Orientador: Claudio Airoldi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:35:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_IrleneMariaPereirae_M.pdf: 2812788 bytes, checksum: 83395128353119e4c0fa5e54a5e9748a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O polímero inorgânico sílica gel foi usado como suporte em reações de modificações de superfície, devido à presença de grupos silanol (Si-OH) na superfície, que confere grande reatividade em processo de imobilização. A superfície da sílica gel foi organofuncionalizada com epicloridrina a partir de uma nova rota sem a presença de silano ou solvente, reduzindo assim o impacto ambiental e o custo da reação. Este método, denominado de "rota sem solvente¿, foi otimizado com a realização de um planejamento experimental 2, variando o tempo da reação, a temperatura e o volume de epicloridrina utilizado. Para fins de comparação, a sílica gel também foi funcionalizada com epicloridrina a partir de duas rotas convencionais: a homogênea e a heterogênea, utilizando tolueno como solvente, 3-aminopropiltrietoxissilano como silano, além da epicloridrina. Para aumentar a disponibilidade de sítios básicos, foi adicionada uma nova cadeia orgânica a partir da reação com a dietanolamina para favorecer a sorção de cobre. Os produtos destas reações foram denominados de SiDM, SiDT e SiD, para as rotas homogênea, heterogênea e sem solvente, respectivamente. As sílicas obtidas foram caracterizadas por de análise elementar, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear no estado sólido para os núcleos de carbono e silício, e termogravimetria. Foram determinadas as capacidades de sorção dos íons de cobre (sorbato) através das sílicas modificadas (sorvente) obtidas pelas rotas homogênea, SiDM, heterogênea, SiDT, e sem solvente, SiD. A primeira sílica apresentou maior capacidade de sorção, 0,32 mmol g, seguida pelas sílicas SiD e SiDT com os valores de capacidade de sorção de 0,27 e 0,11 mmol g. A sílica obtida sem solvente satisfaz melhor o compromisso com a Química Verde. Sua capacidade de sorção superou SiDT, mesmo tendo um centro básico de nitrogênio a menos em relação as sílicas funcionalizadas com silano. As grandezas termodinâmicas calculadas a partir da titulação calorimétrica e batelada mostraram que em todos os sistemas estudados a interação entre os íons de cobre com os centros básicos na interface sólido/líquido é energeticamente favorável, pois apresentaram valores negativos de energia de Gibbs e entalpia exotérmica, e valores positivos de entropia, exceto para SiDM. Apesar desse valor de entropia negativo, ele não tornou o processo desfavorável / Abstract: The inorganic polymer silica gel was used as support of reactions on surface modifications due to the presence of silanol (Si-OH) groups that confers greater reactivity in immobilization process. The silica gel surface was organofunctionalized with epichlorohydrin from a new route without the presence of silane or solvent, thus reducing the environmental impact and cost of the reaction. This method, called "absence solvent route¿ was optimized with the realization of an experimental planning 2, varying reaction time, temperature and amount of epichlorohydrin. For comparison, the silica gel was functionalized with epichlorohydrin also from two conventional routes: a homogeneous and heterogeneous, using toluene as solvent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and epichlorohydrin. To increase the availability of basic sites it was added a new organic chain from a reaction with diethanolamine, to favor the sorption of copper. The products of these reactions were named SIDM, SIDT and SiD for the homogeneous, heterogeneous and absence solvent routes, respectively. All silicas were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance in solid state for carbon and silicon nuclei and thermogravimetry. The sorption capacity of copper ions (sorbate) using the modified silicas (sorbent) obtained by the homogeneous, SIDM, heterogeneous SIDT, and without solvent, SiD, routes was determined. The first silica showed higher sorption capacity 0.31 mmol g, followed by SiD and SIDT silicas, as 0.27 and 0.11 mmol g. The silica obtained without solvent performs the best agreement to green chemistry. The sorption capacity of SIDT silica surpassed even having one basic nitrogen center less than that one functionalized with silane. The calculated thermodynamic properties from calorimetric titration and batch wire process showed that for all studied systems the interaction between copper ions with basic centers at the solid/liquid interface is energetically favorable, since they have negative Gibbs energies and exothermic enthalpies, and positive entropy values, except with SiDM. In despite of entropy with negative value, it did not make the process unfavorable / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestra em Química

Orientador: Claudio Airoldi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_FernandoJoseVolpiEusebiode_M.pdf: 2032222 bytes, checksum: 5a4e21e8f2399cc1438c215f34681ff9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Novas matrizes de sílica gel organofuncionalizadas foram preparadas através da incorporação da molécula de tiouréia nos agentes sililantes comerciais de cadeias lineares contendo de um a três átomos de nitrogênio em suas estruturas, na presença de sulfato de amônio, como catalisador. Utilizou-se um novo método de preparação do novo agente modificado não envolvendo a presença de solvente na etapa inicial, o que difere daqueles que usam algum tipo de solvente orgânico, não só na etapa inicial, como também em reações sucessivas de imobilização. As matrizes foram denominadas conforme o número de nitrogênios contidos em suas superfícies, sendo S-NT, S-2NT e S-3NT, de acordo com os crescentes átomos de nitrogênio contidos no agente de origem. Através do processo sol-gel foram sintetizados os filossilicatos correspondentes às superfícies de sílica modificada. Nessa etapa, os agentes incorporados com tiouréia foram dissolvidos em etanol e adicionados a uma solução de nitrato de níquel em meio básico, obedecendo a relação molar Si/Ni como sendo 4/3. Assim, foram obtidos filossilicatos similares ao talco, que apresenta o magnésio nos sítios octaédricos, envoltos por duas camadas de silicato, onde o silício está acomodado nos sítios tetraédricos. Para a síntese da estrutura similar ao talco natural é fundamental que a razão molar mencionada seja obedecida. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas permitiram a compreensão das estruturas, bem como algumas de suas propriedades. Para os filossilicatos, foi fundamental a análise por difração de raios-X, para observar os planos de reflexões correspondentes aos da amostra de estruturas do tipo talco e comparar os sinais e as distâncias interlamelares de todos os materiais. A capacidade de adsorção de íons cobre foi estudada para as três matrizes de sílica. Os materiais apresentaram capacidade máxima de adsorção crescente na seguinte ordem. S2NT < SNT < S-3NT, ou seja, a matriz contendo dois átomos de nitrogênio em sua estrutura apresentou menor capacidade, que por sua vez é menor do que a matriz contendo três átomos de nitrogênio nas cadeias. Esse resultado está de acordo com os percentuais de nitrogênio para cada amostra, calculados pela análise elementar. A energética da interação íons cobre/centros básicos de Lewis foi determinada por titulação calorimétrica. Os dados permitiram obter a isoterma de Langmuir e através de sua regressão linear, calcular os parâmetros termodinâmicos que se apresentaram favoráveis à complexação do cobre. / Abstract: New silica gel organofunctionalized surfaces were synthesized by incorporating the thiourea molecule in the commercial silylanting agents with linear chains containing from one to three nitrogen atoms on their structures, in presence of ammonium sulphate as catalyst. This method for new modified silylating agent preparation does not require any solvent for the first step reaction. The most usefull described processes are based on the use of solvent not only on the first step, but also on the immobilization reactions. The materiaIs were named following to the number of nitrogen atoms attached to the aliphatic organic chains containing on surfaces, as S-NT, S-2NT and S-3NT, from one to three nitrogen atoms derived from silylating agents, respectively. From sol-gel process the analogous phyllosilicates from modified silica surfaces were synthesized. In this step, the functionalized agent was dissolved in ethanol and added to a nickel nitrate solution, in basic condition, following the molar ratio Si/Ni as 4/3. Therefore, the obtained talc-like phyllosilicate, presented the magnesium atom in octahedral sites, which are located between two tetrahedral silicate layers. To synthesize a talc-like structure, the mentioned molar ratio must be obeyed. The characterization techniques allowed the understanding of the structures, as well as some of properties. For phyllosilicates, the X-ray diffraction patterns were of fundamental importance for observing the typical reflection plans associated with the samples that have a talc-like structure and to compare the signals and the interlamellar space for all materials. The copper adsorption capacity was studied for alI three silica matrices. The materials presented an increasing order of adsorption capacity as: S-2NT < SNT < S-3NT, e.g., the matrix containing two nitrogen atoms on its structure had lower capacity than the others, including that one of three nitrogen atoms. These data are in agreement with nitrogen percentage values for each sample, evaluated by elemental analysis. The energetic of the interactions between copper ions/nitrogen Lewis basic centers were followed by calorimetry. Through calorimetric titrations was possible to adjust the results to the Langmuir isotherm and by linear regression and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated and presented favorable for copper complexation. / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do preparo e caracterização de janelas eletrocrômicas (ECD) contendo filmes finos de WO3 como camada eletrocrômica, CeO2-TiO2 como contra-eletrodo e eletrólitos a base de polímeros naturais plastificados. Os filmes finos de CeO2-TiO2 e WO3 foram preparados pelo processo sol-gel e usados para montagem de dispositivos (janelas) eletrocrômicas com variados eletrólitos poliméricos. Os filmes finos e as janelas foram caracterizados através de medidas de densidade de carga, voltametria cíclica e transmitância. Os filmes de CeO2-TiO2 e WO3 apresentaram respectivamente, valores de densidade de carga de 11,8 e 27,8 mC/cm2, e razão de carga anódica/catódica de 0,98 e 0,85. As análises voltamétricas dos filmes finos revelaram picos característicos dos processos de oxidação e redução e as análises espectroscópicas a transmitância de 80 e 78 %, respectivamente. Foram preparadas e caracterizadas janelas com eletrólitos a base de gelatina com ácido acético; gelatina com LiI/I2; gelatina com agar; gelatina com líquidos iônicos; gelatina com líquidos iônicos e triflato de európio; poli(vinil butirato) (PVB) com LiI/I2; PVB com LiClO4; agar com LiClO4; agar com líquidos iônicos; DNA; DNA com LiClO4; DNA-cloreto de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (DNA-CTMA) com azul da Prússia; DNA com PEDOT:PSS (poli(3,4-etilenodioxitiofeno):poli(sulfonato de estireno)); DNA-CTMA com PEDOT:PSS. Os melhores resultados de densidade de carga de 5,4 e 6,0 mC/cm2 foram obtidas para os dispositivos com eletrólitos de gelatina com agar e agar com LiClO4. A razão de carga anódica/catódica desses dispositivos foi de 0,98 e 0,99. Os voltamogramas cíclicos das amostras estudadas revelaram picos anódicos e catódicos referentes à extração e inserção de íons lítio e elétrons no filme de WO3. As análises de transmitância em 550 nm entre o estado colorido e descolorido das janelas mostrou os valores de 28% para a janela contendo eletrólito a base de PVB com LiI/I2. Além disso, também foi verificada a estabilidade dos dispositivos revelando a duração entre 100 a 400 ciclos cronoamperometricos, dependendo do eletrólito usado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as janelas estudadas são potenciais candidatas às aplicações práticas. / This work presents the results of the preparation and characterization of electrochromic windows (ECD) containing thin films of WO3 as electrochromic layer, CeO2-TiO2 as the counter electrode and natural polymer-based electrolytes. Thin films of CeO2-TiO2 and WO3 were prepared by the sol-gel process and used to assembly the electrochromic devices (windows) with different polymer electrolytes. The thin films and windows samples were characterized by charge density, cyclic voltammetry and transmittance measurements. CeO2-TiO2 and WO3 thin films revealed charge density values of 11.8 and 27.8 mC/cm2, and anodic/cathodic charge relation of 0.98 and 0.85, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms revealed the peaks characteristic of the processes of oxidation and reduction and the spectroscopic analysis the transmittance of 80 and 78%, respectively. Electrochromic windows were assembled with electrolytes based on gelatin with acetic acid; gelatina with LiI/I2, gelatin with agar, gelatin with ionic liquids, gelatin with ionic liquids and europium triflate, PVB (poly (vinyl butyrate)) with LiI/I2; PVB with LiClO4; agar with LiClO4, agar with ionic liquids; DNA, DNA with LiClO4; DNA-CTMA (hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride) with Prussian Blue; DNA with PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) ) and DNA-CTMA with PEDOT: PSS. The best results of charge density of 5.4 and 6.0 mC/cm2 and anodic/cathodic charge relations of 0.98 and 0.99 were obtained for the samples containing electrolytes based on gelatin with agar and agar with LiClO4, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms of the electrochromic windows showed cathodic and anodic peaks related to the insertion and extraction of lithium ions and electrons in the film of WO3. The transmittance measurements at 550 nm revealed 28% between the colored and discolored state of the windows with PVB-LiI/I2 electrolyte. Moreover, the stability measurements showed that the ECD remain their transmittance difference during of 100 to 400 of chronoaperometric cycling, depending on the electrolyte used. The obtained results indicate the possibility of use the naturalmacromolecules-based electrolytes in practical electrochromic windows.

Abstract: Silica gels containing embedded heteropolyacids were synthesized in acidic media by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane with phosphotungstic or phosphomolybdic acids using the sol-gel technique. Surfactants dodecylamine, sodium dodecylsulfate, trimethylstearylammonium chloride, and Pluronic P123 were used as templates. The effect of the synthesis conditions on their structure and morphology was studied. All materials were mesoporous but contained micropores in their structures. Presence of bands of Keggin structures in fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra along with absence of X-ray diffraction patterns of crystalline heteropolyacids confirmed their fine incorporation into silica network. Particle sizes of modified materials were 500–1100 nm except for the W-containing sample obtained with trimethylstearylammonium chloride, which was significantly lower. This unusual effect was attributed to stabilization of primary silica nanoparticles by interactions between the surfactant and heteropolyacid. High ratio heteropolyacid/tetraethoxysilane resulted in partial loss of porosity. Obtained results might be used for optimization of synthesis of effective catalysts and adsorbents containing heteropolyacids in mesoporous structure. Graphical Abstract: [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]

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Gels and hydrogels have attracted a great attention for potential applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, actuators, and soft robots. There has been a significant progress to engineer hydrogels from both synthetic and natural precursors to be as tough as a solid and as stretchable as a rubbery material while maintaining high water/solvent content. Despite considerable advances in rationally designing hydrogels, our understanding of their complex nonlinear mechanical deformation behavior is incomplete. This is partially due to the difficulty in conducting mechanical characterization on slippery, soft and swollen gels. Thus, it is required to develop new experimental techniques in order to better characterize them. Further, analyzing the experimental observations and link it with the molecular networks is an important factor. With this perspective, in this dissertation, nonlinear mechanical properties of different gel like materials have been investigated. We chose different gels with varied molecular structure, from molecular gel to self-assembled copolymer gels with flexible chains, to semiflexible polysaccharide based polymers. By developing suitable experimental protocols, strain-stiffening behavior of these materials, similar to that observed in biological materials, have been captured. Chain flexibility is a dominant factor in mechanical behavior of gels. For example, gels with flexible chains dilate orthogonal to an external shear load, whereas gels with semilexible chains contract similar to biological gel-like materials. In order to investigate the failure mechanism in our gels, cavitation rheology technique was also applied. We found that cavitation phenomenon in gels is related to the molecular architecture of the gels. The present work provides a better understanding of the deformation behavior of soft gels when subjected to a large load.

The goal of this research was to design, prepare and study a new class of supermolecules coupling ruthenium and platinum, which would display covalent binding to DNA. Drawing upon the well-established efficacy of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) and the DNA-binding properties of select ruthenium polyazine complexes, the approach was to bind the cis-PtIICl2 active site of cisplatin to ruthenium light absorbers using the dpq and dpb bridging ligands (where dpq = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline, dpb = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl) benzoquinoxaline). These complexes are potentially bifunctional, capable of DNA intercalation through the bridging ligand and covalent binding to DNA through the cis-PtCl2 site. Synthetic methods were developed to prepare the mixed-metal, bimetallic complexes [(bpy)2Ru(BL)PtCl2](CF3SO3)2 and [(phen)2Ru(BL)PtCl2](CF3SO3)2 (where bpy = 2,2¢-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) in high purity and good overall yields. The DNA-binding ability of these complexes was probed by reaction with linearized plasmid DNA and subsequent analysis by native and denaturing gel electrophoresis. The known DNA binders, cisplatin and trans-{[PtCl(NH3)2]2(m-H2N(CH2)6NH2)}(NO3)2 (1,1/t,t), were examined under equivalent conditions and used as positive controls. Native gel electrophoresis was used to show that these complexes strongly bind DNA, retarding the migration of DNA through the gel in a fashion inversely proportional to the ratio of DNA base pairs (bp) to metal complex (mc). Analysis by denaturing gel electrophoresis determined that the Ru-Pt complexes bind to DNA in a fashion similar to cisplatin, forming primarily intrastrand adducts. However, these systems also appear to form interstrand adducts at a 10-fold lower metal concentration than cisplatin. In addition to affecting the migration rate, the bimetallic complexes also significantly reduced the fluorescence of DNA-intercalated ethidium bromide for the Ru-Pt reacted samples at low-DNA bp: mc ratios. This was not observed for the cisplatin and 1,1/t,t treated samples. This observation was quantitated by gel densitometry. Precipitation of the DNA by cisplatin, 1,1/t,t and all four Ru-Pt complexes was determined not to be the cause of reduced ethidium bromide fluorescence intensity. Homogenous solution fluorescence quenching studies have revealed that the Ru-Pt complexes quench the emission of ethidium bromide even in the absence of DNA, whereas cisplatin and 1,1/t,t do not. In order to compare the effects on DNA migration produced by cisplatin, 1,1/t,t and the Ru-Pt complexes, Rf values were calculated. This analysis has revealed that all four Ru-Pt complexes retard DNA migration to approximately the same degree. Calculation of theoretical DNA migration distances, based upon the molecular weight change of DNA caused by metal-complex binding, have revealed that the observed affect on DNA migration cannot be accounted for by an increase in molecular weight alone. This indicates that changes in charge and three-dimensional shape of the DNA upon binding of the Ru-Pt complexes may also contribute. / Ph. D.

Increasing interest in the development of nontoxic monopropellants for the replacement of hydrazine and its derivatives stems from the desire for safer and thus more cost-effective alternatives. Ionic liquid monopropellants based on the hydroxylammonium nitrate and ammonium dinitramide ionic oxidizer salts have received the majority of attention over the last two decades and present a promising alternative with higher performance and more attractive handling qualities than hydrazine. These monopropellants are employed using catalytic methods which lead to their decomposition and ignition. However, the development of compatible catalysts remains a limiting step in the technological readiness of these alternative monopropellants. Due to their ionic nature, the development of ionic liquid monopropellants has led to many investigations on the utilization of electrolysis to achieve combustion. Separately, there has been a longtime interest in the use of gelled propellants for enhanced handling and operating safety. Atomization and combustion inefficiencies associated with gels have continued to limit their use. Monopropellants composed of gel polymer electrolytes present a unique opportunity which combines the safety features of gelled propellants as well as the ionic conductivity seen in ionic liquids, allowing them to decompose and ignite electrolytically. In this research, a family of electrically controlled monopropellants that utilize electrolysis in this fashion was developed from a gel polymer electrolyte. Their fundamental properties, including those pertaining to rheology, conductivity, thermal stability, and combustion, are explored as the composition of the oxidizer salt is varied. / Master of Science / Current advancements in rocket propulsion include interests in developing alternative green propellants for use in spacecraft propulsion systems with the hope of replacing current options which may be toxic to handle and present a serious safety hazard. Alternative propellants are generally thought of as not requiring special safety equipment or protocols in their handling, thereby reducing costs. Several promising options belonging to a category of propellants known as ionic liquids have made significant progress in development since the 1990s and have the potential to be used alongside a novel electrical combustion method known as electrolysis. Gelled propellants are another possible alternative which have been researched for their appealing safety qualities for some time. While not researched for their use as rocket propellants until very recently, gel polymer electrolytes have received interest in this application due to their composition which includes a polymer, commonly used as rocket fuel, and an oxidizer salt. Due to their inherent electrical conductivity, their potential to use electrolysis in a similar manner to ionic liquids to achieve combustion is of interest. The research detailed in this thesis was completed to characterize fundamental material and combustion properties of a gel polymer electrolyte propellant as its oxidizer constituents are varied.

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