This thesis presents the measurement of the differential cross section of Z boson pro-duction in association with jets (Z+jets) in proton-proton collision at the center-of-massenergy of 13 TeV. The data has been recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC duringthe year 2015, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.19 fb −1 .A study of theCMS muon High Level Trigger (HLT) with the data collected in 2016 is also presented.The goal of analysis is to perform a first measurement at 13 TeV of the cross sections ofZ+jets as a function of the jet multiplicity, its dependence on the transverse momentumof the Z boson, the jet kinematic variables (transverse momentum and rapidity), thescalar sum of the jet momenta, and the balance in the transverse momentum betweenthe reconstructed jet recoil and the Z boson. The results are obtained by correctingthe detector effects, and are unfolded to particle level. The measurement are com-pared to four predictions using different approximations: at the leading-order (LO),next-to-leading-order (NLO) and next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) accuracy. Thefirst two calculations used M AD G RAPH 5_ A MC@NLO interfaced with PYTHIA 8 for theparton showering and hadronisation, one of which includes matrix elements (MEs) atLO, another includes one-loop corrections (NLO). The third is a fixed-order calculationwith NNLO accuracy for Z+1 jet using the N -jettiness subtraction scheme (N jetti ). Thefourth uses the GENEVA program with an NNLO calculation combined with higher-order resummation.A series of studies on the HLT double muon trigger are also included. Since 2015 theLHC reached higher luminosity, more events are produced inside the CMS detector persecond, which resulted in more challenges for the trigger system. The work presentedincludes the monitoring, validation and the calibration of the muon trigger paths since2016. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The armed conflicts to humanity for centuries. Almost always the reason for armed conflict dominion over certain territories. If we focus on armed conflicts closest to us history, it is clear that these include first and second World War. These two wars have caused thousands of deaths on all sides and great hardship of the civilian population. After World War II it seemed that the end of armed conflicts. Nevertheless, followed by the war in Korea or Vietnam, where once again innocent civilians died. But this is more than fifty years of history. Unfortunately, the armed conflict is still repeated, and since 1990 there were more than a hundred and twenty. Although not a war of such magnitude, which is involved in the entire world, but they have also been responsible for hundreds of deaths. The trend of conflict after the Cold War is undoubtedly the killing of civilians. Unfortunately, the loss ratio for the armed forces and civilians dramatically changed. Particularly in Africa are relatively small losses on fighting units. But civilians are dying by the hundreds of thousands. Reasons for armed conflict after the Cold War are different. In most cases, however, it is the territory and related ethnic cleansing, or wealth, which are eg. in Africa diamonds. The purpose of my thesis was draw attention to the constant threats to fundamental human rights in armed conflicts are totally ignored. The theoretical part describes international humanitarian law, which should be the basis for armed conflict. And describes the basic principles of international humanitarian law and the types of armed conflict under international humanitarian law. The theoretical part also describes some of the articles of the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols to the armed conflict since 1990 are the most commonly used and are very serious. Due to the number of armed conflicts since 1990, which was more than 120, is shown in the work of ten selected armed conflicts. In selected conflicts are described various war crimes that were committed against the civilian population. These crimes are similar in countries that are a common culture or mentality. In African countries is the same crimes. The difference is mostly in scale committing these war crimes. The same is true even in the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. In this thesis were consumed interviews with some participants armed conflicts, which greatly helps us to better understand the war crimes that were committed during the armed conflict. Processing and evaluation of the results was done in MS Word and MS Excel.

LL.M. (International Law) / Although international law is still a relatively new field within the South African legal system, South Africa has come a long way since the unsuccessful prosecution of Wouter Basson (1999- 2002) for apartheid crimes in the North-Gauteng high court. Recent cases as well as media reports have focused the attention once again on South-Africa‟s obligation to investigate and prosecute certain international crimes. Although criminal investigation and prosecution is generally, not only the duty of a domestic legal system, but also within the discretion of the domestic authorities, certain offences are so heinous that they are regarded as international crimes. It has been accepted since the Nuremburg trials, conducted after World War II, that the whole international community has an interest in the effective punishment and deterrence of international crimes.2 A right and sometimes even a duty to prosecute international crimes may arise from a multilateral treaty to which a state is party, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and various terrorism conventions. South Africa is a signatory to the abovementioned treaties. The focus of this dissertation is on South Africa‟s responsibility in terms of international law to investigate and prosecute international crimes. The author researched the question whether South Africa complied with its international law obligations.

Genève et Prague sont deux métropoles en construction. La métropolisation revêt des formes différentes : l’affirmation d’une capitale qui veut être une métropole et la « tête de pont » des investissements étrangers en Europe centrale pour Prague ; la construction d’une agglomération sur trois Etats pour Genève (agglomération franco-valdo-genevoise). Les trajectoires de ces deux métropoles sont également différentes et font l’objet d’une comparaison : Prague est une ville post-socialiste en rattrapage rapide vingt ans après la chute du régime communiste tandis que Genève est une métropole d’Europe occidentale, ville internationale depuis un siècle. Deux conceptions se font face et orientent les stratégies d’acteurs : d’un côté, les acteurs praguois assurent un développement rapide selon une logique multipolaire de la capitale tchèque ; de l’autre, on assiste à une certaine peur de la croissance qui freine la menée de grands projets et la concrétisation du Grand Genève, l’agglomération transfrontalière franco-valdo-genevoise. / Geneva and Prague are two metropolises under construction. However, metropolitan development is different in each city: Prague is a capital-city which wants to be a metropolis and attract and concentrate foreign investment in Central-Eastern Europe, whereas Geneva is the heart of a three States-cross-border city (France, cantons of Geneva and Vaud). Their trajectories are also different and are comparable: Prague is a post socialist city quickly catching up twenty years after the fall of the communist regime, and Geneva is an old international city in Western Europe. Two territorial visions are orienting the leaders’ strategies: on the one hand, Prague leaders are promoting a balanced and polycentric city development; on the other hand, one observes a certain « growth fear » which slows down the achievements of big projects such as the cross-border city formation called « Grand Genève ».

Une petite communauté luthérienne, originaire surtout d’Allemagne, existe depuis le XVIe siècle à Lyon. Elle bénéficie d’une Église, installée à Genève, à partir de 1707. Il s’agit surtout de négociants, qui se rendent à Genève quatre fois par an pour la Cène. Mais, à partir de 1770, quand les réformés lyonnais ont enfin un pasteur, les luthériens participent de plus en plus à l’Église réformée de Lyon et délaissent Genève.Pendant près de 75 ans, les luthériens lyonnais disparaissent de l’histoire lyonnaise. Au tournant des 18e et 19e siècles, la communauté luthérienne vit sa vie à l’ombre de la communauté réformée. Entre 1800 et 1850, le mouvement d’immigration de suisses, allemands, alsaciens s’accélère. En 1851, après plusieurs tentatives infructueuses pendant les cinquante années précédentes, le pasteur luthérien Georges Mayer crée une église évangélique allemande qui rapidement se rattache à l’Eglise de la confession d’Augsbourg.La communauté allemande dirige cette église pendant une trentaine d’année jusqu’à l’installation du premier pasteur luthérien français de Lyon. S’ensuivront près de trente années de relations houleuses entre les communautés allemande et française La première guerre mondiale signe l’arrêt de mort de la paroisse allemande. L’église française survit difficilement entre 1914 et 1938. La renaissance aura lieu grâce à deux pasteurs à la personnalité exceptionnelle : André Desbaumes et Henry Bruston. L’église luthérienne devient une pièce incontournable de l’œcuménisme lyonnais et s’ouvre sur le monde. L’année 2007 marque le début du rapprochement entre les églises réformée et luthérienne. Une nouvelle histoire commence. / A small lutheran community coming from Germany exists in Lyon from the 16 century. This group owned a church, settled in Geneva from 1707.It was mostly composed of traders who went to Geneva four times a year for the holy communion. But, from 1770 onward, when the Calvinists from Lyons got their priest, the Lutherans went more and more to that church, letting down Geneva.For about 75 years, the Lutherans disappeared from Lyons. At the turn of the eighteen and nineteen centuries, the community spent her life in the shade of the Calvinist church. Between 1800 and 1850, the immigration movement of swiss, germans and Alsatians was quickening.In 1851, after multiples fruitless tries during the last fifty years, the Lutheran reverend Georges Mayer create an evangelic german church which is quickly linked with the Augsburg Confession.The german community managed the church for nearly 30 years until the arrival of the first French vicar in Lyons .For another 30 years, the relations were stormies between the two communities.The first world war marked the death of the german parish. The French church survived with difficulties during the twenties and thirties. The “renaissance” was due to two extraordinary personalities: André Desbaumes and Henry Bruston The Lutheran church became an inescapable part of the Lyons’s oecumenism and opened itself to the world.2007 marked the beginning of the merger between the Calvinist and Lutheran churches. A new story began.

People in refuge face states with a dilemma. This dilemma consists of a wish (or obligation) to help those who need a refuge, and at the same time consider domestic issues such as financial costs and security problems. Thus, there are two perspectives which are important to consider when refugee policies are made. The aim of this paper is to see which perspective the EU had when making their migration policies. The question asked is: which perspective is behind the making of European refugee policy? The theories realism and idealism are used to describe the conflicts in the making of European refugee policies. The method used is called qualitative text analyses in which you take out the most relevant information in the different parts of a text. The results showed that it has been difficult for the European states to agree on a common European migration law. The agreements that have been made have made it more difficult for refugees to enter the European Union, that is, a protective politics have been made. This leads to the conclusion that EU: s refugee policies at large have been formed from a realist perspective to protect the interests of the national states. Key words: European refugee politics, realism and idealism, Geneva Convention.

The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.

Beginning in 1939, the Concours International d'Exécution Musicale de Genève (CIEM; Geneva International Music Competition) is unique among international music competitions in its multidisciplinary approach. To date, fifteen works have been commissioned for clarinet for the years in which the clarinet was involved. The most well-known of these works is the unaccompanied work by Heinrich Sutermeister, Capriccio for Solo Clarinet in A, written in 1946 for the 1947 competition. This work is a staple in the unaccompanied clarinet repertoire. However, the other fourteen works commissioned for the competition are little known and to date no document has been prepared that examines each of these works in the context of the competition and clarinet literature. While perhaps less notable, works were also commissioned for a sight reading portion of the competition for many of the years in which the clarinet was a discipline chosen for the competition, two of which were published. These works are examined as well. This survey provides a critical, analytical, historical, performance-related and biographical review of the published and unpublished works commissioned for the clarinet by CIEM. The composers, competitors and the significance of these works and winners in the clarinet literature and history are included. A chapter is dedicated to each piece which includes performance considerations, critical, analytical, and historical information as well as biographical information regarding the composer and the competitors where available.

In master thesis "U.S. Foreign Policy under Ronald Reagan: Strategic Defense Initiative and disarmament process" is analysed development of the Strategic Defense Initiative and consequent disarmament process in the second half of 1980's. At the beginning of the thesis it is mentioned a stadium of disarmament by the end of 1970's, but the main attention focuses on the Ronald Reagan's presidential administration, when the development of the SDI started. Master thesis also analyses disarmament dialogue among representatives of the United States and the Soviet Union, which started in Geneva in 1985, and continued in Reykjavik, Washington, and Moscow.

Sustainable development is a principal concept for housing, urban infrastructure, energetics, transportation, or business. Fragmentation of concept definition is a result of abusive term overuse by the entire society. In 2015 UNECE established a clear sustainable housing definition through The Geneva UN Charter on Sustainable Housing and its 34 Rationales. The UN encourages its member states to measure progress in sustainable development through existing or newly developed indicators. Existing commercial housing evaluation tools are insufficient for the Geneva UN Charter concept. Initially, the tools measured the so-called greenness of buildings overlooking anthropocentric and social qualities of housing underlined in the UN Geneva Charter. Commercial certification tools heavily reliant on profits often utilize incorrect concepts of sustainability. That results in false sustainability. This work aspires to introduce a transparent housing sustainability assessment tool for the Czech Republic. Firstly, were identified unique phenomena outlining the concept of housing sustainability. To identified phenomena were consequently nominated and assigned appropriate indicators. While in a different situation is housing interpreted as a human environment, building, home, investment, or fundamental human...