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Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Predator-Prey Interactions in Winter WheatKowles, Katelyn A. 01 January 2015 (has links)
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are pests of multiple cropping systems, primarily due to the viruses they vector and direct crop damage that is exacerbated by their rapid population growth. In Kentucky, grain aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae) cause significant yield loss to winter wheat as vectors of Barley Yellow Dwarf virus (BYDV), prompting the routine application of insecticides. Coupled with increasing human populations and decreasing arable land, it is increasingly evident that biological control services provided by natural enemies represent a viable long-term management option. Aphids are preyed upon by a diverse array of predators that can be exploited in conservation biological control. I designed a field experiment to monitor dispersal into and out of wheat fields, and how these movements were affected by the surrounding habitat. Analysis revealed there are significant movements of R. padi into the wheat in the fall, and S. avenae in spring, and that these movements are slowed down by forested edges. Natural, field-bordering weed strips were used as a conservation biological technique to enhance predator populations. Results showed that while weed strips did not affect the yield of the crop, aphid abundance, or BYDV incidence, it did significantly increase the abundance of natural enemies. Dominant predators included Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae larvae, and Braconidae. Using molecular gut-content analysis, I screened multiple species of predators and found strong trophic linkages between aphids and Orius insidiosus and multiple species of coccinellids, namely Coccinella septempunctata and Coleomegilla maculata. In aphidophagous systems, intraguild predation (IGP) can interfere with the biological control potential so I also screened coccinellids for IGP using newly designed primers. To identify intraguild prey DNA in coccinellids, I designed species-specific primers for C. maculata and C. septempunctata to use in PCR-based molecular gut-content analysis. Results revealed high frequencies of IGP between coccinellids that are significantly higher in weed strip plots. However, I observed no detectable impact on aphid predation during these increased times of IGP, suggesting it does not interfere with biological control of aphids in this system. I discuss the role of weed strips in winter wheat as part of an integrative pest management strategy.
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Instabilidade difusiva em um modelo presa-predador generalista / Diffusive instability in a generalist predator-prey systemRodrigues, Vagner Weide 26 January 2017 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we investigate the pattern formation of a reaction-diffusion generalist
predator-prey system with constant alternative food source and a Holling type III
functional response. The local model can exhibit up to six equilibria, bistability, limit
cyles and several bifurcations. We analyse diffusive instability conditions and verify the
spatial distribution of preys and predators in a two-dimensional habitat with reflective
zero-flux boundary conditions. We investigate the spatial behavior for three parameters
combinations: Case 1: single coexistence equilibrium; Case 2: bistability; and Case 3:
bistability and limit cycle. This work is divided as follows: nn Chapter 1, we present
the stability analysis of the local model; in Chapter 2, we consider the movement
by diffusion and find diffusive instability conditions; lastly, in Chapter 3 we perform
extensive numerical simulations in order to investigate the spatial distribution of preys
and predators. / Neste trabalho, investigamos a formação de padrões em um modelo de reação-difusão
presa-predador generalista com fonte de alimento alternativa constante e resposta funcional
Holling tipo III. O modelo local pode apresentar até seis equilíbrios, biestabilidade,
ciclos limite e diversas bifurcações. Analisamos as condições de instabilidade difusiva e
verificamos a distribuição espacial de presas e predadores em um habitat bidimensional
com fronteira reflexiva. Investigamos o comportamento espacial para três combinações
de parâmetros: Caso 1: equilíbrio de coexistência único; Caso 2: biestabilidade; e Caso
3: biestabilidade e ciclo limite. O trabalho está dividido da seguinte forma: no Capítulo
1, apresentamos a análise de estabilidade do modelo local; no Capítulo 2, inserimos a
difusão no modelo e encontramos as condições de instabilidade difusiva; por fim, no
Capítulo 3, realizamos diversas simulações numéricas a fim de investigar a distribuição
espacial de presas e predadores.
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Stop and smell the weeds: an approach to attract and conserve predatory coccinellids in tomato / Pare e cheire as plantas daninhas: uma abordagem para atrair e conservar coccinelídeos predadores em tomatePorto, Morgana Maria Fonseca 24 July 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O manejo de habitat, uma abordagem do controle biológico conservativo, o tem como objetivo alterar habitats através da manipula ção de recursos de origem vegetal na paisagem para melhorar a disponibilidade de recursos para os inimigos naturais. As plantas daninhas têm sido amplamente usadas para esse fim em agroecossistemas devido ao seu potencial de fornecer recursos al- ternativos para os inimigos naturais, mesmo quando as densidades de pragas são baixas. No entanto, há uma escassez de informações relativas aos recursos fornecidos por plantas daninhas e suas interações com os inimigos naturais. Para que o manejo de habitat seja uma prática funcional, ́é necessário o conhecimento detalhado do comportamento de forrageamento e da capacidade sensorial de inimigos naturais. A fim de contribuir para esse entendimento, estudei a atratividade e os efeitos de recursos fornecidos pela planta daninha Bidens pilosa, conhecida como picão-preto, utilizando plantas de tomate como a cultura principal, para o predador generalista Cycloneda sanguinea. As fêmeas de C. sanguinea são capazes de reconhecer os sinais químicos do picão-preto, mas elas não discriminam entre os estímulos do picão-preto ou das plantas de tomate. No campo, a ocorrência de C. sanguinea no picão-preto não depende da presença de pulgoẽs e isso só é evolutivamente estável a se a joaninha obtém vantagens da visita na planta. Os recursos alternativos fornecidos pelo picão-preto e pelas plantas de tomate, em conjunto ou não, não afetou a taxa de oviposição de C. sanguinea, tanto na presença quanto na ausência de pulgões. Entretanto, uma dieta com apenas os recursos fornecidos pelas plantas testadas aqui não é suficiente para promover a a sua oviposição. Porém, estes recursos podem aumentar a sobrevivência de casais de joaninhas adultas de forma significativa. A sobrevivência de C. e sanguinea foi significativamente maior na combinação picão-preto e plantas de tomate do que no tomate sozinho, mas não foi diferente do picão-preto somente. Concluindo, C. sanguinea pode usar pistas químicas do picão-preto durante o forrageamento e os recursos oferecidos pela planta podem permitir que este predador persista no campo quando os recursos-presa são escassos, o que pode levar a uma melhora na sua eficiência como agente de controle e biológico. / Habitat management is a conservation biological control approach that aims to alter habitats through manipulating plant-based resources in the landscape to increase the availability of resources for natural enemies. Weed commu- nities have been adopted for habitat management in agroecosystems due to their potential to supply food resources to natural enemies, even when pest densities are low. However, there is a paucity of information pertaining to the resources provided by non-crop weeds and their interactions with natural enemies. To make the management of non-crop weeds a functional practice, detailed knowledge of the behavior and sensory ability of natural enemies is necessary. In order to contribute to such understanding, I studied the attrac- tiveness and the effects of resources provided by the weed hairy beggarticks (non-crop), using tomato plant as the main crop, on the generalist predator Cycloneda sanguinea. I found that C. sanguinea females are able to recognize cues from hairy beggarticks but they do not discriminate between cues from hairy beggarticks or tomato plants. In the field, the occurrence of C. san- guinea on hairy beggarticks plants does not depend on the presence of aphids and it is only evolutionary stable if the ladybird gains advantage from visiting the plant. The alternative resources provided by the hairy beggarticks and tomato plants, either together or separate, did not affect the oviposition rate of C. sanguinea, both in the presence and absence of aphid prey. Hence, a diet with only the resources provided by the plants is not enough to promote their oviposition. Nevertheless, these resources were found to increase adult survivorship significantly. Survival of C. sanguinea was significantly higher on the combination of tomato plants plus hairy beggarticks than on tomato plants alone but was not different from hairy beggarticks alone. Concluding, C. sanguinea can use cues from hairy beggarticks when foraging and the re- sources offered by plants may allow them to persist in the field when prey resources are scarce which might improve its efficiency as biological control agent.
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Modern Methods in Stochastic Ecological Matrix ModelsHuffmyer, William Lee 23 May 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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