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The diploma thesis deals with the energy security of China, mainly with the question considering energy mix, consumption, infrastructure network and diversification of importers in natural gas field. The analysis of research question is done mainly from the data of international energy organizations, from the Chinese government data and other sources, which enable to describe mentioned problems. From the People's Republic of China perspective, it focuses on the detailed description of gas pipeline infrastructure, importers and subjects, which are involved in energy sector. Risks and threats, which should occur from signed partnerships or projects, were taken into consideration too. The aim of this work is to define and evaluate the energy security of PRC, its energy policy mainly in natural gas field when considering present situation as well as possibilities for the future. Than the diploma thesis outlines the role of natural gas in Chinese energy mix, state of the gas sector in China and evaluation of projects, which take place in China's gas sector or will occur in the future.

[pt] O Brasil possui uma já extensa malha offshore de gasodutos e, no desenvolvimento da produção do Pré-Sal, esta deve continuar se expandindo em razão das necessidades de aumento da capacidade de escoamento de gás e também da sua reinjeção nos próprios reservatórios (seja apenas como descarte ou como um método de recuperação avançado). Uma vez instalada, esta malha deve ser periodicamente passar por manutenção, o que implica em eventos esporádicos de esvaziamento destes dutos, normalmente operando a altas pressões. Devido ao custo elevado de tais operações, deve-se estimar com boa precisão o tempo total necessário para despressurização, que pode levar várias horas ou até dias. Além disso, também é importante a previsão do inventário de líquido remanescente nos dutos após a despressurização. No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico para prever a despressurização de gasodutos considerando escoamento bifásico homogêneo e unidimensional. A formação e o consumo de condensado é obtida a partir de um inventário inicial de fluido supercrítico, com premissa de equilíbrio entre as fases. As propriedades termodinâmicas dos fluidos são determinadas utilizando-se pacotes comerciais e pré-tabuladas em função de pressão e temperatura. As equações de conservação foram discretizadas pelo método das diferenças finitas, utilizando o método de Euler implícito para o termo temporal e aproximação upwind nas derivadas espaciais. O sistema algébrico resultante foi resolvido diretamente de forma acoplada. Os resultados obtidos mostram boa concordância ao compará-los a dados reais de campo e resultados de simuladores comerciais de referência. / [en] Although Brazilian gas pipeline grid is already quite extensive, it continues to expand due to the Pre Salt development, since there is a growing need to increase the flowing capacity towards onshore facilities and injection wells (gas to be discarded or used for advanced oil recovery). Once pipelines are installed, maintenance operation must be performed quite often to guarantee process efficiency. Usually these operations demand depressurization from very high pressures. Considering the costs involved in such operations it is mandatory to accurately predict the total time for a complete blowdown, which may take several hours or even a couple of days. Furthermore, it is also important to evaluate the condensate content in the pipeline after the depressurization event. In the present work, a numerical model was developed to simulate gas pipeline depressurization considering unidimensional two-phase homogeneous flow. The formation and consumption of condensate from an initial supercritical state is obtained assuming phase equilibrium. Fluid properties are taken from tables generated by PVT packages. Conservation equations are discretized through the finite difference method employing Euler implicit approximation for the time derivatives and upwind scheme for spatial terms. A coupled direct algorithm was adopted to solve the resulting algebraic system. The results are compared to real field data and commercial software showing good agreement.

The presented doctoral thesis analyses energy security in the Central Asia region, with an emphasis on the natural gas sector. The research sought to answer the question of whether individual state actors in Central Asia are more inclined towards a strategic-oriented or market-oriented approach to energy policy in the formulation of their respective energy policy. Answering this research question aimed at better understanding the approach of individual state actors to large infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline. A regional energy security complex of Central Asia was constructed for work purposes. In addition to the five Central Asian states, it also includes Russia and China as two major natural gas importers from the region. Based on theoretical literature, a model for assessing the natural gas sector in terms of the formulation of energy policy by individual state actors was developed. This model was subsequently applied to three case studies of key state actors within the Central Asian regional energy security complex. These are case studies on Turkmenistan, Russia and China. Applying the model's criteria to individual cases, the research concluded that for all three players in the Central Asian regional energy security complex, a...

Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As reservas brasileiras de petróleo e gás natural apresentarão um significativo crescimento a partir do desenvolvimento das reservas da camada do pré-sal. Segundo estimativas elaboradas pela EPE e pela EIA, nos próximos vinte anos, haverá um quadro de grande oferta de gás natural no país, com a oferta excedendo a demanda. Como o segmento de transporte do gás natural tem grande importância na formação do custo desse energético, uma tecnologia de transporte menos onerosa irá proporcionar um cenário mais vantajoso para a entrada do gás no mercado. A presente dissertação analisa duas tecnologias disponíveis para escoamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal gasoduto submarino e gás natural liquefeito embarcado e as possibilidades de utilização no mercado interno ou para ser exportado. De acordo com dados da Petrobras, foram utilizadas três rotas para escoar o gás do pré-sal. A metodologia Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) foi utilizada para analisar qual dos investimentos em transporte é mais viável economicamente. Os resultados mostraram que de acordo com as perspectivas de produção do gás natural no horizonte de tempo analisado as duas tecnologias serão viáveis, com o transporte por gasodutos a alternativa mais viável economicamente. / The Brazilian reserves of oil and natural gas will present a significant growth from the development of the reserves of the pre-salt layer. According to estimates prepared by the EPE and the EIA, the next twenty years, the supply of natural gas will exceed demand. As the transportation sector natural gas has great importance in the formation of the cost of energy, a less costly transport technology will provide a more advantageous to enter the gas market. This dissertation examines two technologies available to transport the gas from the pre-salt layer - offshore pipeline and liquefied natural gas shipped - and the possibilities of using the domestic market or for export. According to data from Petrobras, three routes were used to drain the gas from the pre-salt. The methodology Net Present Value (NPV) was used to analyze which of the investments in transport is more economically viable. The results showed that according to the outlook for natural gas production in the time horizon analyzed the two technologies will be feasible to transport by pipeline economically the most viable alternative.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As reservas brasileiras de petróleo e gás natural apresentarão um significativo crescimento a partir do desenvolvimento das reservas da camada do pré-sal. Segundo estimativas elaboradas pela EPE e pela EIA, nos próximos vinte anos, haverá um quadro de grande oferta de gás natural no país, com a oferta excedendo a demanda. Como o segmento de transporte do gás natural tem grande importância na formação do custo desse energético, uma tecnologia de transporte menos onerosa irá proporcionar um cenário mais vantajoso para a entrada do gás no mercado. A presente dissertação analisa duas tecnologias disponíveis para escoamento do gás natural da camada pré-sal gasoduto submarino e gás natural liquefeito embarcado e as possibilidades de utilização no mercado interno ou para ser exportado. De acordo com dados da Petrobras, foram utilizadas três rotas para escoar o gás do pré-sal. A metodologia Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) foi utilizada para analisar qual dos investimentos em transporte é mais viável economicamente. Os resultados mostraram que de acordo com as perspectivas de produção do gás natural no horizonte de tempo analisado as duas tecnologias serão viáveis, com o transporte por gasodutos a alternativa mais viável economicamente. / The Brazilian reserves of oil and natural gas will present a significant growth from the development of the reserves of the pre-salt layer. According to estimates prepared by the EPE and the EIA, the next twenty years, the supply of natural gas will exceed demand. As the transportation sector natural gas has great importance in the formation of the cost of energy, a less costly transport technology will provide a more advantageous to enter the gas market. This dissertation examines two technologies available to transport the gas from the pre-salt layer - offshore pipeline and liquefied natural gas shipped - and the possibilities of using the domestic market or for export. According to data from Petrobras, three routes were used to drain the gas from the pre-salt. The methodology Net Present Value (NPV) was used to analyze which of the investments in transport is more economically viable. The results showed that according to the outlook for natural gas production in the time horizon analyzed the two technologies will be feasible to transport by pipeline economically the most viable alternative.

Diploma thesis deals with sanitation installations and gas installations in polyfunctional building in Miroslav. Polyfunctional building has four overground floors and one basement. The apartments are located on all overground floors and the offices are located on first over-ground floors. In the theoretical part discusses about the recycling of water and its use.