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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Caracterização de vila inserida no contexto urbano

Silva, Regina Ferreira da 18 November 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3480.pdf: 4315244 bytes, checksum: 3cbadf0c6e9c268b6e96ad334bb28109 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-18 / This dissertation initiates with a brief historical revision of Brazilian industrialization process from the end of nineteenth century on. The industrialization process, and consequence rural exodus, produced several transformations in the society, amongst them, the emergence of the so-called workers' villages with purpose of providing accommodation to the workforce and, besides that, keep them close to the industrial plant. It studies the initial occupation and the current situation of some workers' villages in both capital city and country side cities of the state of São Paulo. It demonstrates the changes that have occurred in the occupying public of this type of habitation, and also shows how both the modern urbanism and the sustainable urbanism concepts have been adapted to the new villages. In the beginning, these villages were destined to the workers' class. With elapsing of the years, they became object of search of the middle classes and average-high class. They have realized how practical is to live in these small nuclei, in downtown or near to the urban center zone, with the convenience and individuality of a house, allied to the privacy and security that this type of residential arrangement offers. That combined has increased the value of this type of housing and has stimulated the real estate market to invest in new nuclei. / Esse trabalho inicia-se com uma breve revisão histórica da industrialização no Brasil a partir do final do século XIX. Esse processo de crescente industrialização e êxodo rural teve vários reflexos na sociedade, dentre eles, o surgimento das vilas operárias com o intuito de prover os operários com moradia além de mante-los próximos ao local de trabalho. Apresenta-se uma abordagem da situação e ocupação de algumas vilas operárias na capital de São Paulo e em algumas cidades do interior do estado, demonstrando a mudança ocorrida no público ocupante desse tipo de habitação, mostrando também a forma como os conceitos de urbanismo moderno têm sido adaptados aos novos conjuntos residenciais assim como os conceitos de urbanismo sustentável. A princípio, essas vilas eram destinadas às classes operárias, com o decorrer dos anos, tornou-se objeto de procura das classes média e média alta que perceberam nesses pequenos núcleos, a praticidade de se morar no centro ou próximo aos centros urbanos, além do conforto e individualidade das casas aliados a privacidade e segurança que esse tipo de conjunto residencial oferece, valorizando esse tipo de moradia e impulsionando o mercado imobiliário a investir nesses novos núcleos.
122

Condomínios residenciais: segregação, auto-segregação imposta no município de Rio Claro (SP)

Vieira, Waldir [UNESP] 09 October 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_w_me_rcla.pdf: 1214893 bytes, checksum: 4bb02e58d2ae7e108486e2ac9f52be9e (MD5) / Na sociedade de consumo o cidadão-consumidor está condicionado a interagir com relações virtuais, consumir mercadorias signos e simulacros. Nesta referida sociedade tudo pode ser transformado em mercadoria e o espaço não é exceção. O espaço passa a ser produzido a fim de satisfazer as necessidades símbolos criadas com o propósito de oferecer status, privacidade, segurança associado a um ambiente mais próximo da natureza. Encontramos nos condôminos residenciais, horizontais e verticais, de direito ou de fato, um produto elaborado que se propõe a satisfazer tais necessidades , existentes nas diferentes categorias sócioeconômicas. Os condomínios residenciais não possuem, em si, a capacidade de suprir tais necessidades e acabam sendo o mecanismo utilizado pelas empresas imobiliárias para a valorização especulativa do espaço urbano. Este processo acaba culminando na produção de segregação sócio-espacial, devido ao estímulo a auto – segregação, além de ser um instrumento, utilizado pelo Estado, à produção de segregação imposta no Município de Rio Claro(SP). O trabalho, como objetivo geral, identificou os condomínios no tempo e no espaço bem como sua tipologia .Como objetivo específico , encontrou através de pesquisa realizada em cinco condomínios de diferentes categorias sociais, que a busca por segurança é, inicialmente, a maior motivação para as pessoas que buscam morar em condomínio nesses lugares. / In the society of consumption the citizen consumer is conditioned to interact with virtual relations, goods, signs and simulacrums. In that society everything can be transformed in goods and the space is not an exception. The space will be produced to meet the needs symbols created with the aim of offering status, privacy, security associated with a more close to nature. We find in residential condominiums, horizontal and vertical, in law or in fact, a developed product that proposes to meet those needs that exist in the various socioeconomics categories. The residential condominiums have not, in itself, the ability to meet such needs and end up being the mechanism used by real estate companies for the speculative valorization of urban space. This process eventually culminate in production of spatial partner segregation, due to stimulate the self – segregation, besides being an instrument, used by the State, to the production of imposed segregation in the city of Rio Claro (SP). The work, as general purpose, identified the condominiums in time and space and their typology. As a specific objective, was found through research done in five different social categories condominiums’, that the quest for security is, initially, the biggest motivation for people seeking live in condominium.
123

Segregação e distinção social na arquitetura residencial da região metropolitana de São Paulo: o condomínio clube Auge Home Resort / Segregation and social distinction in residencial architecture of the São Paulo metropolitan area: the Auge Home Resort club condominium

Mancini, Bruno Fabri [UNESP] 06 September 2016 (has links)
Submitted by BRUNO FABRI MANCINI null (bfmancini@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-04T16:12:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Corrigida.pdf: 12598557 bytes, checksum: b5f63a776b8f6613b6a92662ba4f7b65 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-10T13:43:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mancini_bf_me_bauru.pdf: 12598557 bytes, checksum: b5f63a776b8f6613b6a92662ba4f7b65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-10T13:43:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mancini_bf_me_bauru.pdf: 12598557 bytes, checksum: b5f63a776b8f6613b6a92662ba4f7b65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As cidades brasileiras são marcadas por processos de urbanização excludentes e seletivos, em que os contrastes e desigualdades sociais estão presentes de forma marcante na estrutura do espaço urbano e na configuração de sua paisagem. Na região metropolitana de São Paulo, a partir da década de 1970, surge um modelo de empreendimento residencial que se caracteriza pelo isolamento de edifícios em grandes lotes murados e protegidos, servidos de espaços de lazer e serviços habitualmente encontrados na cidade aberta. Com a complexificação recente da questão urbana, em que ricos e pobres muitas vezes ocupam os mesmos espaços, este modelo de empreendimento ganhou espaço e se difundiu a partir de discursos fundamentados na experiência do medo da violência urbana, explicitando os processos históricos de segregação social. Outra dimensão da conformação dos espaços residenciais fechados é a que diz respeito às questões simbólicas expressas através da arquitetura destes empreendimentos, tanto em sua estruturação espacial como em suas opções estilísticas. Neste sentido, o que se pretende é uma análise do fenômeno de difusão do modelo de condomínio fechado tipo clube a partir destas duas óticas complementares, às quais podemos definir a partir dos conceitos de segregação e distinção. / The Brazilian cities are marked by excluding and selective urbanization processes in which the contrasts and inequalities are deeply present in the urban space structure and in its landscape configuration. In São Paulo metropolitan area, since the 1970’s, a model of real estate development appears, characterized by isolated buildings within a large, walled and protect area served by recreational spaces and services usually found in the open city. The recent increase in urban scenario, in which rich and poor people many times occupy the same spaces, this type of real estate development has gained space and spread from fear experiences and urban violence speeches, showing the historical social segregation processes. Another dimension of closed residential areas is that of symbolic matters expressed by the architecture of these developments, either on its spatial structure or on its stylistic choices. In this sense, we pretend to analyze the phenomenon of diffusion of this model of real estate development – the gated communities – from two different but complementary points of view we can define from the concept of segregation and distinction.
124

Etude de la dynamique conformationnelle d'un récepteur-canal pentamérique par fluorescence / Study of the conformational dynamics of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel using fluorescence

Menny, Anaïs 27 May 2016 (has links)
Les récepteurs canaux pentamériques (RCPs) assurent la transmission synaptique dans le système nerveux, via des réorganisations structurales allostériques globales couplant la liaison de neurotransmetteur à l'ouverture et à la désensibilisation du canal ionique. Sur le RCP bactérien modèle GLIC, j'ai suivi ces changements conformationnels à plusieurs endroits de la protéine, par incorporation de couples fluorophore/quencher (bimane/tryptophane). Les données en détergent et en liposomes, à l'équilibre et en cinétique, m'ont permis d'identifier, et de caractériser structuralement, un intermédiaire rapide (milliseconde) de pré-activation, montrant une réorganisation majeure du domaine synaptique suite à l'application d'agoniste, mais où le pore reste fermé, et ainsi de proposer un modèle global des transitions d'activation et de désensibilisation. En combinant mutagenèse, électrophysiologie et approches structurales, j'ai également identifié une région critique, à l'interface entre les domaines extracellulaires et transmembranaires, pour l'activation et la désensibilisation. Enfin, un criblage fonctionnel m'a permis d'identifier de nouveaux modulateurs allostériques de GLIC.Mon travail de thèse contribue donc à la compréhension du mécanisme allostérique de GLIC, et présente de nouveaux outils pour l'étude des récepteurs du système nerveux humain. / Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are responsible for the synaptic transmission in the nervous system, occurring through their structural reorganizations allosterically coupling neurotransmitter binding to the opening or desensitization of the ion channel.Using the bacterial pLGIC model GLIC, I followed these conformational changes in several regions of the protein, through the incorporation of fluorophore / quencher pairs (bimane / tryptophan). The acquisition of data in detergent and liposomes, at equilibrium and in real time, allowed me to identify and structurally characterize a fast (millisecond) pre-activation intermediate. This new intermediate state is characterized by a major reorganization of the synaptic domain following agonist application, but with a closed pore, thus providing a comprehensive model for activation transitions and desensitization.Combining mutagenesis, electrophysiological and structural approaches, I also identified a critical region at the interface between the extracellular and transmembrane domains for activation and desensitization. Finally, a functional screening allowed me to identify new allosteric modulators of GLIC.This work contributes to the understanding of the allosteric mechanism of GLIC, and provides a structural template as well as new tools for the study of receptors in the human nervous system.
125

Atributos que condicionam o desenvolvimento de loteamentos residenciais fechados. / Attributes that condition the development of gated communities.

Wilson Saburo Honda 08 August 2008 (has links)
Abrir mão do conceito de centralidade, da proximidade aos centros comerciais, de serviços e culturais para morar em locais mais distantes provoca maiores deslocamentos para o trabalho, estudo e demais atividades rotineiras. Porém, percebe-se que a ocorrência de bairros residenciais nos arredores das metrópoles é um fenômeno mundial, como as gated communities nos Estados Unidos da América e os LOTEAMENTOS RESIDENCIAIS FECHADOS no Brasil, que podem oferecer condições de moradias mais espaçosas, dotadas de áreas livres e jardins, condições de segurança e privacidade, com menor preço da terra, demandadas sobretudo pelas camadas de renda mais altas da população. Esta rotina de deslocamentos pelo público que mora em um município e trabalha e/ou estuda em outro provoca o que se denomina de MOVIMENTO PENDULAR. A incidência do fluxo de MOVIMENTOS PENDULARES na população de alta renda foi atestada a partir de tabulações realizadas pelo autor utilizando o Microdados da Amostra dos Censos Demográficos (MICRODADOS), elaborado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O objetivo da dissertação é a elaboração e hierarquização de ATRIBUTOS que mais influenciam na motivação deste público, em abrir mão do conceito de centralidade e ir residir nestes empreendimentos. Os atributos foram hierarquizados de acordo com o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) por especialistas que atuam neste segmento de mercado imobiliário nos municípios de Barueri, Santana de Parnaíba, Cotia e Arujá. Os ATRIBUTOS hierarquizados consideram que a LOCALIZAÇÃO e as CARACTERÍSTICAS DO LOTEAMENTO RESIDENCIAL FECHADO, bem como as necessidades e preferências do público alvo, que estão associadas conforme o estágio nos CICLOS de VIDA FAMILIAR e PROFISSIONAL, podem condicionar estratégias competitivas quanto à seleção de terrenos para desenvolvimento de empreendimentos dessa tipologia. / Giving up the idea of centrality, that is, living near commercial, service and cultural centers to go live in distant places results in longer journeys to work, study and other routine activities. However, it can be noticed that residential neighborhoods in the outskirts of the big cities is a worldwide phenomenon, like the gated communities in the United States and the LOTEAMENTOS RESIDENCIAIS FECHADOS in Brazil, with their spacious houses, free areas and gardens, security and privacy, at a lower cost for the plots which are sought mainly by the higher income population. Such routine of coming and going by the people living in a given municipality and working and / or studying in another brings about the so-called Pendulum Movement. The incidence of the Pendulum Movement flow among the high-income population was attested by tabulations carried out by the author using Microdata from the Demografic Census Sample (MICRODADOS) prepared by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The thesis objective is the development and ranking of ATTRIBUTES that most influence the motivation of the public in abdicating the concept of centrality and going live in these residential. The ATTRIBUTES were ranked according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) by specialists working in this segment of the real state market in the municipalities of Barueri, Santana de Parnaíba, Cotia and Arujá. The above ranked ATTRIBUTES consider that LOCATION and CHARACTERISTICS OF LOTEAMENTO RESIDENCIAL FECHADO, as well as the needs and the preferences of the target public associated according to their stage in the FAMILY and PROFESSIONAL LIFE CYCLES might determine the competitive strategies regarding the site selection to develop ventures of this typology.
126

Condominios fechados : localizações de pendularidade : um estudo de caso no municipio de Valinhos, SP

Miglioranza, Eliana 12 June 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Jose Marcos Pinto da Cunha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T01:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miglioranza_Eliana_M.pdf: 1638111 bytes, checksum: f0ddd998521b6127b4126c845618092a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho procura mostrar a importância da migração para o crescimento do município de Valinhos - SP e como a migração seletiva, a partir da década de 90, foi responsável pelo aumento da população pendular. Para isso, investiga moradores de condomínios e loteamentos fechados de Valinhos que trabalham em outro município objetivando relacionar a população de alta renda com o aumento da pendularidade do município, e desta forma verificar se os moradores desses condomínios estão contribuindo para a produção de uma nova categoria de cidade-dormitório. O trabalho de campo foi desenvolvido em condomínios fechados, com famílias em que uma ou mais pessoas da família realizavam deslocamento pendular, procurando apreender os motivos que levaram a escolha do município para moradia, e o vínculo mantido com a cidade. Além desse trabalho de campo, foram utilizados dados do Censo Demográfico 2000 da área urbana de Valinhos, realizando-se uma comparação entre as cinco áreas de ponderação (AP ), considerando o perfil sociodemográfico dos migrantes , dos naturais do município (população nascida no município) e dos moradores que realizam movimentos pendulares / Abstract: This work demonstrates the importance of migration for the growth of Valinhos city, inland of São Paulo State, and how the selective migration, which started in the 1990s, has been responsible for the increase of commuters. To conduct this analysis, the inhabitants of gated community of Valinhos, who works in other towns have been interviewed. The objective of this work is to relate the high-income population with the increase of commuting as well as to verify if these inhabitants of gated communities are contributing to the establishment of a new category of dormitory town. The fieldwork was done within gated communities with families in which at least one family member was regularly commuting. The aim was to understand the reasons underlying the choice of these families for living in Valinhos and other relationships they keep with such city. Beyond the fieldwork, data from the Demographic Census held in the urban area of Valinhos in 2000 was used to compare with five ¿weighting areas (WA ). This comparison considers the migrants' social demographic profile, the natural inhabitants of the city (those who were born in the city) and the commuting population / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestre em Demografia
127

Paisagem e sustentabilidade urbana: o papel dos loteamentos fechados e condomínios horizontais em Vinhedo - SP / Landscape and urban sustainability: the role of gated communities in Vinhedo - SP

Francisco de Assis Gonçalves Junior 19 December 2014 (has links)
A partir de questionamentos associados à proliferação de condomínios horizontais e loteamentos fechados em Vinhedo (gated communities nos E.U.A), procurou-se evidenciar através de indicadores pautados no conceito de sustentabilidade urbana, o que se tem de realmente sustentável quando da introdução destes empreendimentos na paisagem. Para isso foram consideradas duas dimensões: a sustentabilidade social urbana e a sustentabilidade ambiental urbana, cada qual com dois indicadores; mobilidade e acessibilidade a áreas verdes ou/lazer públicas intramuros, cobertura vegetal arbórea e impermeabilização dos solos, sendo estes últimos analisados entre 1962 e 2012, tanto intra como extramuros. Esta proposta visou demonstrar que o modelo ou padrão de habitação urbana baseada em loteamentos fechados e condomínios horizontais amplia em Vinhedo a possibilidade de alcance da sustentabilidade ambiental urbana, ao mesmo tempo em que reduz a possibilidade de alcance da sustentabilidade social urbana, uma vez que sua lógica de implantação desconsidera importantes funções sociais a serem desempenhadas pela cidade, dessa forma, o alcance da sustentabilidade urbana considerada como um todo se torna parcial. / From questions associated with the proliferation of horizontal condominiums and closed subdivisions in Vinhedo (gated communities), it was tried to highlight by indicators guided the concept of urban sustainability, which has really sustainable when the introduction of these enterprises in the landscape. For this we considered two dimensions: urban social sustainability and urban environmental sustainability, each with two indicators; mobility and accessibility to green areas or / public recreational intramural, arboreal coverage and soil sealing, the latter being analyzed between 1962 and 2012, both intra and extramural. This proposal aimed to demonstrate that the model or pattern of urban housing based on closed subdivisions and horizontal condominiums in Vinhedo expands the possibility of reach of urban environmental sustainability, while reducing the possibility of reaching the urban social sustainability, once its logic implementation ignores important social functions to be performed by the city, thereby achieving urban sustainability considered as a whole becomes partial.
128

Loteamentos fechados e serviços ambientais = a apropriação da natureza em empreendimentos de alta renda na região metropolitana de Campinas / Gated communities and enviroment services : the nature appropriation in enterprises for high and high middle class in the metropolitan region of Campinas

Costa, Arkana Kelly Silva 26 January 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Simone Narciso Lessa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T01:13:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_ArkanaKellySilva_D.pdf: 12658509 bytes, checksum: bddaab0850f5f3070f35f91d52a33028 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os loteamentos fechados são uma das formas de ocupação do território que mais têm se repetido na expansão das cidades brasileiras. Estes empreendimentos oferecidos, por vezes de forma ilegal, têm representado cada vez mais uma promessa de melhor qualidade de vida urbana a partir da adoção de um estilo de vida exclusivo e justificado por uma eventual fuga da violência urbana. Diante deste quadro nos questionamos sobre a dimensão do impacto ambiental destas estruturas urbanas no território e meio ambiente das cidades. Esta pesquisa baseia-se na hipótese de que o impacto da proliferação dos loteamentos fechados nas áreas metropolitanas interfere tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto nas rurbanas em sua sustentabilidade. Baseado nisto, temos como objetivos específicos: analisar os loteamentos fechados como um produto do mercado; tipificar como esses empreendimentos interferem na estrutura territorial da região metropolitana de Campinas; observar como se dá a oferta de serviços ambientais e quais substitutos são gerados no processo de apropriação da natureza. Com isso busca-se identificar de que forma as diferentes tipologias destes empreendimentos, estabelecem relações entre si formando um mosaico no território e como estas relações interferem na sustentabilidade dos serviços ambientais. Para a obtenção destes objetivos a metodologia utilizada foi descritiva e analítica, com a realização de uma caracterização dos loteamentos fechados instalados na RMC, bem como uma análise que foi elaborada seguindo três escalas distintas de investigação: metrópole, municípios e condomínios / Abstract: The gated communities are one type of territory occupation that more have been repeated in expansion of Brazilian cities. These housing development, have represented, each time more, a promise of better quality of urban life with adoption of a life style exclusive, that are justified by an eventual escape of the urban violence. This research is based on hypothesis that the impact of the proliferation of gated communities interferes in urban and rurbans areas of metropolitans territory. This thesis have as objectives: to analyze the gated communities as product of market; to observe how these enterprises intervene with the territorial structure of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas- MRC, state of São Paulo - Brasil; to observe like the environment services are offered and how substitutes services are generated in the process of appropriation of the nature. Had used like methodology one descriptive and analytical process, with the accomplishment of a characterization of the gated communities installed in the MRC, as well as an analysis that was elaborated following three distinct scales of inquiry: metropolis, cities and gated communities / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil
129

Molecular evolution of voltage-gated calcium channels of L and N types and their genomic regions

Widmark, Jenny January 2012 (has links)
The expansion of the voltage-gated calcium channel alpha 1 subunit families (CACNA1) of L and N types was investigated by combining phylogenetic analyses (neighbour-joining and maximum likelihood) with chromosomal data. Neighbouring gene families were analysed to see if the chromosomal regions duplicated through whole genome doublings in vertebrates. Results show that both types of CACNA1 expanded in two ancient whole genome duplications as parts of larger genomic regions. Many gene families in these regions obtained copies in an additional teleost-specific genome duplication. This diversification of CACNA1 genes probably contributed to evolutionary innovations in nervous system function.
130

Contextual Recurrent Level Set Networks and Recurrent Residual Networks for Semantic Labeling

Le, Ngan Thi Hoang 01 May 2018 (has links)
Semantic labeling is becoming more and more popular among researchers in computer vision and machine learning. Many applications, such as autonomous driving, tracking, indoor navigation, augmented reality systems, semantic searching, medical imaging are on the rise, requiring more accurate and efficient segmentation mechanisms. In recent years, deep learning approaches based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have dramatically emerged as the dominant paradigm for solving many problems in computer vision and machine learning. The main focus of this thesis is to investigate robust approaches that can tackle the challenging semantic labeling tasks including semantic instance segmentation and scene understanding. In the first approach, we convert the classic variational Level Set method to a learnable deep framework by proposing a novel definition of contour evolution named Recurrent Level Set (RLS). The proposed RLS employs Gated Recurrent Units to solve the energy minimization of a variational Level Set functional. The curve deformation processes in RLS is formulated as a hidden state evolution procedure and is updated by minimizing an energy functional composed of fitting forces and contour length. We show that by sharing the convolutional features in a fully end-to-end trainable framework, RLS is able to be extended to Contextual Recurrent Level Set (CRLS) Networks to address semantic segmentation in the wild problem. The experimental results have shown that our proposed RLS improves both computational time and segmentation accuracy against the classic variational Level Set-based methods whereas the fully end-to-end system CRLS achieves competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-art semantic segmentation approaches on PAS CAL VOC 2012 and MS COCO 2014 databases. The second proposed approach, Contextual Recurrent Residual Networks (CRRN), inherits all the merits of sequence learning information and residual learning in order to simultaneously model long-range contextual infor- mation and learn powerful visual representation within a single deep network. Our proposed CRRN deep network consists of three parts corresponding to sequential input data, sequential output data and hidden state as in a recurrent network. Each unit in hidden state is designed as a combination of two components: a context-based component via sequence learning and a visualbased component via residual learning. That means, each hidden unit in our proposed CRRN simultaneously (1) learns long-range contextual dependencies via a context-based component. The relationship between the current unit and the previous units is performed as sequential information under an undirected cyclic graph (UCG) and (2) provides powerful encoded visual representation via residual component which contains blocks of convolution and/or batch normalization layers equipped with an identity skip connection. Furthermore, unlike previous scene labeling approaches [1, 2, 3], our method is not only able to exploit the long-range context and visual representation but also formed under a fully-end-to-end trainable system that effectively leads to the optimal model. In contrast to other existing deep learning networks which are based on pretrained models, our fully-end-to-end CRRN is completely trained from scratch. The experiments are conducted on four challenging scene labeling datasets, i.e. SiftFlow, CamVid, Stanford background, and SUN datasets, and compared against various state-of-the-art scene labeling methods.

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