South Africa is a land blessed with an abundance of mineral deposits. Yet, despite this, very little value adding of minerals exists. Most of the mined minerals are exported, where it is reworked into valued items. The country subsequently imports the valuable items at a much higher cost. In the 2006/7 financial year, the government made the decision to support several projects aimed at adding value to the mined minerals and by so doing, creating job opportunities. One such project was identified for the mineral Fluorite (CaF2). Fluorite is exposed to a controlled burn in a plasma reactor, producing an array of different fluorocarbon gases used in the electronics industry and for commercial polymers like Teflon®. Currently, fluorocarbon gases are separated using a series of cryogenic distillation columns. Although this technique has proven to be successful, it has several negative aspects such as the high cost involved when operating at cryogenic conditions as well as difficulty handling the gases at these sub–zero temperatures. It was proposed to study the possibility of using membranes to separate fluorocarbon gases at ambient conditions. Several membranes were screened to determine which one is best suited for this application. Two Teflon® based membranes were selected from this data. One of the membranes had a PAN support, while the other had a PEI support. Pure gas data for both membranes showed promising results. It yielded the highest flux for C3F6, followed by N2 and CF4. c–C4F8 was not used because it was demonstrated that the gas tends to condensate at low pressures. It is recommended to rather use pressure swing condensation to remove this gas from the mixture before the remainder is purified using membranes. Both membranes behaved similarly, with selectivity between C3F6 and CF4, and N2 and CF4; all above 10. By including the permeate pressure in the Solution–diffusion model, it was possible to model the pure gas data Binary feed gas mixture experiments showed a large amount of coupling existing between the feed gas mixtures. The result is a decrease in the selectivity as well as the total flux of the gas mixture. Partial fluxes were modelled by introducing a thermodynamic factor that was shown to follow a power law equation. The PAN–supported membrane outperformed the PEI–supported one; it was decided to use this membrane from this point onwards. Analysis of the ternary feed mixtures showed a strong selectivity towards the gas abundant in the feed blend. The existence of convective diffusion was proven, and included in the modelling, as well as a breakthrough pressure constant. This is indicative of strong interaction between the different gases and the membrane. Throughout the study it became clear that the difference in surface charge between the gases and the membrane were decisive. Opposite charges between a gas (C3F6) and the membrane aided in gas permeation. Membrane separation of fluorocarbon gases at ambient conditions is possible. Teflon® based membranes are recommended. It will be advantageous to study the effect of elevated temperatures on the separation efficiency of such a system. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

South Africa is a land blessed with an abundance of mineral deposits. Yet, despite this, very little value adding of minerals exists. Most of the mined minerals are exported, where it is reworked into valued items. The country subsequently imports the valuable items at a much higher cost. In the 2006/7 financial year, the government made the decision to support several projects aimed at adding value to the mined minerals and by so doing, creating job opportunities. One such project was identified for the mineral Fluorite (CaF2). Fluorite is exposed to a controlled burn in a plasma reactor, producing an array of different fluorocarbon gases used in the electronics industry and for commercial polymers like Teflon®. Currently, fluorocarbon gases are separated using a series of cryogenic distillation columns. Although this technique has proven to be successful, it has several negative aspects such as the high cost involved when operating at cryogenic conditions as well as difficulty handling the gases at these sub–zero temperatures. It was proposed to study the possibility of using membranes to separate fluorocarbon gases at ambient conditions. Several membranes were screened to determine which one is best suited for this application. Two Teflon® based membranes were selected from this data. One of the membranes had a PAN support, while the other had a PEI support. Pure gas data for both membranes showed promising results. It yielded the highest flux for C3F6, followed by N2 and CF4. c–C4F8 was not used because it was demonstrated that the gas tends to condensate at low pressures. It is recommended to rather use pressure swing condensation to remove this gas from the mixture before the remainder is purified using membranes. Both membranes behaved similarly, with selectivity between C3F6 and CF4, and N2 and CF4; all above 10. By including the permeate pressure in the Solution–diffusion model, it was possible to model the pure gas data Binary feed gas mixture experiments showed a large amount of coupling existing between the feed gas mixtures. The result is a decrease in the selectivity as well as the total flux of the gas mixture. Partial fluxes were modelled by introducing a thermodynamic factor that was shown to follow a power law equation. The PAN–supported membrane outperformed the PEI–supported one; it was decided to use this membrane from this point onwards. Analysis of the ternary feed mixtures showed a strong selectivity towards the gas abundant in the feed blend. The existence of convective diffusion was proven, and included in the modelling, as well as a breakthrough pressure constant. This is indicative of strong interaction between the different gases and the membrane. Throughout the study it became clear that the difference in surface charge between the gases and the membrane were decisive. Opposite charges between a gas (C3F6) and the membrane aided in gas permeation. Membrane separation of fluorocarbon gases at ambient conditions is possible. Teflon® based membranes are recommended. It will be advantageous to study the effect of elevated temperatures on the separation efficiency of such a system. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Ce mémoire se fonde sur mon œuvre Bureau de recherche sur l’art à l’intérieur de laquelle je travaille depuis plusieurs années en tant qu’artiste et chercheuse. Il porte sur la description organisationnelle du lieu ainsi que sur sa signification. Introduisant différents concepts issus de mes expériences et de mes recherches, ce mémoire reflète mes questionnements face au milieu de l’art et porte une réflexion sur ma situation d’artiste. J’y aborde entre autres les enjeux liés à mon statut, le processus de légitimation de mon œuvre ainsi que le contexte d’émergence. M’incluant dans le Bureau de recherche sur l’art, je souhaite présenter une partie de ma réalité à l’intérieur d’une performance de recherche qui prend place dans différents contextes. Ce mémoire est basé sur mon expérience lors de mon occupation dans les Ateliers du Roulement à billes pendant mes études à la maîtrise. Antérieurement, le Bureau de recherche a été produit dans la Galerie des arts visuels de l’Université Laval lors de l’exposition des Récipiendaires des prix et des bourses des finissants (es) au baccalauréat en arts visuels de 2007. Il retrouve une place dans ce lieu, lors de l’exposition qui met fin à mon parcours à la maîtrise en 2013.

Despite the authority that time holds in the discipline of studying events of the past, not all historians or writers analyzing the past use time to study history—some use space, including writers who write about and interact with an urban topography. The space used by these writers is built space, as well as inhabited and practiced "lived" space. Whereas time provides a transparent overview of history, the urban spaces tend to be opaque. Clarifying history through urban space is additionally troublesome, because built space and its attached memories are visibly forgotten and ignored as time advances. Despite the difficulties of working with and understanding urban space, some intellectuals specifically choose space as a tool of discernment of history. For these individuals, understanding history becomes an investigation of sensing, feeling, and divining human activity out of the mass of artifacts and used spaces. Hermine Cloeter is one such urban forensic historian.