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In the last century, European Union was established, East and West Germany were unified and governments of various countries are aggressively promoting for the merger of their administrative district, "merger" has become a global development method of enhancing competitive ability. Taiwan is made up of 319 villages, townships and cities. Through technology, information and democratic experiences, there are times of financial difficulties, unbalanced townships and cities, lame self-governing and territory separation. With the global trend of aging population, decreasing birth rate and decentralization, the merger of townships and cities possessed its own righteousness. This research is positioned as the pre-study for the merger of villages, townships and cities. The objectives are: 1. Using Penghu County as an example, there are in-depth interviews and discussion on possible geographic, social and political problems caused by the merger; 2. Foresee the advanced principle and possible ways out for establishing the merging system of the villages, townships and cities to reduce the resistance to the reformation. To achieve the above research objective, we have to in-depth understand about the subjective concept and related variables. In addition, literature and document with aiming at the domestic villages, townships and cities are mostly focused on philosophic theories and self-governing problems, and there are very few documents deeply mentioned about the practical questions for the merger of villages, townships and cities. This research uses important people such as Magistrate, Public Representative, Administrative Staff and Social Group Representative of Penghu County as the research objects. Adn, this study adopts the semi-structural in-depth interview method of qualitative research to study the merge questions. The main discoveries of this research are: 1. City economics scale exists and is very different from remote village and township scale, as well as exists the conflicting interests in efficiency and democratic values between city and remote village and township; 2. In Penghu County, there is a general top down pattern in administrative district merge order and policy drive structure; 3. In Penghu County, the corporation of removing the self-government is the best subsidiary measure to drive the merger of villages, townships and cities; 4. There are generation gaps, and township and city concept differences in the objection to the villages, townships and cities merge; 5. The heads to govern villages, townships and cities is a key factor to financial status. If the city economics scale is shaken, it is not so serious; 6. For domestic villages, townships and cities merge, subsidiary measures and administration used by Japan are studied for reference. Independent merging systems are not suitable for present use. The main suggestions of this research are: 1. Principle and scale size of the merger of villages, townships and cities are not the main goals. Function supplementary is more important. 2. Villages and townships on the offshore islands can request administrative support from the county or city governments to replace merging. 3. There are different villages, townships and cities merging conditions. The legal standard is not too simplified or suitable for use by only one system. 4. Public approval and participation are the driven force of prospect for constructing a city. In addition, promotion of diversified policies, opened and transparent information and establishment of mutual interactive platform are important points. 5. Along with the merger of villages, townships and cities, the level of village and neighborhood should be integrated and re-positioned.

Ph.D. University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, 2012 / The current study was aimed at exploring multiple voices of masculinity amongst township black adolescent boys in a particular South African setting of Alexandra Township, historically a working class community situated on the east side of Johannesburg. Thirty-two adolescent boys between the ages of 12 and 19 were recruited from two high schools in Alexandra and provided with disposable cameras to take 27 photos under the theme ‘my life as a boy’ in South Africa. Arrangements were made for these photos to be collected and processed. These photos were used to facilitate in-depth focus group discussions and individual interviews with each of the participants. In analyzing the data, the researcher combined discursive and applied psychoanalytic perspectives to identify meanings and contradictions that boys made in spoken texts about hegemonic and non-hegemonic masculinities. The key themes that emerged are that there are different ways of being a boy and that this process is characterised by mixed feelings of ambivalence, hesitation and self-doubt. It was evident that the process of negotiating all these voices of masculinity was not easy. The participants in the study seemed to simultaneously comply with and oppose hegemonic norms of masculinity in their narratives, revealing that negotiating alternative voices of young township masculinities is fraught with emotional costs and sacrifices. In conclusion, it is recommended that appropriate interventions need to be initiated and implemented to reduce high risk-taking behaviours associated with ‘hegemonic’ views of masculinity.

N/A / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

N/A / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

N/A / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

This thesis is missing pages 34 and 57, no other copies of this thesis have these pages. -Digitization Centre / N/A / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

N/A / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)