In the field of outdoor recreation, the problem of increasing user demand for the use of a limited supply of available and appropriate resources is becoming of growing concern. Furthermore, numerous studies have illustrated that excessive use of recreational resources can cause degradation of the physical resource base and result in decreased user enjoyment of the recreation experience. These conditions indicate the need for effective evaluation and allocation of the supply of recreational resources. This will provide for a sustained optimal flow of recreation benefits, and minimization of degradation of resource quality. The major premise of the thesis submits that for purposes of outdoor recreation planning for Galiano Island an integrated approach to natural resource evaluation, based on an ecological framework and incorporating consideration of the activity and user characteristics, can be utilized to optimize resource utility and derived user satisfaction. The methodology of the study include four phases; synthesis of present techniques of natural resource evaluation, identification of the characteristics of the physiographic constituents of the resource base which influence recreational use, assessment of the activity participation and preferences of selected referent recreationist groups, and integration of these elements into a comprehensive approach to outdoor recreation analysis. The natural resource base of Galiano Island, in the British Columbia Gulf Islands, and the recreationists utilizing the island for cottaging, camping and boating activities are selected for the case study. The analysis of the resource base indicates that spatial differentiation on the island, on the basis of physiographic characteristics, provides a good means by which to allocate the selected activities. The data provided by the user groups serves to indicate the nature and scope of activities which provide for optimal enjoyment of the recreation experience. On the basis of the findings, a suggested development scheme for Galiano Island is prepared. The results of the study illustrate that an integrated approach to outdoor recreation planning, incorporating resource, activity and user characteristics, can provide a means by which to enhance and protect outdoor recreation values of the resource base and the recreationists alike. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the factors which explain the patterns of outdoor recreation that a given population pursues on a given land surface. Patterns of use were understood as (1) the types of activities the population pursued and the frequency with which they pursued them, and (2) the distribution of these activities over a differentiated land surface. Emphasis was placed on designing a methodological framework within which the explanatory value of postulated sets of factors can be examined. The data used to illustrate the methodology was taken from a study of the outdoor recreational use of Galiano Island done by The University of British Columbia School of Community and Regional Planning during the summer of 1969. (1) I made the operational assumption that the observed variation in the types and frequency of outdoor recreation activities pursued by groups of visitors to Galiano Island could be explained by differences in the "internal" characteristics of the groups. Internal characteristics were defined as all factors contributed by the recreationists themselves such as age, sex, experience, etc., which could influence the way they respond to the landscape. In effect, internal characteristics represent the translative mental processes that mediate between the stimulii the recreationist receives from the landscape and his perceived use of it. I hypothesized that variations in the frequency and types of outdoor recreation activities which visitors to Galiano Island pursued could be explained by a selected set of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the visitor group. The hypothesis was tested by canonical correlation analysis. The results obtained were not significant at the 0.05 level of probability . I argued that the negative results were attributable to the characteristics of the data and that the hypothesis, in a conceptual sense, was not incorrect. (2) The second assumption made was that the areal variation in the recreational use of the land surface, generally and for specific activities, could be explained by variations in the characteristics of the landscape itself. I hypothesized that the number of visits (irrespective of activity) that recreationists paid to lot areas on Galiano Island could be predicted from measures of the accessibility, development, and proximity to the shoreline of the lot. Following this, I hypothesized that the number of visits paid to lot areas for each of three specific activities (going to the beach, camping, hiking) could be predicted from the same set of measurements. These hypotheses were tested by multiple regression analysis. Two of the four analyses produced equations which were significant at the 0.001 level of probability. The first showed that the combined total of visits for all activities could be predicted from measurements of the accessibility, development, and proximity to the shoreline of the lot area. The second significant relationship showed that visits paid to lot areas for the purpose of going to the beach could be predicted from the same set of measurements. Both equations, although significant, had questionable explanatory value owing to the nature of the data. The sample size was too small to permit adequate testing of the hypotheses. The recent literature and the direction pointed to by the results obtained in this study support the conceptual framework which I have presented. However, the data used were largely inadequate to test the conceptual basis of the methodologies proposed. I have suggested throughout the study where improvements for the collection of data can be made. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis analyses a special form of land conservation, community-initiated conservation (CIC). CIC is rooted in communities working to protect lands that they deem biologically or recreationally important. A community starts the CIC process, not government or conservation organisations. To protect spaces, communities may link with governments for institutional recognition and management, or the land and its management may remain in the hands of the community. Social research methods that place the author/researcher within the context of his value system and the values of the community studied form the cornerstone of the thesis. Of the many ways of analysing CIC, this thesis utilises collaboration theory. To apply collaboration theory to the CIC processes on Galiano, the thesis first sets the context: how land conservation in BC is effected, followed by what makes CIC unique. Ultimately, the theory on collaboration is combined with CIC experiences to develop a framework of analysis, which is then applied to two CIC processes on Galiano Island, BC and answers the following questions: 1. Is collaboration theory a relevant tool for evaluating CICs, particularly if CICs are not "as collaborative" as other processes? 2. Can CIC on Galiano Island, BC be considered collaborative? If CIC on Galiano is collaborative, to what extent was it collaborative in a multistakeholder sense? 3. How well did the citizens of Galiano collaborate? 4. How can collaboration theory strengthen CIC? The research concludes that collaboration theory is a relevant tool to analyse CICs, despite their limited inclusion o f potential public stakeholders suggested by other multistakeholder processes such as the B C Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy. CIC as practised on Galiano did not follow the ideal steps for collaboration according to collaboration theorists; however, the groups did ultimately conserve land. The consequences are a continued contentious atmosphere on the Island, reluctance by all parties to enter other collaborative efforts and mistrust within the community. Finally, the thesis recommends actions for other CICs in B C based on the experiences of the Galiano processes. These recommendations are categorised under the headings: the collaborative process, stakeholders and stakeholder interactions and the larger context of the CIC process.

This thesis analyses a special form of land conservation, community-initiated conservation (CIC). CIC is rooted in communities working to protect lands that they deem biologically or recreationally important. A community starts the CIC process, not government or conservation organisations. To protect spaces, communities may link with governments for institutional recognition and management, or the land and its management may remain in the hands of the community. Social research methods that place the author/researcher within the context of his value system and the values of the community studied form the cornerstone of the thesis. Of the many ways of analysing CIC, this thesis utilises collaboration theory. To apply collaboration theory to the CIC processes on Galiano, the thesis first sets the context: how land conservation in BC is effected, followed by what makes CIC unique. Ultimately, the theory on collaboration is combined with CIC experiences to develop a framework of analysis, which is then applied to two CIC processes on Galiano Island, BC and answers the following questions: 1. Is collaboration theory a relevant tool for evaluating CICs, particularly if CICs are not "as collaborative" as other processes? 2. Can CIC on Galiano Island, BC be considered collaborative? If CIC on Galiano is collaborative, to what extent was it collaborative in a multistakeholder sense? 3. How well did the citizens of Galiano collaborate? 4. How can collaboration theory strengthen CIC? The research concludes that collaboration theory is a relevant tool to analyse CICs, despite their limited inclusion o f potential public stakeholders suggested by other multistakeholder processes such as the B C Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy. CIC as practised on Galiano did not follow the ideal steps for collaboration according to collaboration theorists; however, the groups did ultimately conserve land. The consequences are a continued contentious atmosphere on the Island, reluctance by all parties to enter other collaborative efforts and mistrust within the community. Finally, the thesis recommends actions for other CICs in B C based on the experiences of the Galiano processes. These recommendations are categorised under the headings: the collaborative process, stakeholders and stakeholder interactions and the larger context of the CIC process. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

La thèse a pour objet la culture juive à Candie au cours des XIVe-XVIe siècles et, en particulier, l’influence exercée par la culture et les traditions des juifs sépharades et ashkénazes, qui s’établirent sur l’île dès la moitié du quatorzième siècle. La thèse se base d’un côté sur des sources administratives et notariales et, de l’autre, sur les manuscrits hébreux produits à Candie ou apportés là-bas par les immigrés pendant la période considérée. Le premier chapitre porte sur la communauté juive de Candie dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle, et fournit de nouvelles informations à l’égard de la situation du quartier juif, de ses synagogues, de sa composition sociale, de sa démographie et de la biographie d’Élie Capsali, qui représentait la principale autorité spirituelle à cette époque. Le deuxième chapitre rassemble les informations disponibles concernant l’immigration juive à Candie des siècles XIV-XV. Le troisième chapitre examine certaines particularités de la liturgie synagogale élaborée par les Juifs de Candie sous l’impulsion de la tradition française et ashkénaze. Le quatrième chapitre analyse deux listes de livres religieux et médicaux: les deux listes, qui remontent à la deuxième moitié du quinzième siècle, sont ici interprétées comme un indice de la diffusion de la culture médicale sépharade à Candie, qui se vérifia par le moyen des immigrés catalans. Le cinquième chapitre est dédié à Mosheh ben Yehudah Galiano, un médecin, philosophe et astronome de Constantinople qui séjourna à Candie de 1526/27 jusqu’à1543. Le dernier chapitre porte sur les effets provoqués dans le quartier juif par l’épidémie de peste qui s’abattit sur Candie en 1592. / The thesis investigates the culture of the Cretan Jews in the XIV-XVI centuries and concentrates on how the Sephardi and Ashkenazi immigrants who began to settle on the island around mid-XIV century contributed in shaping a shared culture. The thesis is based both on the administrative and notarial documents preserved in the State Archive in Venice and on the Hebrew manuscripts produced by Candiote Jews or brought there by the new settlers. The first chapter offers a reconnaissance of the Jewish community of Candia in the early XVI century and brings new information on the geography of the zudeca, its administration, its social composition, the amount of its population, and the biography of its main leader at the time: Elijah Capsali (d. 1550). The third chapter illustrates some of the peculiarities that the Candiote synagogal liturgy developed under the influence of Ashkenazi settlers. The fourth chapter deals with two lists of books found in a manuscript preserved in the University Library of Bologna, and shows how they can be viewed as a testimony of the role played by Catalonian immigrants in the spread of Sephardi medical lore among Candiote Jews. The fifth chapter is dedicated to Mosheh ben Judah Galiano, a physician, philosopher and astronomer who settled in Candia in the late ’20s of the Sixteenth century and left the island on 1543. The sixth chapter offers an examination of the plague that struck Candia in 1592 and its impact on the Jewish community.

Food forestry has grown in its popularity in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, which it has not been traditionally practiced before, for its potential to produce healthy food, to create habitat for wildlife species, to reconnect people with nature and to provide various ecosystem services such as carbon storage. Diverse food forest projects are conceived from urban food initiatives to integrated conservation and restoration planning. Currently, the Galiano Conservancy Association is creating two food forests in the heart of a mature Coastal Douglas-fir landscape on Galiano Island, British Columbia, which is protected under a conservation covenant, in pursuit of sustainable food production, education and contribution to ecological restoration and conservation efforts. To investigate the relationships between emerging food forestry and ecological restoration and to identify key indicators to measure best practices of food forestry in the context of ecological restoration, I conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with food forestry and ecological restoration experts. In addition, I conducted a workshop with the Conservancy stakeholders to develop a comprehensive and systematic monitoring framework for their food forest projects. My studies suggest that restoration principles and resilience thinking can provide guidelines for restorative food forestry. Food forestry may serve as an innovative restoration tool to restore urban landscapes where lack significant opportunities for conventional restoration. A generic monitoring framework for food forestry could be adapted by other projects, yet this will require the process of defining goals and objectives of a given project and assessing landscape contexts and the organization’s capacity to monitor. / Graduate / soph.park@yahoo.ca

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I compared forest structural parameters of treated and untreated plots on a forest restoration site on Galiano Island, British Columbia. The site was replanted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) Franco) after being intensively logged in the 1970s and then thinned in the early 2000s. I used existing baseline data from 8 permanent plots (5 treated, 3 control) and compared it with forest assessment data collected in the field in the summer of 2017. Additionally, I used 16 temporary plots (8 treated, 8 control). I assessed vegetation percentage cover by plot, coarse woody debris by plot, tree diameter, species and status (n = 846), height (n = 48) and diameter growth (n = 271). I found that treated plots showed improved measures of structural diversity like diameter growth, crown ratios and plant diversity, but I was unable to relate the increased diameter growth to the restoration treatments. My findings suggest that to create a lasting impact, restoration thinning will have to be more frequent or create larger gaps. I then reviewed the current studies with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in ecological restoration. I evaluated potential use of hobbyist UAVs for small organizations and not-for-profits and found that if applied correctly, UAVs can increase the amount of available data before, during and after restoration. Reproducible and reliable results require trained personnel and calibrated sensors. UAVs can increase access to remote areas and decrease disturbance of sensitive ecosystems. Regulations, limited flight time and processing time remain important restrictions on UAV use and hobbyist UAVs have a limit availability of sensors and flight performance. Finally, I used images taken from a hobbyist UAV to assess forest structure of the restoration site on Galiano Island and compared my results with the ground measurements. I found a canopy height model (CHM) from UAV images underestimated mean tree height values for the study site on average by 10.2 metres, while also severely underestimating mean stem densities. Using a 2 metre threshold, I delineated canopy gaps which accounted for 6 % of the canopy. UAV images and the resulting CHM represent a new visualization of the study site’s structure and can be a helpful tool in the communication of restoration outcomes to a wider audience. They are not, however, sufficient for monitoring or scientific applications. / Graduate

\"Galiano Ciampaglia. Razões de uma arquitetura\" - estuda um arquiteto que identifica as bases da profissão no ofício do pai, um mestre-canteiro a serviço de Ramos de Azevedo. Vinculado com seus pares, Jacob Ruchti e Miguel Forte, à historiografia da cidade através do edifício-sede IAB-SP, Galiano Ciampaglia (n.1913) é também protagonista do pioneirismo da Escola de Engenharia Mackenzie que, em 1939, forma a primeira turma de arquitetos paulistas reconhecidos pelo Ministério da Educação e da Saúde. Desenhado a partir de fragmentos de quase um século, o caráter do estudo é em primeiro lugar de natureza histórica. O diferencial do gênero é agregar a um estudioso de Frank Lloyd Wright e à uma produção focada na casa paulista, uma personalidade e uma formação ao mesmo tempo pragmática e erudita, fundamentais à compreensão de sua obra e de sua reserva. / \"Galiano Ciampaglia. Reasons for an architecture\" studies an architect that identifies as bases for his profession, his own father\'s occupation, as a master - mason that worked for Ramos de Azevedo. Together with his partners, Jacob Ruchti e Miguel Forte, Galiano Ciampaglia (born 1913) is connected to the history of the city as one of the designers of IAB-SP\'s main office. He is also a graduate of Mackenzie Engineering School\'s first class of architect\'s officially recognized in São Paulo by the Ministry of Education and Health. Drawn from the scraps of nearly a century, the essence of the study is primarily historic. The differentiation in this case is to add to this Frank Lloyd Wright admirator and a residential specialist, a personality and background at the same time pragmatic and erudite, fundamental to the understanding of his work and heritage.