This thesis deals with the designing of a garbage collector for the PNtalk virtual machine. It describes and rates the approaches and algorithms for an automatic memory management. Four algorithm families ale presented: mark-sweep, mark-compact, copying algorithms and reference counting. At first it describes sequential forms, that pauses running of the main program (mutator), then it describes parallel and concurent forms, that do not pauses the mutator. The thesis also presents generational model of garbage collecting. The following sections briefly introduces object orientated Petri nets. The result of this thesis is the design of the generational garbage collector for the PNtalk virtual machine.

“The city of living garbage” tours private houses in Austin transformed by their inhabitants into quasi-public places – art environments and permaculture systems made possible by urban waste. The creators of these micro-utopias collect and improvise with salvaged materials like roadside junk, greywater, unwanted animals, and half-forgotten cultural forms to cultivate habitats where undervalued things flourish. They revalue waste through a variety of practices like caring for, teaching, learning, enjoying, and tinkering. Becoming part of these relational patterns is a way to slow down and find wonder and pleasure in the ordinary, but also to act on ecological problems in the larger world. The landscape patches that emerge are lively but vulnerable assemblages that artists, activists, and their nonhuman allies belong to as local characters. By being open for tours, the places loosely connect publics that share modes of attention set on urban natures, salvageable garbage, and vernacular aesthetics. These informal institutions, non-profits, and vulnerable for-profit businesses are caught up in Austin’s current sustainable and cultural development strategies, but also share in an informal economy through their use of valueless wastes. Some articulate with contemporary localization movements that seek to reconfigure water, food, and energy production to decrease their precarious dependence on globalized economies. Others refuse the boundary between art and everyday life by recasting houses as never-ending aesthetic projects. Similarly, as wildlife habitats and urban gardens, they are thriving examples of cultivated places that disrupt an assumed antithesis between cities and ecosystems. These embodied critiques or dreams are small-scale manifestations of what urban natures might become. Borrowing from Deleuze & Guattari, Haraway, Latour, and Thrift, I attend to these places’ ecological and aesthetic relational dynamics that communicate directly through bodies, senses, and forms. This non-representational approach recognizes the contributions of nonhuman agents like plants, animals, microbes, and machines in composing affective landscapes. The writing strives to be a mode of research that is isomorphic with the phenomena it describes. It is impelled by a love of the places, people, and beings it researches; it aspires to preserve a little bit of them by redoubling their presence in the world. / text

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Background: A university is characterized as organized anarchy. According to Cohen, et al. (1972) decision-making occurs in form of A Garbage Can Model (GCM) in such organizations. This model is influenced by some factors such as organizational structure. The influences of some types of organizational structure have been studied based on a computer simulation by Cohen and his colleagues in 1972. However, the study was based on numerical statistics and excluded the influence of genuine characteristics of an organizational structure. Aim: This thesis aims to understand the influence of the dynamic and real characteristics of an organizational structure on a university’s decision-making process. Therefore, this research is conducted to explore how matrix structure influences on decision-making process in Linköping University by reducing uncertainty characteristics of decision-making process. Definitions: A Garbage Can Model: provides a theory framework in order to understand how decisions are made in organizations under condition of organized anarchy. This Model has four heterogeneous streams include decision, solution, decision maker, and choice opportunity. All these streams are moving around within the organization and need to match up in the choice opportunities to make decisions. Matrix Structure: is a structure with focus on multiple dimensions through multiple lines of authority and lateral communication. Results: The Matrix structure reduces the uncertainty of decision-making in Linköping University by managing the information process through the lateral communication. More specifically, the lateral communication occurs based on different approaches such as informal meetings, network of people, management group, and external information. However, the authority aspect in Linköping University has certain tendency towards the single unity of command (centralization), which is in contrast with matrix structure characteristics.

Conventional parallel computer architectures do not provide support for non-uniformly distributed objects. In this thesis, I introduce sparsely faceted arrays (SFAs), a new low-level mechanism for naming regions of memory, or facets, on different processors in a distributed, shared memory parallel processing system. Sparsely faceted arrays address the disconnect between the global distributed arrays provided by conventional architectures (e.g. the Cray T3 series), and the requirements of high-level parallel programming methods that wish to use objects that are distributed over only a subset of processing elements. A sparsely faceted array names a virtual globally-distributed array, but actual facets are lazily allocated. By providing simple semantics and making efficient use of memory, SFAs enable efficient implementation of a variety of non-uniformly distributed data structures and related algorithms. I present example applications which use SFAs, and describe and evaluate simple hardware mechanisms for implementing SFAs. Keeping track of which nodes have allocated facets for a particular SFA is an important task that suggests the need for automatic memory management, including garbage collection. To address this need, I first argue that conventional tracing techniques such as mark/sweep and copying GC are inherently unscalable in parallel systems. I then present a parallel memory-management strategy, based on reference-counting, that is capable of garbage collecting sparsely faceted arrays. I also discuss opportunities for hardware support of this garbage collection strategy. I have implemented a high-level hardware/OS simulator featuring hardware support for sparsely faceted arrays and automatic garbage collection. I describe the simulator and outline a few of the numerous details associated with a "real" implementation of SFAs and SFA-aware garbage collection. Simulation results are used throughout this thesis in the evaluation of hardware support mechanisms.

Since 1980s, government reformation has become a trend all around the world. The role that government plays faced harsh challenges so that changes are of a must. The relationship between central and local governments engaged in adjustment as a consequence. Many countries have realized the importance of decentralization of government powers. Since the declaration of the ending of martial law, Taiwan has proceeded a series of social and political liberation. Economic society and citizen society are becoming more and more vigorous as well. The whole society has been accumulating energy and ready to take off. After the legalization of local autonomy and the awakening of the people on their civil rights, democracy has already been a magic word. People enthusiastically participate in the public affairs they are interested in. Intergovernmental relationship (IGR), on the other hand, is an issue getting more complicated and problematic. The development of local autonomy is shifting from old, conventional, conservative, parochial, authoritarian localism to a new localism, which is open, interdependent, negotiating and regional cooperative. In order to respond to the request of people for more personal services, many local administrations usually deal with businesses that involve more than one region such as refuse disposal, river management, reservoir management, environment protection, mass transportation and health care. All these issues are highly interdependent and need cross-regional cooperation. Local governments should seek solution through the aspect of regional cooperation. Therefore, the key to the increase of government efficiency lies on the implementation of cross-regional cooperation mechanism among local governments. As a matter of fact, many solution strategies aiming cross-regional cooperation were given by many a local government in the world already. This essay studied the parallel interactive cooperation between local governments and provided a cross-regional cooperation solution. The case study included two examples, Taipei-Keelung and Kaohsiung City-County-Pingtong, to compare and analyze their refuse disposal models. I hope this study could help to develop horizontal integration and cross-regional cooperation among local governments and to construct ideal interaction models among vicinity regions so as to build a mechanism for wholesome metropolitan development. As part of the foundation, this study may be referred to as a suggestion for effective solution on cross-regional issues.

A memory leak is a common software vulnerability that will lead to performance degradation of the software or crash or both. A Memory leak is one typical cause of software aging. The phenomenon of memory leaks usually occurs in C/C++ because programmers need to manage memory by themselves when programs run. However, many think that Java does not suffer from memory leaks since Java provides automatic garbage collection. Actually, Java programs will run out of memory unexpectedly after executing for a long time. The reason for Java memory leaks is that reachable objects are no longer needed. These objects should be reclaimed but they can¡¦t because they are still referenced. This thesis introduces a method for filtering the leaked objects in Java memory leak programs. First, we monitor the heap growth after each full garbage collection and the numbers of full garbage collection to identify programs that might have potential memory management problems. Second, we periodically keep track of growth trend of each object of problematic programs and filter out the suspected one by time series analysis. Finally, we execute the program blocks that include objects that we find out to see if the program will run out of memory eventually. The method has been implemented and has been verified successful by four Java memory leak programs.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Computer Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-92). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ67749.

While the themes of garbage and refuse pervade many of the most important works of Italian cinema from the era of Neorealism to the present, thus far no scholarly attempts have been made to examine the commonalities germane to their portrayal and their relationship to larger questions of Italian cultural trends. The present study explores how filmmakers' depiction of the residual is synecdochic of an artistic vision that endeavors to capture reality at its most unprepared and, subsequently, comes to represent the increasing complexity of the mimetic undertaking in an Italian society thrust rapidly into the late stages of capitalism. / Romance Languages and Literatures

Garbage disorders the city. Biosphere reserves reorder nature. This dissertation examines both of these concepts by focusing on the role of garbage in small cities enveloped by conservation space on the northwestern coast of Yucatán, México. Drawing from over two years of ethnographic research in Yucatán, I examine the historical and political relationships that produce garbage, conservation spaces, expectations of development, and gendered work. This project also points to the importance of mixed methodologies and multiple voices in political ecological and feminist geographical research by using a combination of methods, including oral histories and interviews, surveys, and policy analysis. My findings elucidate: how urban garbage is conceptualized and managed in protected coastal wetlands, how women produce new socio-environmental subjectivities through garbage projects, and the degree to which informal garbage use redefines urban and conservation space and creates alternative development possibilities.