Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1979.pdf: 2208972 bytes, checksum: e233199cf0f55587baf4e545b627b83a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-27 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This work reports the quantification of NADH formed by an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of T. cruzi using multidimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. For this, The IMER was used in the first dimension while an analytical C8 column was used in the second dimension. The conditions of the pre-treatment of the fused silica capillary tubes and the covalent immobilization of the enzyme into the capillary were successfully optimized, resulting in increased enzymatic activity and stability. Kinetic studies for the T. cruzi GAPDH-IMER were carried out to verify the influence of the immobilization over the enzyme affinity for the substrate and cofactor. The kinetic results for the IMERs of human and parasite GAPDH enzymes were compared to those obtained with the enzymes in solution, and showed that the covalent immobilization method used affected mainly the affinity of the human enzyme for the substrate. The human and parasite GAPDH-IMERs were employed for the ligand screening. The ligands recognized by the IMERs were the same identified by the enzymes in solution, showing that the immobilized enzymes kept the ability of recognizing the activity compounds modulators. The IMERs demonstrated to be a useful tool also for inhibitors binding reversibility characterization. In view of the high costs and difficulties involved on enzyme purification, the methods described in this work represents a valuable way of preserving enzyme activity and carrying out a variety of biochemical experiments. / Este trabalho descreve a quantificação do NADH formado pela reação do biorreator da enzima gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH) de T. cruzi usando cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência multidimensional. Para isto, o biorreator foi usado na primeira dimensão e uma coluna analítica C8 na segunda dimensão. As etapas de pré-tratamento dos capilares de s匀ica fundida e da imobilização covalente da enzima, neste suporte, foram otimizadas com sucesso, resultando no aumento da atividade e da estabilidade da enzima. Os estudos cin騁icos para a enzima GAPDH-Tc imobilizada foram realizados para verificar se o método de imobilização empregado afetou a afinidade da enzima pelo substrato ou cofator. Os resultados obtidos com os biorreatores das enzimas GAPDH-Tc e humana foram comparados 瀲ueles obtidos com as enzimas em solução, e evidenciaram que o método de imobilização covalente afetou principalmente a afinidade da enzima humana pelo substrato. Os biorreatores das enzimas do parasita e humana foram empregados para a triagem de ligantes. Os ligantes reconhecidos pelos biorreatores foram os mesmos identificados pelas enzimas em solução, evidenciando que a enzima imobilizada reteve a capacidade de reconhecer os compostos capazes de modular a atividade enzim疸ica. Os biorreatores mostraram-se uma ferramenta 偀il na caracterização dos inibidores quanto ・reversibilidade da ligação. Considerando os altos custos e as dificuldades envolvidas na purificação de enzimas, os procedimentos descritos neste trabalho representam um valioso método para preservar a atividade enzim疸ica e para a realização de uma variedade de ensaios bioquímicos.

Blastocystis is an important parasite that infects humans and a wide range of animals like rats, birds, reptiles, etc. infecting a sum of 60% of world population. It belongs to the Stramenopiles, a Heterologous group that includes for example the Phythophthora infestans the responsible for the Irish potato famine. Previous work had reported the presence of an unusual fusion protein that is composed of two of the main glycolytic enzymes; Triosephosphate isomerase-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TPI-GAPDH). Little is known about this protein. Blastocystis TPI-GAPDH and Blastocystis enolase were both characterized biochemically and biophysically in this project. The phylogenetic relationships of those two proteins among other members of either Stramenopiles, or other members of the kingdom of life were examined and found to be grouping within the chromalveolates. Our studies revealed that those two proteins, Blastocystis enolase and Blastocystis TPI-GAPDH, had a peptide signal targeting them to the mitochondria. This was an unusual finding knowing that text books always referred to the glycolytic pathway as a canonical cytoplasmic pathway. Structural studies had also been conducted to unravel the unknown structure of the fusion protein Blastocystis TPI-GAPDH. X-ray crystallography had been conducted to solve the protein structure and the protein was found to be a tetrameric protein composed of a central tetrameric GAPDH protein flanked with two dimmers of TPI protein. Solving its structure would be the starting point towards reviling the role that TPI-GAPDH might play in Blastocystis and other organisms that it was found in as well. Although a fusion protein, the individual components of the fusion were found to contain all features deemed essential for function for TPI and GAPDH and contain all expected protein motifs for these enzymes.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known human RNA pathogen. It requires the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) for virion production and transmission, and is hence closely associated with HBV in natural infections. HDV RNA encodes only two viral proteins - the small and the large delta antigens. Due to its limited coding capacity, HDV needs to exploit host factors to ensure its propagation. However, few human proteins are known to interact with the HDV RNA genome. The current study has identified several host proteins interacting with an HDV-derived RNA promoter by multiple approaches: mass spectrometry of a UV-crosslinked ribonucleoprotein complex, RNA affinity chromatography, and screening of a library of purified RNA-binding proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation, both in vitro and ex vivo, confirmed the interactions of eEF1A1, p54nrb, PSF, hnRNP-L, GAPDH and ASF/SF2 with both polarities of the HDV RNA genome. In vitro transcription assays suggested a possible involvement of eEF1A1, GAPDH and PSF in HDV replication. At least three of these proteins, eEF1A1, GAPDH and ASF/SF2, have also been shown to associate with potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) RNA. Because HDV’s structure and mechanism of replication share many similarities with viroids, subviral helper-independent plant pathogens, I transfected human hepatocytes with RNA derived from PSTVd. Here, I show that PSTVd RNA can replicate in human hepatocytes. I further demonstrate that a mutant of HDV, lacking the delta antigen coding region (miniHDV), can also replicate in human cells. However, both PSTVd and miniHDV require the function of the small delta antigen for successful replication. Our discovery that HDV and PSTVd RNAs associate with similar RNA-processing pathways and translation machineries during their replication provides new insight into HDV biology and its evolution.

Classically considered as a soluble system of enzymes, glycolysis does not conform to the known function and subcellular microcompartmentation pattern. Certain glycolytic enzymes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) could be found at different cellular locations in animal cells, where it exhibited its non-glycolytic activities. Determination of the subcellular localization of two cytosolic GAPDH isoforms from Arabidopsis thaliana (GapC1 and GapC2), fused to Fluorescent Proteins (FP), was investigated in the transiently transformed mesophyll protoplasts, using confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Apart from its cytosolic distribution, the nuclear compartmentation of GapC:FP was observed in this study, as well as its punctuate or aggregate-like localization. Part of the GapC:FP foci were observed as mitochondria-associated. A further yeast two-hybrid screen with both GapC isoforms as baits allowed to identify the mitochondrial porin (VDAC3; At5g15090) as a protein-protein interaction partner. Further tests with one-on-one yeast two-hybrid and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) assays showed that the detected binding between plant VDAC3 and GapC in yeast cells was false positive. Interestingly, aldolase interacted with VDAC3, as well as with GapC in plant protoplasts, using the BiFC method. On the other hand, no such interaction could be detected in the one-on-one yeast two-hybrid assay. Thus, a model of indirect mitochondrial association of GapC via aldolase that binds directly to mitochondrial porin is proposed to occur only upon certain cellular conditions. Attempts to show the binding of Arabidopsis GAPDH to the actin cytoskeleton in vivo failed, whereas in vitro cosedimentation assays demonstrated that the fully active, recombinant glycolytic enzyme binds to rabbit F-actin. Moreover, is the presence of the GapC cofactor NAD and a reducing agent (DTT), the enzyme might exhibit an actin-bundling activity.

Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d'apporter une percée conceptuelle pour une compréhension en profondeur des mécanismes moléculaires des protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées (IDPs) et de leurs rôles dans la physiologie cellulaire de Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. La combinaison d’approches expérimentale et bioinformatique m’a permis d’identifier 682 protéines thermorésistantes chez C. reinhardtii. Parmi celles-ci, 299 protéines sont systématiquement prédites comme potentielles IDP par quatre algorithmes de prédiction de désordre. Nos résultats indiquent que le pourcentage désordonné moyen de ces protéines prédites comme étant des IDPs est d'environ 20%, et la plupart d'entre elles (~70%) sont adressées à d'autres compartiments que la mitochondrie et le chloroplaste. Leur composition en acides aminés est biaisée par rapport à d'autres IDPs de la base de données de protéines désordonnées (DisProt). Ces IDPs potentielles jouent des fonctions moléculaires diverses, et 54% d'entre elles sont des cibles de phosphorylation.Notre travail a également augmenté l’état des connaissances sur l'adénylate kinase 3 (ADK3), une enzyme contenant une région intrinsèquement désordonnée (IDR). Cette enzyme a été isolée par notre approche globale pour caractériser les IDPs de l’algue verte. L’extension C-terminale désordonnée (CTE) de cette enzyme lui confère de nouvelles fonctions comme par exemple, la formation d’un complexe bi-enzymatique avec la glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate déshydrogénase (GAPDH), la régulation (négative) de l'activité GAPDH avec le NADPH comme cofacteur, et le rôle de chaperon pour la GAPDH en la protégeant de la dénaturation par traitement thermique et de l’agrégation. / The objectives of this work were to bring a conceptual breakthrough for an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and their roles in the cellular physiology of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Using experimental approaches, 682 heat-resistant proteins were identified as putative IDPs. Among them, 299 proteins were consistently predicted as IDPs by all four disordered predictors. The mean percentage of disordered residues content of these IDPs is about 20%, and most of them (~70%) are addressed to other compartments than mitochondrion and chloroplast. These newly identified IDPs from C. reinhardtii have a biased amino acid composition as regard to other IDPs from the Database of protein disorder (DisProt). Furthermore, they play diverse molecular functions, and 54% of them are the targets for phosphorylation. Our work also revealed more knowledge of the IDR-containing protein adenylate kinase 3 (ADK3) that was extracted by heat-treatment. Its disordered C-terminal extension (CTE) brought new functions to this protein. For instance, via its CTE, ADK3 can form a bi-enzyme complex with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), down-regulates the NADPH-dependent GAPDH activity, and behaves as a chaperone for GAPDH against its aggregation and inactivation under heat-treatment.

Des recherches en sciences judiciaires ont montré récemment une possible corrélation entre le temps d’entreposage d’échantillons de fluides corporels et la dégradation de l’ARN dans ceux-ci. Le moment où une tache a été déposée sur une scène de crime peut être important pour déterminer la pertinence d’un échantillon dans une enquête. Dans ce mémoire, nous rapportons les profils de dégradation de quatre ARN différents mesurés par RT-qPCR, soit l’ARN ribosomique 18S et les ARNm de la β-actine, de la glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate déhydrogénase et de la cyclophiline A, obtenus de taches de sang, de salive et de sperme, entreposés à la température de la pièce ou au congélateur à -80°C sur une période de 6 mois. Nos résultats montrent une faible variation interindividuelle pour le sang et le sperme, mais une différence importante entre les donneurs pour la salive. De plus, le profil de dégradation est semblable pour tous les transcrits, mais diffère entre les fluides. La congélation des échantillons stabilise les ARN avant leur analyse. Finalement, la quantité d’ARN détecté est en relation avec le temps d’entreposage et pourrait être utilisée afin d’estimer l’âge des échantillons lorsque l’impact des conditions d’entreposage sur la dégradation de l’ARN sera mieux connu. / Recent studies in forensic science have shown a possible correlation between the degradation rate of some RNA transcripts and the age of bloodstains. The time of deposition of a stain can be of major importance to determine the relevance of a sample in a forensic investigation. In this thesis, we describe the degradation profiles of the 18S ribosomal RNA and the β-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and cyclophilin A mRNAs, measured by RT-qPCR and obtained from dried blood, semen and saliva stains stored at room temperature or frozen at -80°C up to 6 months. Our results showed low inter-individual variation for blood and semen stains, but a high variation was observed between donors for saliva. Moreover, degradation profile of each transcripts was similar, but differed between fluids. Freezing samples prevented RNA degradation over time. Finally, RNA quantity was in relation with the time of storage and could be used to estimate the time since deposition of a stain when the effects of various storage conditions on RNA degradation profiles will be better documented. / Projet de recherche réalisé en collaboration avec la section Biologie/ADN du Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale (LSJML) de Montréal.

Des recherches en sciences judiciaires ont montré récemment une possible corrélation entre le temps d’entreposage d’échantillons de fluides corporels et la dégradation de l’ARN dans ceux-ci. Le moment où une tache a été déposée sur une scène de crime peut être important pour déterminer la pertinence d’un échantillon dans une enquête. Dans ce mémoire, nous rapportons les profils de dégradation de quatre ARN différents mesurés par RT-qPCR, soit l’ARN ribosomique 18S et les ARNm de la β-actine, de la glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate déhydrogénase et de la cyclophiline A, obtenus de taches de sang, de salive et de sperme, entreposés à la température de la pièce ou au congélateur à -80°C sur une période de 6 mois. Nos résultats montrent une faible variation interindividuelle pour le sang et le sperme, mais une différence importante entre les donneurs pour la salive. De plus, le profil de dégradation est semblable pour tous les transcrits, mais diffère entre les fluides. La congélation des échantillons stabilise les ARN avant leur analyse. Finalement, la quantité d’ARN détecté est en relation avec le temps d’entreposage et pourrait être utilisée afin d’estimer l’âge des échantillons lorsque l’impact des conditions d’entreposage sur la dégradation de l’ARN sera mieux connu. / Recent studies in forensic science have shown a possible correlation between the degradation rate of some RNA transcripts and the age of bloodstains. The time of deposition of a stain can be of major importance to determine the relevance of a sample in a forensic investigation. In this thesis, we describe the degradation profiles of the 18S ribosomal RNA and the β-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and cyclophilin A mRNAs, measured by RT-qPCR and obtained from dried blood, semen and saliva stains stored at room temperature or frozen at -80°C up to 6 months. Our results showed low inter-individual variation for blood and semen stains, but a high variation was observed between donors for saliva. Moreover, degradation profile of each transcripts was similar, but differed between fluids. Freezing samples prevented RNA degradation over time. Finally, RNA quantity was in relation with the time of storage and could be used to estimate the time since deposition of a stain when the effects of various storage conditions on RNA degradation profiles will be better documented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1925.pdf: 5727198 bytes, checksum: 46e27e09d790ee7c1350bedf5b1e7a8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in 15 countries in Latin America, including Brazil, and it is estimated that about 16 million people are infected by this protozoan. The enzyme glyceraldehyde-3- phosphato-dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) is one of the nine enzymes involved in the T. cruzi glycolysis and experimentally it was proved that inhibition of this metabolic pathway causes the elimination of trypanosomes in the bloodstream. Among several natural products that have presented interesting inhibitory activity against this enzyme are the anacardic acids, isolated from cashew-nut shells. Many biologic and/or pharmacologic properties have been described for this class of compounds. In this work a serie of anacardic acids and analogues were synthetized and their biological activity evaluated . In total, 23 compounds were prepared and evaluated against T. cruzi gGAPDH and Schistossoma mansoni purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) enzymes. In both cases the most active compound was 6-n-decylsalicylic acid with IC50 of 55 and 30 M respectively. Through the analysis of the experimental results together with the molecular dock studies, it was possible to observe that the size and substituents of alkyl side chain in these compounds can influence the inhibitory activity and the free hydroxyl groups in the ring are essential for the activity. / A doença de Chagas, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, é endêmica em 15 países da América Latina, incluindo o Brasil, e estima-se que cerca de 16 milhões de pessoas estão infectadas por este protozoário. A enzima gliceraldeído-3-fosfato-desidrogenase glicossomal (gGAPDH) é uma das nove enzimas presentes na via glicolítica desse protozoário, e experimentalmente foi comprovado que a inibição dessa via leva à eliminação dos tripanosomas da corrente sanguínea. Dentre diversos produtos naturais que apresentaram atividade inibitória contra esta enzima estão os ácidos anacárdicos, isolados do óleo da castanha de caju. Várias propriedades biológicas e/ou farmacológicas têm sido descritas para esta classe de compostos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e avaliar a atividade biológica de uma coleção de ácidos anacárdicos e análogos. No total, 23 compostos foram preparados e avaliados com as enzimas gGAPDH de T. cruzi e Purina Nucleosídeo Fosforilase (PNP) de Schistossoma mansoni. Em ambos os casos, o composto mais ativo foi o ácido 6-n-decilsalicílico que apresentou um IC50 de 55 e 30 M, respectivamente. Analisando-se os resultados obtidos, juntamente com estudos de modelagem molecular, observouse que o tamanho e subtituintes na cadeia lateral alquílica podem influenciar na atividade inibitória e que as hidroxilas livres das funções presentes no anel são essenciais para a atividade.

Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen dienten dazu, die Eigenschaften und Grundlagen zur Regulation der chloroplastidären NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH im Wechsel zwischen Licht- und Dunkelmetabolismus aufzuklären. Dazu wurden Untersuchungen mit dem System ‘isoliertes Enzym’ und dem System ‘isolierte Chloroplasten’ durchgeführt. Durch die Herstellung proteolysierter NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH und rekombinanter Untereinheiten GapAM, GapBM und GapBMDC, sowie gleichzeitig exprimierter GapAMBM und GapAMBMDC war die Möglichkeit geschaffen, die Funktion der CTE bei der Regulation zu untersuchen. Eigenschaften von NAD(H)-abhängiger plastidärer GapCp konnten mit angereinigtem und rekombinant hergestelltem Enzym aus roter Paprikafrucht ermittelt werden. Regulation von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH im isolierten intakten Chloroplasten aus Spinat Durch Reduktion von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH in belichteten isolierten intakten Spinatplastiden, vermutlich durch Thioredoxinf, ist das Enzym sensitiver gegenüber 1,3bisPGA, da der Ka-Wert von 17-21 µM auf ca. 1-2 µM gesenkt wird. Die gleichzeitig steigende Konzentration von 1,3bisPGA auf ca. 0,8 µM im Chloroplasten führt zur Aktivierung und damit verbundener Dissoziation des Enzyms. Die Aktivierung betrifft ausschließlich die NADPH-abhängigen Aktivitäten. NADPH, NADP und ATP scheiden als Aktivatoren in vivo aus, da sie bei im Chloroplasten im Licht und im Dunkeln herrschenden Konzentrationen von 140 µM NAD das Enzym nicht aktivieren und unphysiologisch hohe Konzentrationen der Effektoren zur Aktivierung des Enzyms benötigt würden. Die Inaktivierung im Dunkeln erfolgt durch Absenkung der 1,3bisPGA-Konzentration, und das Enzym wird durch ein bislang nicht bekanntes Oxidationsmittel oxidiert. NAD, sowie möglicherweise auch GAP und NADH sind an der Inaktivierung und gleichzeitigen Aggregation beteiligt. Die CTE der Untereinheit B ist für die Aggregation/Dissoziation von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH verantwortlich Im Vergleich von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH-Isoenzymen besitzt ausschließlich GapB aus Chloroplasten höherer Pflanzen eine CTE von 28-32 Aminosäuren Länge. Sie ist gekennzeichnet durch zwei konservierte Cysteine, zwischen denen sich acht Aminosäuren befinden. In der Mitte dieser acht Aminosäuren befindet sich ein Prolin, welches u.a. für den Richtungswechsel bei der Faltung eines Proteins verantwortlich ist, so dass sich zwischen den beiden Cysteinen eine Disulfidbrücke ausbilden könnte. Die CTE aus Spinat besitzt außerdem einen hohen Anteil von sieben negativ geladenen Aminosäuren. In Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Modell enwickelt, welches beinhaltet, dass die Aggregation von vier (A2B2)-Tetrameren über Salzbrückenbindung negativ geladener Aminosäuren der CTE und nach außen exponierten positiv geladenen Aminosäuren von GapA vermittelt wird. Ergebnisse mit NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH, der die CTE fehlt, d.h. proteolysierte NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH und rekombinant hergestellte GapAM, GapBMDC und GapAMBMDC bestätigen das Modell. Die drei tetrameren Formen, sowie die gleichzeitig exprimierte GapAMBMDC sind nicht fähig, zu aggregieren. Ausschließlich GapB und die gleichzeitig exprimierte GapAMBMC aggregieren in eine hochmolekulare Form von ca. 470 kDa, bzw. eine Mischung von 470 und 300 kDa. Die CTE der Untereinheit B ist für die Redoxmodulation von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH verantwortlich. NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH höherer Pflanzen besitzt fünf konservierte Cysteine: 18, 149, 153, 274 und 285, wovon sich Cystein 149 und Cystein 153 im aktiven Zentrum befinden. Cystein 153 in nicht an der Katalyse beteiligt. In der CTE von GapB sind zusätzlich zwei Cysteine 355 und 364 konserviert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die lange Zeit prognostizierte intramolekulare Disulfidbrücke zwischen Cystein 18 und 285 nicht vorhanden ist. Dies ergibt sich aus der Tatsache, dass in Algen, deren NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH als redoxmoduliert beschrieben ist, Cystein 285 nicht vorkommt. Weiterhin zeigen eigene Ergebnisse, dass NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH, der die CTE fehlt, d.h. proteolysierte NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH, rekombinant hergestellte GapAM und GapBMDC, weder durch DTTred noch in Kombination mit 1,3bisPGA aktiviert werden. Die tetrameren Formen sind nicht redoxmoduliert. Daraus wird gefolgert, dass die für die Redoxmodulation verantwortliche Disulfidbrücke sich in der CTE von GapB befindet. Die CTE der Untereinheit B ist für die Nucleotidspezifität von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH verantwortlich Die Bindung von NADPH, bzw. NADH in den verschiedenen Isoenzymen von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH hängt von der Aminosäurezusammensetzung in den Positionen 32, 33, 187 und 188 ab. Die Aminosäuren 187 und 188 befinden sich auf einem S-loop, der in das aktive Zentrum eines benachbarten Monomers hineinreicht und mit ihm eine funktionelle Einheit bildet. NAD(H) wird in den Positionen 32 und 33 gebunden; eine Bindung von NADP(H) ist durch sterische Hinderung und Ladung des Prolins 188, welches in cytosolischer NAD(H)-GAPDH vorkommt, nicht möglich. Da chloroplastidäre NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH in der Position 188 ein Serin besitzt, kann die Phosphatgruppe von NADP(H) binden. Aufgrund der Affinitäten der inaktiven 600 kDa- und aktiven 150 kDa-NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH für NADPH, bzw. der in Chloroplasten im Licht wie im Dunkeln herrschenden NADPH-Konzentrationen, wäre es theoretisch möglich, dass das Coenzym sowohl bei Belichtung als auch im Dunkeln umgesetzt wird. Während des Licht-Dunkel-Übergangs wechselt das Enzym jedoch zwischen dem Coenzym NADPH und NAD. In dieser Arbeit konnte anhand eines Modells aufgezeigt werden, dass im Dunkel-adaptierten Chloroplasten die Bindung von NADPH an der Aminosäure 188 unterbunden ist, da der S-loop um einige A aus dem aktiven Zentrum gezogen wird. Ursache dafür ist mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit die CTE, die in der 600 kDa-Form an positiv geladenen Aminosäuren des S-loops bindet. Die Aktivierung von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH in struktureller Hinsicht. Die 600 kDa-Form von NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH ist mit dem Coenzym NADPH inaktiv, da sich innerhalb der CTE eine Disulfidbrücke gebildet hat. Die strukturelle Änderung der CTE erlaubt es, dass negativ geladenene Aminosäuren der CTE an nach außen exponierten positiv geladenen Aminosäuren eines S-loops von GapA binden können. Dadurch ist eine Bindung von NADPH im aktiven Zentrum an den S-loop nicht möglich. NAD kann ungehindert binden. Bei einsetzender Belichtung wird die Disulfidbrücke der CTE aufgebrochen, ohne dass das Enzym dissoziert. Mit steigenden Konzentrationen von dreifach negativ geladenem 1,3bisPGA wird die Salzbrückenbindung zwischen der CTE und dem S-loop gelöst, so dass NAD(P)(H)-GAPDH in vier Tetramere dissoziiert und gleichzeitig NADPH umsetzen kann.

No description available.