<p>Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of quarks and gluons, is known to be</p><p>the correct description of strong nuclear interactions. At high energy and momenta,</p><p>one can use QCD directly to compute quantities of physical interest related to the</p><p>strong force. At low energies and momenta, one should use a different description in</p><p>terms of the degrees of freedom relevant at that scale. Two approaches to achieve</p><p>this end are effective field theories and gauge/gravity dualities. The former involves</p><p>a field theory more or less like QCD itself, but with states which are composites</p><p>of quarks and gluons. Then a perturbative expansion is made not in terms of the</p><p>gauge coupling but instead in terms of the momentum of the fields. This approach</p><p>dates back to the 1970s and is on firm theoretical footing. Gauge/gravity dualities</p><p>are a newer and less understood technique, which relates the physics of the strong</p><p>interactions to a different but likely equivalent theory in a higher dimensional space-</p><p>time, where the quantity of interest can be computed more readily. We employ</p><p>both effective field theories and gauge/gravity dualities to study the physics of ex-</p><p>otic quarkonium states, that is bound states containing a heavy quark-antiquark pair</p><p>which nevertheless cannot be be understood working only with the standard quark</p><p>model of hadrons. Candidates for such states, long speculated to exist, have recently</p><p>been observed at particle colliders, so that the theory of exotic quarkonium is now</p><p>of great experimental importance.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis is devoted to the study of two important applications of gauge-gravity duality: the cosmological singularity problem and conformal fluid dynamics. Gauge-gravity duality is a concrete dual relationship between a gauge theory (such as electromagnetism, the theories of weak and strong interactions), and a theory of strings which contains gravity. The most concrete application of this duality is the AdS/CFT correspondence, where the theory containing gravity lives in the bulk of an asymptotically anti-de-Sitter space-time, while the dual gauge theory is a deformation of a conformal field theory which lives on the boundary of anti-de-Sitter space-time(AdS). Our first application of gauge-gravity duality is to the cosmological singularity problem in string gravity. A cosmological singularity is defined as a spacelike region of space-time which is highly curved so that Einstein’s gravity theory can be no longer applied. In our setup the bulk space-time has low curvature in the far past and the physics is well described by supergravity (which is an extension of standard Einstein gravity). The cosmological singularity is driven by a time dependent string coupling in the bulk theory. The rate of change of the coupling is slow, but the net change of the coupling can be large. The dual description of this is a time dependent coupling of the boundary gauge theory. The coupling has a profile which is a constant in the far past and future and attains a small but finite value at intermediate times. We construct the supergravity solution, with the initial condition that the bulk space-time is pure AdS in the far past and show that the solution remains smooth in a derivative expansion without formation of black holes. However when the intermediate value of the string coupling becomes weak enough, space-time becomes highly curved and the supergravity approximation breaks down, mimicking a spacelike singularity. The resulting dynamics is analyzed in the dual gauge theory with a time dependent coupling constant which varies slowly. We develop an appropriate adiabatic expansion in the gauge theory in terms of coherent states and show that the time evolution continues to be smooth. We cannot, however, arrive at a definitive conclusion about the fate of the system at very late times when the coupling has again risen and supergravity again applies. One possibility is that the energy which has been supplied to the universe is simply extracted out and the space-time goes back to its initial state. This could provide a model for a bouncing cosmology. A second possibility is that dissipation leads to a thermal state at late time. If this possibility holds, we show that such a thermal state will be described either by a gas of strings or by a small black hole, but not by a big black hole. This means that in either case, the future space-time is close to AdS. We then apply gauge-gravity duality to conformal fluid dynamics. The long wavelength behavior of any strongly coupled system with a finite mean free path is described by an appropriate fluid dynamics. The bulk dual of a fluid flow in the boundary theory is a black hole with a slowly varying horizon. In this work we consider certain fluid flows which become supersonic in some regions. It is well known that such flows present acoustic analogs of ergoregions and horizons, where acoustic waves cannot propagate in certain directions. Such acoustic horizons are expected to exhibit thermal radiation of acoustic waves with temperature essentially given by the gradient of the velocity at the acoustic horizon. We find acoustic analogs of black holes in charged conformal fluids and use gauge-gravity duality to construct dual gravity solutions. A certain class of gravitational quasinormal wave modes around these gravitational backgrounds perceives a horizon. Upon quantization, this implies that these gravitational modes should have a thermal spectrum. The final issue that we study is fluid-gravity duality at zero temperature. The usual way of constructing gravity duals of fluid flows is by means of a small derivative expansion, in which the derivatives are much smaller than the temperature of the background black hole. Recently, it has been reported that for charged fluids, this procedure breaks down in the zero temperature limit. More precisely, corrections to the small derivative expansion in the dual gravity of charged fluid at zero temperature have singularities at the black hole horizon. In this case, fluid-gravity duality is not understood precisely. We explore this problem for a zero temperature charged fluid driven by a low frequency, small amplitude and spatially homogeneous external force. In the gravity dual, this force corresponds to a time dependent boundary value of the dilaton field. We calculate the bulk solution for the dilaton and the leading backreaction using a modified low frequency expansion. The resulting solutions are regular everywhere, establishing fluid-gravity duality to this order.

In this thesis various holographic models are treated, which describe theories of fields where an internal symmetry is broken, either in relativistic contexts, or in case of violation of the Lorentz invariance.The first chapter opens with the revision of the notion of symmetry breaking in pure relativistic field theory. The case of spontaneous breaking and the Goldstone theorem are discussed, as well as the case of explicit breaking, where precise Ward identities between conserved current correlators and scalar operators loaded under such current are derived in a completely general way.We then consider two examples of non-relativistic field theories, which will be reproduced by holographic models: a model in which the invariance of boosts is broken by the presence of a chemical potential, and a model of Lifshitz's invariant theory. We show the non-relativistic realization of Ward's identities for the symmetry breaking.In the second chapter we briefly introduce the correspondence gravitation / gauge theory and we revise the central tool of this thesis, the holographic renormalization.In the third chapter, we show how to generate field theories with symmetry breaking by coupling a scalar field to a gauge field, and holographically deriving the Ward identities predicted by the field theory arguments, first in the Relativistic case. We also obtain an analytic expression for the scalar two-point function, where we know how to find the massless boson of Goldstone and the mass of linear mass in the explicit breaking parameter Of the Goldstone pseudo-boson, respectively in the purely spontaneous case and in the case of an explicit small break.We also consider the two-dimensional case on the edge, where we find that Coleman's theorem is eluded in the wide limit of $ N $, and Ward's identities are not affected.For non-relativistic cases, we first consider a non-abelian model in which the Lorentz invariance is broken: this situation makes it possible to observe so-called ~ B bosons which exhibit a quadratic dispersion relation and do not respect Not the law of a single Goldstone mode for each broken generator.Finally, we study in detail the holographic renormalization and the two-point functions for a conserved current and various scalar operators in a space-time of Lifshitz. We also find the Ward identities of symmetry breaking in their non-relativistic realization. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis is devoted to the study of orientifolds and dynamical supersymmetry breaking in configurations of D-branes on toric Calabi-Yau singularities, through the lens of dimer models. We first review the basic ingredients of string theory that led to the formulation of gauge/gravity dualities in terms of dimers. Then, we discuss the non-abelian anomaly cancellation conditions for the supersymmetric gauge theories arising on D-branes and provide necessary geometric criteria to determine whether an orientifold projection can be safely introduced. We also find a new realization of orientifold projection without fixed loci in dimer models and expand on its physical features. We argue that it exhausts the possibilities of orientifolding dimer models. In the subsequent part of the thesis, we investigate dynamical supersymmetry breaking vacua in the same class of models and their typical instability along N=2 Coulomb branches. This leads us to formulate a no-go theorem against their stability based on geometrical features of the singularity, and then to establish a precise way to circumvent it. We eventually find the first instance of stable dynamical supersymmetry breaking vacuum in string theory from D-branes on a toric Calabi-Yau singularity, the Octagon. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18786号 / 理博第4044号 / 新制||理||1582(附属図書館) / 31737 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 川合 光, 教授 畑 浩之, 教授 田中 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

In this thesis we use the holographic gauge/gravity duality to study two different aspects of strongly coupled non-Abelian plasmas. In the first topic we study the effects of strong (Abelian) magnetic fields on the transport coefficients of a strongly coupled non-Abelian plasma. Due to the spatial anisotropy created by the magnetic field, the most general viscosity tensor of a magnetized plasma has 5 shear viscosity coefficients and 2 bulk viscosities. We use the holographic correspondence for a strongly coupled N=4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) plasma to evaluate the shear viscosity perpendicular to the magnetic field and the shear viscosity parallel to the field. In the presence of a magnetic field, the shear viscosity perpendicular to the field saturates the Kovtun-Son-Starinets viscosity bound while in the direction parallel to the field the bound is violated. The second topic investigated in this thesis is motivated by the study of the near equilibrium behavior of strongly interacting non-Abelian plasmas that display a critical point in their phase diagram. We focus on the spectra of non-hydrodynamic quasinormal modes of a strongly coupled N=4 SYM plasma in the presence of a chemical potential, which displays a critical point in equilibrium. Except close to the critical point, we observe that by increasing the chemical potential one generally increases the damping rate of the quasinormal modes, which leads to a reduction of the characteristic equilibration times in the dual strongly coupled plasma. However, as one approaches the critical point the typical equilibration time increases though its derivative with respect to the chemical potential diverges with an exponent equal to -1/2. We also find a purely imaginary non-hydrodynamical mode in the vector diffusion channel at nonzero chemical potential which dictates the equilibration time in this channel near the critical point. / Nessa tese usamos a dualidade holográfica calibre/gravidade para estudar dois aspectos diferentes de plasmas não-Abelianos fortemente acoplados. No primeiro tópico estudamos os efeitos de campos magnéticos (Abelianos) intensos sobre o coeficientes de transporte de um plasma não-Abeliano fortemente acoplado. Devido à anisotropia espacial criada pelo campo magnético, o tensor de viscosidade mais geral de um plasma magnetizado deve possuir 5 coeficientes de viscosidade de cisalhamento e 2 de viscosidade volumétrica. Usamos a correspondência holográfica para um plasma N=4 Supersimétrico de Yang-Mills (SYM) fortemente acoplado para calcular a viscosidade de cisalhamento perpendicular ao campo magnético e a viscosidade de cisalhamento paralela ao campo. Na presença do campo magnético, a viscosidade de cisalhamento perpendicular ao campo satura o limite viscoso de Kovtun-Son-Starinets enquanto que na direção paralela ao campo o limite é violado. O segundo tópico investigado nessa tese é motivado pelo estudo do comportamento próximo ao equilíbrio de plasmas não-Abelianos fortemente interagentes que exibem um ponto crítico em seus diagramas de fase. Focamos no espectro dos modos quasinormais não-hidrodinâmicos de um plasma N=4 SYM fortemente acoplado na presença de um potencial químico, que exibe um ponto crítico no equilíbrio. Exceto próximo ao ponto crítico, observamos que ao aumentar o potencial químico geralmente se intensifica a taxa de amortecimento dos modos quasinormais, que levam à redução dos tempos de equilibração característicos do plasma dual fortemente acoplado. Entretanto, aproximando-se do ponto crítico o tempo de equilibração típico aumenta embora sua derivada em relação ao potencial químico diverge com um expoente igual à -1/2. Encontramos também um modo não-hidrodinâmico puramente imaginário no canal de difusão vetorial com potencial químico não-nulo que dita o tempo de equilibração neste canal próximo do ponto crítico.

O estudo de teorias de calibre não-Abelianas fortemente acopladas, em especial de aspectos térmicos e fora do equilíbrio, é um problema central para a compreensão da Cromodinâmica Quântica (Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD) - em particular, para entender a evolução do Plasma de Quarks e Glúons (Quark-Gluon Plasma- QGP). A técnica mais promissora, QCD na rede, obteve sucesso ao tratar de fenômenos no vácuo e em equilíbrio térmico, como espectros e termodinâmica, mas enfrenta desafios consideráveis ao lidar com fenômenos fora do equilíbrio. Uma ferramenta adaptada para lidar com problemas envolvendo plasmas fortemente acoplados em tempo real é a dualidade gauge/gravity, que mapeia uma Teoria Quântica de Campos (Quantum Field Theory - QFT) fortemente acoplada em d dimensões em uma teoria de gravitação em d + 1 dimensões, a qual, de modo geral, é mais fácil de ser resolvida. Nesta tese, estudamos diversas aplicações da dualidade gauge/gravity em teorias não-Abelianas fortemente acopladas que modelam qualitativamente o QGP. Nós estudamos o cálculo holográfico do potencial entre um par quark-antiquark pesado (QQ) para dipolos QQ estáticos e se movendo com relação ao plasma, apresentando um formalismo geral para o cálculo da parte real e imaginária para uma grande classe de teorias gravitacionais duais. Um estudo da massa de Debye holográfica, baseado no maior comprimento de correlação de operadores ímpares por transformações de CT, foi empreendido, com aplicações em modelos bottom-up que reproduzem a termodinâmica da teoria de Yang-Mills SU(Nc) pura e da QCD. Para estes modelos, também calculamos vários coeficientes de transporte associados com o transporte de cargas no plasma, como a condutitividade elétrica, a constante de difusão de carga e coeficientes de transporte associados a uma teoria de hidrodinâmica relativística de segunda ordem. / The study of strongly coupled non-Abelian gauge theories, especially concerning their thermal and non-equilibrium aspects, is a central problem for understanding Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - in particular, to understand the evolution of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The most successful approach, lattice QCD, succeeds in dealing with vacuum and equilibrium phenomena, such as spectra and thermodynamics, but faces a considerable challenge when it comes to with non-equilibrium phenomena. A tool adapted to deal with real time problems in strongly coupled plasmas is the gauge/gravity, which maps a strongly coupled d dimensional Quantum Field Theory (QFT) to a d + 1 dimensional theory of gravity, which, in general, is easier to solve. In this thesis, we study several applications of the gauge/gravity duality to strongly coupled non-Abelian theories which model qualitatively the QGP. We deal with the holographic evaluation of the heavy quark-antiquark (Q Q) potential for static and moving QQ dipoles, presenting a general formalism for the computation of the real and imaginary parts for a large class of dual theories of gravity. A study of the holographic Debye mass, based on the largest screening length of CT-odd operators, is pursued, with applications on bottom-up holographic models that reproduce the thermodynamics of pure SU(Nc) Yang-Mills theory and QCD. For these models, we also compute several transport coefficients associated with charge transport in the plasma, such as the electric conductivity, the charge diffusion constant, and transport coefficients associated with a theory of second order relativistic hydrodynamics.

O estudo de teorias de calibre não-Abelianas fortemente acopladas, em especial de aspectos térmicos e fora do equilíbrio, é um problema central para a compreensão da Cromodinâmica Quântica (Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD) - em particular, para entender a evolução do Plasma de Quarks e Glúons (Quark-Gluon Plasma- QGP). A técnica mais promissora, QCD na rede, obteve sucesso ao tratar de fenômenos no vácuo e em equilíbrio térmico, como espectros e termodinâmica, mas enfrenta desafios consideráveis ao lidar com fenômenos fora do equilíbrio. Uma ferramenta adaptada para lidar com problemas envolvendo plasmas fortemente acoplados em tempo real é a dualidade gauge/gravity, que mapeia uma Teoria Quântica de Campos (Quantum Field Theory - QFT) fortemente acoplada em d dimensões em uma teoria de gravitação em d + 1 dimensões, a qual, de modo geral, é mais fácil de ser resolvida. Nesta tese, estudamos diversas aplicações da dualidade gauge/gravity em teorias não-Abelianas fortemente acopladas que modelam qualitativamente o QGP. Nós estudamos o cálculo holográfico do potencial entre um par quark-antiquark pesado (QQ) para dipolos QQ estáticos e se movendo com relação ao plasma, apresentando um formalismo geral para o cálculo da parte real e imaginária para uma grande classe de teorias gravitacionais duais. Um estudo da massa de Debye holográfica, baseado no maior comprimento de correlação de operadores ímpares por transformações de CT, foi empreendido, com aplicações em modelos bottom-up que reproduzem a termodinâmica da teoria de Yang-Mills SU(Nc) pura e da QCD. Para estes modelos, também calculamos vários coeficientes de transporte associados com o transporte de cargas no plasma, como a condutitividade elétrica, a constante de difusão de carga e coeficientes de transporte associados a uma teoria de hidrodinâmica relativística de segunda ordem. / The study of strongly coupled non-Abelian gauge theories, especially concerning their thermal and non-equilibrium aspects, is a central problem for understanding Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - in particular, to understand the evolution of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The most successful approach, lattice QCD, succeeds in dealing with vacuum and equilibrium phenomena, such as spectra and thermodynamics, but faces a considerable challenge when it comes to with non-equilibrium phenomena. A tool adapted to deal with real time problems in strongly coupled plasmas is the gauge/gravity, which maps a strongly coupled d dimensional Quantum Field Theory (QFT) to a d + 1 dimensional theory of gravity, which, in general, is easier to solve. In this thesis, we study several applications of the gauge/gravity duality to strongly coupled non-Abelian theories which model qualitatively the QGP. We deal with the holographic evaluation of the heavy quark-antiquark (Q Q) potential for static and moving QQ dipoles, presenting a general formalism for the computation of the real and imaginary parts for a large class of dual theories of gravity. A study of the holographic Debye mass, based on the largest screening length of CT-odd operators, is pursued, with applications on bottom-up holographic models that reproduce the thermodynamics of pure SU(Nc) Yang-Mills theory and QCD. For these models, we also compute several transport coefficients associated with charge transport in the plasma, such as the electric conductivity, the charge diffusion constant, and transport coefficients associated with a theory of second order relativistic hydrodynamics.

In this thesis we use the holographic gauge/gravity duality to study two different aspects of strongly coupled non-Abelian plasmas. In the first topic we study the effects of strong (Abelian) magnetic fields on the transport coefficients of a strongly coupled non-Abelian plasma. Due to the spatial anisotropy created by the magnetic field, the most general viscosity tensor of a magnetized plasma has 5 shear viscosity coefficients and 2 bulk viscosities. We use the holographic correspondence for a strongly coupled N=4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills (SYM) plasma to evaluate the shear viscosity perpendicular to the magnetic field and the shear viscosity parallel to the field. In the presence of a magnetic field, the shear viscosity perpendicular to the field saturates the Kovtun-Son-Starinets viscosity bound while in the direction parallel to the field the bound is violated. The second topic investigated in this thesis is motivated by the study of the near equilibrium behavior of strongly interacting non-Abelian plasmas that display a critical point in their phase diagram. We focus on the spectra of non-hydrodynamic quasinormal modes of a strongly coupled N=4 SYM plasma in the presence of a chemical potential, which displays a critical point in equilibrium. Except close to the critical point, we observe that by increasing the chemical potential one generally increases the damping rate of the quasinormal modes, which leads to a reduction of the characteristic equilibration times in the dual strongly coupled plasma. However, as one approaches the critical point the typical equilibration time increases though its derivative with respect to the chemical potential diverges with an exponent equal to -1/2. We also find a purely imaginary non-hydrodynamical mode in the vector diffusion channel at nonzero chemical potential which dictates the equilibration time in this channel near the critical point. / Nessa tese usamos a dualidade holográfica calibre/gravidade para estudar dois aspectos diferentes de plasmas não-Abelianos fortemente acoplados. No primeiro tópico estudamos os efeitos de campos magnéticos (Abelianos) intensos sobre o coeficientes de transporte de um plasma não-Abeliano fortemente acoplado. Devido à anisotropia espacial criada pelo campo magnético, o tensor de viscosidade mais geral de um plasma magnetizado deve possuir 5 coeficientes de viscosidade de cisalhamento e 2 de viscosidade volumétrica. Usamos a correspondência holográfica para um plasma N=4 Supersimétrico de Yang-Mills (SYM) fortemente acoplado para calcular a viscosidade de cisalhamento perpendicular ao campo magnético e a viscosidade de cisalhamento paralela ao campo. Na presença do campo magnético, a viscosidade de cisalhamento perpendicular ao campo satura o limite viscoso de Kovtun-Son-Starinets enquanto que na direção paralela ao campo o limite é violado. O segundo tópico investigado nessa tese é motivado pelo estudo do comportamento próximo ao equilíbrio de plasmas não-Abelianos fortemente interagentes que exibem um ponto crítico em seus diagramas de fase. Focamos no espectro dos modos quasinormais não-hidrodinâmicos de um plasma N=4 SYM fortemente acoplado na presença de um potencial químico, que exibe um ponto crítico no equilíbrio. Exceto próximo ao ponto crítico, observamos que ao aumentar o potencial químico geralmente se intensifica a taxa de amortecimento dos modos quasinormais, que levam à redução dos tempos de equilibração característicos do plasma dual fortemente acoplado. Entretanto, aproximando-se do ponto crítico o tempo de equilibração típico aumenta embora sua derivada em relação ao potencial químico diverge com um expoente igual à -1/2. Encontramos também um modo não-hidrodinâmico puramente imaginário no canal de difusão vetorial com potencial químico não-nulo que dita o tempo de equilibração neste canal próximo do ponto crítico.