In this master’s paper the juridical base of dangerous garbage of LR has been analysed. The regulation problems of dangerous garbage in Lithuania after the regeneration of independence has been stated. Also the ascensional regulation problems of dangerous garbage and the methods of resolution have been stated. For these reasons special theoretic and practical literature of Lithuanian and foreign authors has been analysed and structured. Analytical – investigative part of this paper has been designed for survey of Šiauliai town residents opinion according to dangerous garbage subject. For this reason, two researches have been done: analysis of two biggest Šiauliai town newspapers and survey of Šiauliai town residents.

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This thesis concentrates on the derivation of a modularised version of the DMOS distributed garbage collection algorithm and the implementation of this algorithm in a distributed computational environment. DMOS appears to exhibit a unique combination of attractive characteristics for a distributed garbage collector but the original algorithm is known to contain a bug and, previous to this work, lacks a satisfactory, understandable implementation. The relationship between distributed termination detection algorithms and distributed garbage collectors is central to this thesis. A modularised DMOS algorithm is developed using a previously published distributed garbage collector derivation methodology that centres on mapping centralised collection schemes to distributed termination detection algorithms. In examining the utility and suitability of the derivation methodology, a family of six distributed collectors is developed and an extension to the methodology is presented. The research work described in this thesis incorporates the definition and implementation of a distributed computational environment based on the ProcessBase language and a generic definition of a previously unimplemented distributed termination detection algorithm called Task Balancing. The role of distributed termination detection in the DMOS collection mechanisms is defined through a process of step-wise refinement. The implementation of the collector is achieved in two stages; the first stage defines the implementation of two distributed termination mappings with the Task Balancing algorithm; the second stage defines the DMOS collection mechanisms.

Due to the consolidation of the capitalist model, technological progress and consequently the excessive consumption of disposable products, has become the great volume of solid waste generated by society, thus creating serious environmental and public health. Beside this problem, the sharp rise in the price of fossil fuels and the possibility of depletion makes it a great demand for alternative energy sources that are renewable, abundant and economically viable. In this context, the use of municipal solid waste as an alternative source of energy emerges as one of the options appropriate for the biogas generated by the decomposition of organic waste is mainly composed by methane (CH4), one of the main greenhouse effect gases trainers and has a high potential energy. This work will focus the exploitation of the urban solid residues as alternative source of energy, mainly in its use as electric energy, identifying your benefits. The main available in the market and used technologies in Brazil for the conversion of the garbage in electric energy will also be identified, characterizing its benefits and impacts that each one can bring to the environment. Moreover, the proposals will be seen that stimulate the use of biogas as renewable energy. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Devido à consolidação do modelo capitalista, dos avanços tecnológicos e consequentemente do excessivo consumo de produtos descartáveis, tornou-se grande o volume de resíduos sólidos gerados pela sociedade, criando assim sérios problemas ambientais e de saúde pública. Ao lado desse problema, a acentuada elevação no preço dos combustíveis fósseis e a possibilidade de seu esgotamento fazem com que seja grande a procura por fontes alternativas de energia, que sejam renováveis, abundantes e economicamente viáveis. Nesse contexto, o aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos como fonte alternativa de energia surge como uma das opções adequadas, pois o biogás gerado pela decomposição orgânica do lixo é composto principalmente pelo gás metano (CH4), um dos principais gases formadores do efeito estufa e que possui um elevado potencial energético. Este trabalho enfocará o aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos como fonte alternativa de energia, principalmente na sua utilização como energia elétrica, identificando seus principais benefícios. Serão identificadas também as principais tecnologias disponíveis no mercado e utilizadas no Brasil para a conversão do lixo em energia elétrica, caracterizando seus benefícios e impactos que cada uma pode trazer ao meio ambiente. Além disso, serão vistas as propostas que incentivam o uso do biogás como energia renovável.

[pt] A solução do problema do descarte dos rejeitos de alta radioatividade é um dos problemas mais sérios para a indústria nuclear, em nossos dias. Para assegurar que os rejeitos nucleares nunca alcançarão a biosfera, os pesquisadores de vários laboratórios estão trabalhando num conceito de barreiras múltiplas, destinado a evitar que as águas subterrâneas e a corrosão comprometam o confinamento dos rejeitos. Em primeiro lugar, os rejeitos do reprocessamento são solidificados e fundidos em cilindros de vidro, cerâmicos ou rocha sintética, dentro de moldes de aço inoxidável, que podem ser incorporados em blocos de concreto. Estes blocos devem ser isolados da biosfera por, pelo menos, 10.000 anos. Isolar blocos em depósitos subterrâneos, parece ser o melhor compromisso entre segurança e viabilidade prática, pois esta é a única tecnologia já dominada e disponível no futuro próximo. Existe tecnologia para escavar poços, abrir cavidades, avaliar condições geológicas e hidrológicas, etc., mas ainda há muitas questões a serem esclarecidas, tais como a estabilidade, sob radiação, a prazos muito longos, dos rejeitos e seus acondicionamentos, as interações entre os rejeitos e a formação geológica, e os efeitos a longo prazo do fluxo de calor sobre a estrutura das rochas. Por conseguinte, é necessário que se iniciem as investigações para selecionar locais potencialmente adequados para a construção de cavernas, destinadas ao descarte de rejeitos, a fim de que se possa iniciar logo alguns projetos de demonstração, pois, atualmente, milhares de toneladas de combustível irradiado, retirado de reatores comerciais em diversos países, aguardam uma solução segura para o problema do descarte. Para projetar uma instalação subterrânea de descarte é necessário avaliar o impacto do calor gerado pelos rejeitos de alto nível, sobre a rocha circundante. Para isso, deve-se conhecer a evolução das temperaturas nesse meio. Na última secção desta monografia, desenvolve-se um método para determinar o campo de transientes temperaturas, em torno de uma instalação desse tipo. / [en] Resolving the high-level waste disposal question is one of the most serious problemas facing the nuclear industry today. To guarantee that nuclear waste never reaches the biosphere, researchers in several laboratories are devising a multiple-barriers concept, to prevent groundwater and corrosion from disturbing the waste disposal site. First, the waste is fused with glass, ceramic or synthetic rock into large cylindrical blocks sealed in stainless-stell canisters, which can be embodied in concrete blocks. Then the blocks are to be isolated for at least 10.000 years. To isolate the blocks by storing them in geologic formations seems to be the best compromise between safety and feasibility, as this is the only technology which will be available for the next several decades. The technology is available to drill holes, construct cavities, evaluate geological and hydroological conditions, etc., but there are still many questions to be answered, such as the very long-term stability of waste forms and its packaging under radiation, interations between waste and the geologic formation, and the long-term effects of heat flux on the geologic structures. Therefore, it is imperative that the necessary investigations move ahead, to select potential disposal sites in geologic formations, in order to start demonstration projects at these sites without further delay, because today there are allready thounsand of tons of spent fuel from commercial reactors in several countries waiting for safe disposal. To design an underground disposal facility, it is necessary to evalute the impact of the heat generated by the high-level waste on the surrounding rock. The last section of this monograph presents a methodology for determining the temperature field arround such a facility.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 caetano_mct_me_jabo.pdf: 257399 bytes, checksum: 9345f2ab37f9803a090aa70b6aad44ad (MD5) / O desenvolvimento dos centros urbanos tem conduzido a um aumento desordenado na geração de resíduos e conseqüente poluição ambiental. Tendo em vista o potencial agronômico dos resíduos gerados pelas cidades, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência do composto de lixo (CL), composto de poda de árvore (CP) e substrato comercial (SC), associados a diferentes lâminas de irrigação no desenvolvimento de porta-enxerto (limão-cravo) de citros. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 6x3, sendo seis diferentes combinações de substratos: S1 – 100% SC; S2 – 80% SC + 20% CP; S3 – 60% SC + 30% CP + 10% CL; S4 – 40% SC + 40% CP + 20% CL; S5 – 20% SC + 50% CP + 30% CL e S6 – 60% CP + 40% CL associados a três lâminas de irrigação: 50% (I1), 100% (I2) e 150% (I3) da evapotranspiração diária medida pelo atmômetro. Os parâmetros avaliados das plantas foram: altura, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, matéria fresca aérea e matéria seca aérea. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a irrigação abaixo da evaporação medida pelo atmômetro causaram efeito negativo no desenvolvimento das plantas e que a reposição de água com 150% (I3) foi a que favoreceu o desenvolvimento. Os substratos S2, o qual se utilizou 80% de SC associado à 20% CP foi os que proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos. Os substratos com porcentagem de composto de lixo superior a 30% mostraram-se inadequados para o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos / The development of urban centers has led to an inordinate increase in the generation of waste and consequent environmental pollution. Considering the agronomic potential of the waste generated by cities, the present work objective was to check the influence of garbage compound (GC), pruning of tree (PT) and commercial substrate (CS), associated to different irrigation blades in the rootstocks (Rangpur Lime) citros development. The experimental delineation adopted was in random blocks in a fatorial scheme 6x3, being six different substrates combinations: S1 – 100% CS; S2 – 80% CS + 20% PT; S3 – 60% CS + 30% PT + 10% GC; S4 – 40% CS + 40% PT + 20% GC; S5 – 20% CS + 50% PT + 30% GC e S6 – 60% PT + 40% GC associated to different irrigation blades: 50% (I1), 100% (I2) e 150% (I3) of the daily evapotranspiration measured by the atmometer. The evaluated plants parameters were: height, leaves number, stem diameter, fresh matter and dry matter of the air part. The results allowed to conclude that the irrigation below the evaporation measured by the atmometer caused negative effect in the plants development and the water replacement with 150 % (I3) was the one that favored the development. The substrates S2, which is used 80% of SC associated with 20% CP was that the enhanced growth of the rootstocks. The substrates with garbage compound percentage superior to 30 % appeared unsuitable for the rootstocks development

Orientador: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez / Banca: Tânia Maria de Campos Leite / Banca: Jayme de Oliveira Campos / Resumo: A produção de lixo vem aumentando de forma preocupante em todo o mundo, estando este fato intrinsecamente ligado aos hábitos de consumo e ao estilo de vida das pessoas. Este é um dos graves problemas da atualidade e qualquer ação que vise sua solução, ou pelo menos sua minimização, é bem vinda. Assim, é dever de toda instituição pública, dentre elas as Universidades, desenvolver relacionados à questão da produção e destinação final dos resíduos sólidos. O presente trabalho tem o intuito de diagnosticar a atual situação de Programas de Coleta Seletiva desenvolvidos por algumas das principais instituições públicas de ensino superior do Estado de São Paulo, dando destaque ao Programa de Coleta Seletiva já em andamento na UNESP - Campus Rio Claro. Também é objetivo do trabalho entender a dinâmica deste Programa e de suas relações com a comunidade local, procurando formular ações que propiciem sua manutenção e continuidade, assim como a criação de novos Programas de minimização de resíduos. / Abstract: The production of garbage is increasing in a dangerous way all over the world, and this fact is inherent to the consumption habits and the people's lifestyle. Nowadays, this is one of the greatest problems and any kind of action to solve or lessen it, is welcome. Thus, it is a duty for all the public institutions, including universities, to develop programs related to garbage production and destination. This research intends to diagnose the current situation of the Recycling Programs developed by some of the main public universities in the State of São Paulo, mainly the program that is happening in UNESP - Campus Rio Claro. It is also the objective of this research to know this program's dynamic and its relations with the local community, in order to formulate actions that assure its maintenance and continuation, as well as the creation of new recycling programs. / Mestre

The aim of the diploma thesis "Optimization of collection routes in a selected region" was to develop a method of evaluation of efficiency of current routes used for garbage collection in urban region and, if these are found inefficient, design more efficient ones. The analysis was performed on a data set pertaining to separated refuse in the city of České Budějovice.

No description available.

Utility Accrual (UA) scheduling is a method of dynamic real-time scheduling that is designed to respond to overload conditions by producing a feasible schedule that heuristically maximizes a pre-defined metric of utility. Whereas utility accrual schedulers have traditionally focused on CPU overload, this dissertation explores memory overload conditions during which the aggregate memory demand exceeds a system's available memory bandwidth. Real-time systems are typically implemented in C or other languages that use explicit dynamic memory management. Taking advantage of modern type-safe languages, such as Java, necessitates the use of garbage collection (GC). The timeliness requirements of real-time systems, however, impose specific demands on the garbage collector. Garbage collection introduces a significant source of unpredictability in the execution timeline of a task because it unexpectedly interjects pauses of arbitrary length, at arbitrary points in time, with an arbitrary frequency. To construct a feasible schedule, a real-time scheduler must have the ability to predict the collector's activities and plan for them accordingly. We have devised CADUS (Collector-Aware Dynamic Utility Scheduler), a utility accrual algorithm that tightly links CPU scheduling with the memory requirements -and the corresponding garbage collection activities - of real-time tasks. By constructing and storing memory time allocation profiles, we address the problem of GC activation strategy. We estimate GC latency by using a real-time collector and modeling its behavior. We project GC frequency by planning, at schedule construction time, the memory bandwidth available to the collector. CADUS can point the collector's activities to any specific task in the system. The runtime system provides this ability by maintaining separate logical heaps for all tasks. We demonstrate the viability of CADUS through extensive simulation studies. We evaluated the behavior of CADUS under a wide range of CPU and memory load conditions and utility distributions. We compared its performance against an existing GC-unaware UA scheduler and found that CADUS consistently outperformed its GC-unaware counterpart. We investigated and identified the reasons for the superior performance of CADUS and quantified our results. Most significantly, we found that in an overloaded dynamic soft real-time system, a scheduler's preemption decisions have a highly significant impact on GC latency. A dynamic real-time scheduler therefore must predict the impact of its preemption decisions on GC latency in order to construct time-feasible schedules. / Ph. D.