Since 1980s, government reformation has become a trend all around the world. The role that government plays faced harsh challenges so that changes are of a must. The relationship between central and local governments engaged in adjustment as a consequence. Many countries have realized the importance of decentralization of government powers. Since the declaration of the ending of martial law, Taiwan has proceeded a series of social and political liberation. Economic society and citizen society are becoming more and more vigorous as well. The whole society has been accumulating energy and ready to take off. After the legalization of local autonomy and the awakening of the people on their civil rights, democracy has already been a magic word. People enthusiastically participate in the public affairs they are interested in. Intergovernmental relationship (IGR), on the other hand, is an issue getting more complicated and problematic. The development of local autonomy is shifting from old, conventional, conservative, parochial, authoritarian localism to a new localism, which is open, interdependent, negotiating and regional cooperative. In order to respond to the request of people for more personal services, many local administrations usually deal with businesses that involve more than one region such as refuse disposal, river management, reservoir management, environment protection, mass transportation and health care. All these issues are highly interdependent and need cross-regional cooperation. Local governments should seek solution through the aspect of regional cooperation. Therefore, the key to the increase of government efficiency lies on the implementation of cross-regional cooperation mechanism among local governments. As a matter of fact, many solution strategies aiming cross-regional cooperation were given by many a local government in the world already. This essay studied the parallel interactive cooperation between local governments and provided a cross-regional cooperation solution. The case study included two examples, Taipei-Keelung and Kaohsiung City-County-Pingtong, to compare and analyze their refuse disposal models. I hope this study could help to develop horizontal integration and cross-regional cooperation among local governments and to construct ideal interaction models among vicinity regions so as to build a mechanism for wholesome metropolitan development. As part of the foundation, this study may be referred to as a suggestion for effective solution on cross-regional issues.

The aim of this thesis is to describe the process of investment decision-making from the perspective of theory and describe the methods used in choosing the best options of investment decision and to determine the best investment option for the company.The thesis is divided into two parts. The aim of the first part is to describe metods which are used for evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment. The main part of the thesis is a practical part. The aim of practical part is to describe the proces development of present legislation as a main risk factor of Investment. The other aim of the thesis is to evaluate and recommend the most advantageous variant. Last but not least aim is to create a model which will be helpful also for other companies in the same situation.

Det har blivit vanligt att kommuner måste hänvisa en ny hämtningsplats pga. att sophämtningsentreprenörens skyddsombud har belagt hämtningen med skyddstopp. Därmed kan inte hushållsavfallet hämtas på den befintliga hämtningsplatsen utan kommunen måste hitta en ny hämtningsplats för hushållsavfallet. Ny hämtningsplats får inte meddelas hur som helst utan detta måste ske i enlighet med lagstiftning och förordningar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få fram riktlinjer för vad som gäller när en ny hämtningsplats för hushållsavfall måste utfärdas och hur kommuner runt om i landet har löst problem som har uppstått i samband med detta. För att kunna upprätta en hämtningsplats måste Kommunen ha rådighet över eller avtal med ägaren till den mark som skall användas för hämtningsplatsen. Kommunerna som svarade på enkäten har löst problemet på olika sätt men i regel har det varit antingen kommunens eller den berörda fastighetsägarens mark som använts till hämtningsplats för hushållssoporna. Avståndet mellan bostaden och hämtningsplatsen kan variera från fall till fall men Avfall Sverige har tagit fram riktlinjer för fritidshus om 400-500 meter. I den enkät som skickats ut så har detta arbete erhållit några exempel från verkligheten, det visade sig att kommunerna har hänvisat hämtningsplats upp till 800 meter från bostaden. Vi anser att riktlinjerna om 400-500 meter till hämtningsplatsen är ett skäligt avstånd för fritidshus men inte för permanentbostäder. Förutsatt att man alltid passerar denna plats när man skall till och från fritidshuset. För permanentbostäder i typiska 70-tals områden anser vi att avståndet inte skall vara längre än 100-200 meter. Utformningen av hämtningsplatsen kan lösas på många sätt, med eller utan fasta installationer. I de fall hämtningsplatsen skall användas av flera fastigheter kan förvaltningen av hämtningsplatsen ske genom en gemensamhetsanläggning. En gemensamhetsanläggning kan förvaltas genom delägarförvaltning eller föreningsförvaltning. / It has become common that municipalities must refer a new waste disposal site due to garbage collection contractor's safety officer has established waste collection with protective stops. Hence the household waste can't be collected at the existing waste disposal site and the municipality must find a new waste disposal site for household waste. A new garbage collection site may not be issued just anyhow because it must be done in accordance with the laws and regulations. The purpose of this paper is to develop guidelines for what happens when a new garbage collection site for household waste must be issued and how municipalities across the country have solved the problems that have arisen in this context. In order to establish a waste disposal site the municipality must have control over the land or have an agreement with the owner of the land for it to be used as a garbage collection site. Municipality respondents have solved the problem in different ways, but generally it has been either the municipality or the property owner's land used for waste collection site for household waste. The distance between home and garbage collection site may vary from case to case but Waste Sweden has developed guidelines for the homes of 400-500 meters. Through the questionnaire this work has received some real-life examples, it turned out that municipalities have referred garbage collection location up to 800 meters from the residence. We believe that the guidelines about 400-500 meters to the garbage collection site is a reasonable distance for holiday cottages but not for permanent housing. Provided that you always pass this location to and from the holiday cottage. For permanent housing in typical '70s areas, we believe that the distance should not be more than 100-200 meters. The design of the garbage disposal site can be solved in many ways, with or without fixed installations. In cases where the garbage disposal site will be used by multiple properties the management of the garbage disposal site can be through a joint facility. A joint facility can be managed through Partnership maintenance or association management.

All residents have an equal obligation to sort their waste correctly. Despite the fact that there are regulations regarding, for example, packaging, newspapers, etc. they end up in combustible waste anyway. Why is that so? This thesis will focus on how to design a sorting area in an efficient, informative and accessible way to make it easier for users to sort correctly. Based on methods and collected empirical data, a comprehensive picture was created of what problems exist and what solutions need to be addressed. With the help of studies and theories, a design proposal was created on how to facilitate the sorting area for users to sort correctly. / Alla invånare har lika mycket skyldighet att sortera sitt avfall rätt. Trots att det finns en lag på exempelvis förpackningar, tidningar etc. så hamnar dessa ändå i brännbart avfall. Varför är det så? Examensarbetet kommer att handla om hur man kan utforma avfallsutrymme på ett effektivt, informativt och lättillgängligt sätt för att underlätta för användarna att sortera rätt. Utifrån metoder och insamlad empiri skapades en helhetsbild om vilka problem som finns och vilka lösningar som behöver åtgärdas. Med hjälp av studier och teorier skapades ett gestaltningsförslag på hur man kan underlätta sorteringsytan för användarna att sortera rätt

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