. This work, studies how place is constituted both materially and imaginarily within this contestation process. Senses of place and the meanings given to places are formed by social, cultural, economical and political situations of the people. Consequently this thesis, discusses the contestation over the representation and the use of place in the context of social, cultural, economical, political processes and power relations. It considers the dynamics which are effective on the constitution of image of Van. It studies the influences of these dynamics on the construction, the use, the transformation and the reproduction of place through the cultural practices of different groups in the city. This thesis, researches the relation between place and culture, the everyday life practices of different groups and the process of production of meaning through these practices.

Understanding confinement and its complex workings between individuals and society has been the stated aim of carceral geography and wider studies on detention. This project contributes ethnographic insights from multiple sites of incarceration, working with an under-researched group within confined populations. Focussing on young female detainees in Scotland, this project seeks to understand their experiences of different types of ‘closed’ space. Secure care, prison and closed psychiatric facilities all impact on the complex geographies of these young women’s lives. The fluid but always situated relations of control and care provide the backdrop for their journeys in/out and beyond institutional spaces. Understanding institutional journeys with reference to age and gender allows an insight into the highly mobile, often precarious, and unfamiliar lives of these young women who live on the margins. This thesis employs a mixed-method qualitative approach and explores what Goffman calls the ‘tissue and fabric’ of detention as a complex multi-institutional practice. In order to be able to understand the young women’s gendered, emotional and often repetitive experiences of confinement, analysis of the constitution of ‘closed space’ represents a first step for inquiry. The underlying nature of inner regimes, rules and discipline in closed spaces, provide the background on which confinement is lived, perceived and processed. The second part of the analysis is the exploration of individual experiences ‘on the inside’, ranging from young women’s views on entering a closed institution, the ways in which they adapt or resist the regime, and how they cope with embodied aspects of detention. The third and final step considers the wider context of incarceration by recovering the young women’s journeys through different types of institutional spaces and beyond. The exploration of these journeys challenges and re-develops understandings of mobility and inertia by engaging the relative power of carceral archipelagos and the figure of femina sacra. This project sits comfortably within the field of carceral geography while also pushing at its boundaries. On a conceptual level, a re-engagement with Goffman’s micro-analysis challenges current carceral-geographic theory development. Perhaps more importantly, this project pushes for an engagement with different institutions under the umbrella of carceral geography, thus creating new dialogues on issues like ‘care’ and ‘control’. Finally, an engagement with young women addresses an under-represented population within carceral geography in ways that raise distinctly problematic concerns for academic research and penal policy. Overall, this project aims to show the value of fine grained micro-level research in institutional geographies for extending thinking and understanding about society’s responses to a group of people who live on the margins of social and legal norms.

The relationship between communities of the Niger Delta and their most important wetlands was assessed with the aim of characterizing the importance of linkages between indigenous beliefs and the conservation of biodiversity. Comparative multidisciplinary studies of the belief systems and use of four freshwater lakes, one sacred and one non-sacred, in each of two communities, Biseni and Osiama in Bayelsa State, were conducted. A combination of in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, structured questionnaires and ecological field surveys, was used. Assessment of fish biodiversity in the four lakes was conducted in conjunction with local fishermen. Results revealed a structured system of beliefs, rules and meanings within these communities which influence the communities’ use of natural resources and ensure the protection of certain reptiles, such as the threatened dwarf crocodile, Osteolaemus tetraspis. There are social sanctions and penalties for contravening the rules. Common ancestry and social connectedness among neighbouring communities link the management of some of these lakes together, forming a network of lakes reserved for periodic fishing. Measurements of fish biodiversity showed that the sacred lakes had higher diversities, as measured by both the Shannon-Weiner and Simpson-Yule indices, than the non-sacred lakes. Characiformes and Siluriformes were the predominant orders confirming observations made by fisherfolk within the study group. The culturally protected freshwater lakes studied provide insights into how biodiversity loss in the Niger Delta can be tackled through the involvement of indigenous people in the management of threatened biodiversity and watershed areas. A recommendation is made for capacity building of indigenous groups and training of common interest groups within the region for sustainable wetland resource management.

Mega projects have become an important new development strategy in globalizing cities, and a new or emerging form of development in economic, technological, social and political life, influenced by global flows of capital. Despite being acknowledged as an important factor in globalizing economies, the role of mega projects has failed to receive appropriate research attention in terms of analysis of the various advantages and disadvantages that they carry. This research seeks to achieve a better understanding of the nature of urban development, and its implications for Dubai. The research involves an assessment of whether urban mega projects actually develop as a result of globalisation processes and draws conclusions on conflicting discussions about economic growth and social change. The research aims to establish Dubai’s attitudes towards urban mega projects and globalisation, focusing on the ways the phenomenon is conceptualized, and on understanding the impacts of the new urban paradigm, with particular reference to the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project. The research sets out to examine three key issues; firstly what are the effects of global economic factors and foreign direct investment, and how have economic factors have become a catalyst for development? Secondly, the thesis considers the technological and architectural features of large-scale development. Thirdly, it focuses on new social trends and the extent of public participation, and analyses the political dimensions of globalisation. The research reveals that whilst there are some similarities with other mega projects around the world, the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project is the product of a unique development policy. There are many global elements in the Palm Island development but there is also a significant regional dimension, as in many of the underpinning capital flows. It is argued that the adoption of a mega projects policy may have had negative consequences on the indigenous population of Dubai, which has become a minority 12% of the total population.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the civic life of a Balinese community in the context of ritual activities and traditions taking place in a coastal village, tracing relationships between ritual itinerary and topography, and highlighting the tensions and conflicts that have emerged between these ritual practices and recent developments in tourism. In the context of the littoral regions of Bali, the concept of the civic realm serves as a broad framework of the research which focuses on the village of Kuta. The choice of Kuta Village for this investigation was based on the following criteria: 1. the historical importance of the village, 2. its significance as a known tourist destination, and 3. its urban/coastal complexity. In order to address the relationships between these three criteria, the research adopted a mixed method approach, incorporating a range of quantitative and qualitative material. Participants in the research project are all, in various ways, stakeholders in the future of Kuta Village who are involved in the usage, monitoring and management of the beaches, including environmentalists. From the perspective of an outsider visiting Kuta Village, there seems to be little evidence of conflict between the local community’s ritual traditions and tourist activities in both the village and on the beaches. However, underlying this apparent tranquillity a rather different situation emerges, which concerns the sometimes conflicting interests of three parties; hotel companies, the community of environmental supporters, and the government. This conflict, which is manifested in disputes over claims of territorial ownership and control, is in danger of leading to long term negative impacts on the social life and beach environment. Furthermore, initial investigations of the key issues, arising from this conflict, suggests that a significant part of the problem is due to a combination of unplanned tourist development, weak management, ineffective law enforcement and the effect of beach erosion. Due to these negative impacts, and their implications on the civic life of the community, this thesis aims to initiate discussions for a revised planning and design strategy for Kuta Village in order to achieve a more balanced relationship among ecological needs, custody of the civic realm and a sustained development in tourism. Such a strategy aims, ultimately, to improve understanding of the key challenges facing the town for benefit of practitioners, planners, government bodies and academia.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-03-14T16:35:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Danilo Junqueira Leão_Corrigida.pdf: 1803434 bytes, checksum: 6b45fbe8af9d90b2e0db58cd74683dae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-05-04T17:19:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Danilo Junqueira Leão_Corrigida.pdf: 1803434 bytes, checksum: 6b45fbe8af9d90b2e0db58cd74683dae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T17:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Danilo Junqueira Leão_Corrigida.pdf: 1803434 bytes, checksum: 6b45fbe8af9d90b2e0db58cd74683dae (MD5) / CNPq / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de método para determinação simultânea de cádmio, estanho e ferro em amostras de conserva de alimentos enlatados empregando espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua e atomização eletrotérmica em forno de grafite (HR- CS GF AAS. O desenvolvimento de um monocromador de alta resolução permitiu o uso de uma fonte contínua na espectrometria de absorção atômica e a partir disso, determinações simultâneas se tornaram possíveis. Para a determinação dos analitos supracitados, foi utilizada a linha principal do cádmio em 228,802 (100%) nm e as linhas secundárias de ferro em 228,725 (0,09%) nm e de estanho em 228,668 (%) nm. Os sinais de absorvância dos analitos foram medidos por área de pico usando 3 pixels para o cádmio e ferro e 5 pixels para o estanho. As temperaturas de pirólise e atomização foram estabelecidas em 700 e 2550 °C, respectivamente, de modo a alcançar uma condição térmica de compromisso entre os analitos. Todas as determinações foram realizadas utilizando 6 µL de uma mistura de paládio 0,1% (m v-1) e magnésio 0,05% (m v-1). A exatidão do método foi avaliada mediante análise de um material de referência certificado de folha de maçã (NIST 1515) para o Cd e Fe e através da comparação de técnicas analíticas para o Sn. Os valores encontrados para Cd e Fe não apresentaram diferença significativa dos valores certificados, a um nível de 95 % de confiança. Para o Sn, os valores obtidos pelo método proposto foram concordantes com os obtidos pela técnica espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES), com 95 % de confiança. As massas características obtidas foram de 1,0 pg, 1,1 ng e 0,9 ng para Cd, Sn e Fe, respectivamente. Os limites de detecção (3σ, n=10) estimados foram de 0,62 ng g-1, 0,89 mg kg-1 e 0,57 mg kg-1 para o Cd, Sn e Fe, respectivamente. A precisão do método foi avaliada mediante desvio padrão relativo (RSD) para dois níveis de concentração. Para o Cd, os RSD obtidos foram de 4,7% (0,4 µg L-1) e 3,4% (2,0 µg L-1). Para o Sn, foram 6,8% (0,3 mg L-1) e 6,1 % (1,5 mg L-1) e para Fe, 5,3% (0,3 mg L-1) e 4,0 % (1,5 mg L-1). O método proposto foi aplicado em conservas de alimentos enlatados. Dentre estas, sete foram de tomate descascado, obtendo-se valores que variaram de 3,57 a 21,17 ng g-1 para Cd, de 4,06 a 122,0 mg kg-1 para Sn, de 2,68 a 31,48 mg kg-1 para Fe e quatro de sardinha, cujas concentrações de Cd e Fe ficaram entre 10,13 e 62,9 ng g-1 e 1,62 a 8,63 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Para essas amostras, os teores de Sn determinados ficaram abaixo do limite de quantificação. Os teores de Cd encontrado nas amostras estiveram abaixo do máximo legislado (0,10 mg kg-1) pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). / The present work had as objective the development of method for simultaneous determination of cadmium, tin and iron in preserved samples of canned food using high resolution continuous source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The development of a high-resolution monochromator allowed the use of a continuous source in atomic absorption spectrometry and from there, simultaneous determinations have become possible. For the determination of analytes above, was used the main line of cadmium in 228.802 nm and the secondary lines of iron in 228.725 nm and of Tin in 228.668 nm. The absorbance signal of analytes were measured by peak area using 3 pixels for cadmium and iron and 5 pixels to the Tin. Atomization and pyrolysis temperatures were established in 700 and 2550° C, respectively, so as to achieve a thermal condition of compromise between the analytes. All determinations were performed using 6 µL of a mixture of palladium 0.1% (m v-1) and 0.05% magnesium (m v-1). The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing a certified reference material of Apple leaves (NIST 1515) for the Cd and Fe and through comparison of analytical techniques for the Sn. The values found for Cd and Fe were statistically equal to values certificates, a 95% confidence level. For the Sn, the values obtained by the proposed method were consistent with those obtained by ICP OES, with 95% confidence. The characteristics masses obtained were of 1.0 pg for cadmium and 1.1 and 0.9 ng to the tin and iron, respectively. The detection limits (3 σ, n = 10) were determined as 0.62 ng g-1, 0.89 and 0.57 mg kg-1 for Cd, Sn and Fe, respectively. The precision of the method was evaluated by relative standard deviation (RSD) for two levels of concentration. For the Cd, the RSD obtained were 4.7% (0.4 µg L-1) and 3.4% (2.0 µg L-1). For the Sn and Fe were 6.8 and 6.1% (0.3 mg L-1) and 5.3 and 4.0% (1.5 mg L-1), respectively. The proposed method was applied to canned food. Among these, seven were canned peeled tomato, obtaining values that ranged from 3.57 to 21.17 ng g-1 for Cd, from 4.06 to 122.0 mg kg-1 for Sn, from 2.68 to 31.48 mg kg-1 for Fe and four canned sardines, Cd and Fe concentrations were between 10.13 and 62.9 ng g-1 and 1.62 to 8.63 mg kg-1, respectively. For these samples, the levels of Sn determined were below the limit of quantification.

Submitted by ARIANE ISIS BARROS null (nane_isis@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-02T15:26:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versão finalCD.pdf: 2759107 bytes, checksum: a6bb24a7b9f0540265cbb13f22e1d798 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-06T14:04:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_ai_dr_araiq.pdf: 2759107 bytes, checksum: a6bb24a7b9f0540265cbb13f22e1d798 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T14:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_ai_dr_araiq.pdf: 2759107 bytes, checksum: a6bb24a7b9f0540265cbb13f22e1d798 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de métodos para a determinação de Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni e Sb em cosméticos faciais por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite de alta resolução com fonte contínua (HR-CS GF AAS) empregando análise direta de amostras sólidas. Essa técnica foi utilizada devido a sua alta capacidade para a correção de fundo baseada em algoritmos dos mínimos quadrados. Para a determinação de Pb e Sb, interferências causadas por moléculas de SiO(g) nas linhas 283,306 nm (Pb), 217,582 nm (Sb) e 231,147 nm (Sb) foram eliminadas pela aplicação do método de correção de fundo pelos mínimos quadrados (LSBC). Para a correção de fundo na determinação de Pb, o espectro de referência foi gerado a partir de SiO2. Diferentes precursores foram avaliados para geração do espectro de referência para a correção de fundo na determinação de Sb, sendo a zeólita e a mica os precursores mais eficazes. Efeitos de matriz foram avaliados pela comparação das massas características e inclinações das curvas obtidas em padrões aquosos e amostras (ou material de referência certificado). Calibrações com padrões aquosos foram possíveis e curvas com bom coeficiente de correlação (r>0,99) foram obtidas para todos os analitos. Os limites de detecção foram de 0,06 mg kg -1 Pb, 3,67 µg kg-1 Cd, 0,5 mg kg-1 Cr, 0,292 mg kg-1 Ni e 0,32 mg kg-1 Sb. As concentrações dos analitos encontradas em amostras comerciais de blush, sombra de olho e pó compacto variaram de 1,0 – 27,08 mg kg-1 Pb, 5,06 – 198,20 µg kg-1 Cd, 2,87 – 23,65 mg kg-1 Cr, 1,36 – 12,09 mg kg-1 Ni e 9,14 – 14,52 mg kg-1 Sb. A exatidão foi checada pela análise de material de referência certificado (CRM) de solo, testes de adição e recuperação e/ou método comparativo. As concentrações encontradas no CRM foram concordantes com os valores certificados ao nível de 95% de confiança (teste t). Recuperações variaram de 99 – 108 % (Pb), 86 – 115 % (Cd), 105 – 115 % (Cr), 83 – 106 % (Ni) e 82 – 108 % (Sb). Os resultados para Cd e Pb determinados com os métodos propostos foram concordantes com os obtidos com os métodos comparativos, ao nível de 95% de confiança (teste t-pareado). / This work reports on the development of methods for determination of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Sb in facial cosmetics by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS) employing direct solid sample analysis. This technique was used due to the high capability for background correction based on least-squares algorithm. For Pb and Sb determinations, interferences caused by SiO(g) molecule at the lines 283.306 nm (Pb), 217.582 nm (Sb) and 231.147 nm (Sb) were eliminated by applying the least-squares background correction (LSBC). For background correction in the determination of Pb, a reference spectrum was generated from SiO2. Different precursors were evaluated to generate reference spectra for correction of the background in the determination of Sb, been zeolite and mica the most effective precursors. Matrix effects were evaluated by comparing the characteristics masses and slopes of curves in aqueous standards and sample (or certified reference material). Calibration with aqueous standards were possible, and curves with good correlation coefficients (r>0.99) were attained for all analytes. The limits of detection were 0.06 mg kg-1 Pb, 3.67 µg kg-1 Cd, 0.5 mg kg-1 Cr, 0.292 mg kg-1 Ni and 0.32 mg kg-1 Sb. The found concentrations of analytes in commercial blush, eye shadow and compact powder samples were within 1.0 – 27.08 mg kg-1 Pb, 5.06 – 198.20 µg kg-1 Cd, 2.87 – 23.65 mg kg-1 Cr, 1.36 – 12.09 mg kg-1 Ni, and 9.14 – 14.52 mg kg-1 Sb. Accuracy was checked by analyzing soil certified reference materials (CRM), addition and recovery tests and/or comparative method. The concentrations found in CRM were in agreement with certified values at a 95% confidence level (t-test). Recoveries were in the 99 – 108 % (Pb), 86 – 115 % (Cd), 105 – 115 % (Cr), 83 – 106 % (Ni) and 82 – 108 % (Sb) intervals. Results for Cd and Pb determined with the proposed method were in agreement with those obtained by the comparative method at a 95% confidence level (paired t-test). / CNPq: 47166/2012-8