In this dissertation an approach is presented for the three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) using unstructured discretizations. The geoelectrical forward problem is solved by the finite element method using tetrahedral meshes with linear and quadratic shape functions. Unstructured meshes are suitable for modelling domains of arbitrary geometry (e.g., complicated topography). Furthermore, the best trade-off between accuracy and numerical effort can be achieved due to the capability of problem-adapted mesh refinement. Unstructured discretizations also allow the consideration of spatial extended finite electrodes. Due to a corresponding extension of the forward operator using the complete electrode model, known from medical impedance tomography, a study about the influence of such electrodes to geoelectrical measurements is given. Based on the forward operator, the so-called triple-grid-technique is developed to solve the geoelectrical inverse problem. Due to unstructured discretization, the ERT can be applied by using a resolution dependent parametrization on arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional and three-dimensional domains. A~Gauss-Newton method is used with inexact line search to fit the data within error bounds. A global regularization scheme is applied using special smoothness constraints. Furthermore, an advanced regularization scheme for the ERT is presented based on unstructured meshes, which is able to include a-priori information into the inversion and significantly improves the resulting ERT images. Structural information such as material interfaces known from other geophysical techniques are incorporated as allowed sharp resistivity contrasts. Model weighting functions can define individually the allowed deviation of the final resistivity model from given start or reference values. As a consequent further development the region concept is presented where the parameter domain is subdivided into lithological or geological regions with individual inversion and regularization parameters. All used techniques and concepts are part of the open source C++ library GIMLi, which has been developed during this thesis as an advanced tool for the method-independent solution of the inverse problem.

In this dissertation an approach is presented for the three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) using unstructured discretizations. The geoelectrical forward problem is solved by the finite element method using tetrahedral meshes with linear and quadratic shape functions. Unstructured meshes are suitable for modelling domains of arbitrary geometry (e.g., complicated topography). Furthermore, the best trade-off between accuracy and numerical effort can be achieved due to the capability of problem-adapted mesh refinement. Unstructured discretizations also allow the consideration of spatial extended finite electrodes. Due to a corresponding extension of the forward operator using the complete electrode model, known from medical impedance tomography, a study about the influence of such electrodes to geoelectrical measurements is given. Based on the forward operator, the so-called triple-grid-technique is developed to solve the geoelectrical inverse problem. Due to unstructured discretization, the ERT can be applied by using a resolution dependent parametrization on arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional and three-dimensional domains. A~Gauss-Newton method is used with inexact line search to fit the data within error bounds. A global regularization scheme is applied using special smoothness constraints. Furthermore, an advanced regularization scheme for the ERT is presented based on unstructured meshes, which is able to include a-priori information into the inversion and significantly improves the resulting ERT images. Structural information such as material interfaces known from other geophysical techniques are incorporated as allowed sharp resistivity contrasts. Model weighting functions can define individually the allowed deviation of the final resistivity model from given start or reference values. As a consequent further development the region concept is presented where the parameter domain is subdivided into lithological or geological regions with individual inversion and regularization parameters. All used techniques and concepts are part of the open source C++ library GIMLi, which has been developed during this thesis as an advanced tool for the method-independent solution of the inverse problem.

Orientador: Chang Hung Kiang / Banca: Walter Malagutti Filho / Banca: Vagner Roberto Elis / Resumo: Visando caracterizar assinaturas geoelétricas em áreas contaminadas por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, foram realizados levantamentos geofísicos utilizando-se os métodos da eletrorresistividade e análises hidroquímicas em área localizada no Pólo Industrial de Cubatão - SP. Foram realizadas 19 sondagens elétricas verticais (SEVs), 4 imageamentos elétricos 2D e 3 imageamentos elétricos 3D, tendo sido identificadas, por meio destas técnicas, 12, 21 e 9 anomalias, respectivamente. Constatou-se que a presença de anomalias condutivas na zona não saturada coincide com a ocorrência de fase livre nos poços de monitoramento. A identificação de NH4 +, subjacente à ocorrência de fase livre, confirmou a atuação de processo de denitrificação. As baixas concentrações dos íons sulfato (SO4 2-) e ferroso (Fe2+) indicam que os mesmos foram reduzidos biologicamente para sulfeto (S2-) e precipitado como sulfeto de ferro (FeS), respectivamente. Esses resultados permitem concluir que as anomalias condutivas estão diretamente associadas à presença de fase residual de hidrocarbonetos, em processo de biodegradação, na zona não saturada. Desta forma, os métodos de investigação geofísica utilizados permitiram identificar áreas sob influência de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. / Abstract: Geophysical surveys using electroresistivity methods and hydrochemical analyses were applied aiming the characterization of geoelectrical signatures in hydrocarbon contaminated sites located in the Polo Industrial de Cubatão - SP. There have been accomplished nineteen vertical electric soundings (VESs), four 2D and three 3D electrical imaging, which identified 12, 21 and 9 geophysical anomalies respectively. It was verified that the presence of conductive anomalies within the non-saturated zone coincided with the occurrence of free phase on the monitoring wells. Ammonium (NH4 +) identification, underlying the free phase occurrence, reinforced the activity of denitrifying process. Additionally, low concentration values of sulfate (SO4 2-) and ferrous (Fe2+) ions indicated that they were, respectively, biologically reduced to sulfide (S2-) and precipitated as iron sulfide (FeS). Based on those results, it was concluded that the conductive anomalies detected inside the non-saturated zone were directly associated with the presence of hydrocarbon residual phase, with was undergoing a biodegradation process. Therefore, the geophysical methods applied in this study allowed the identification of sites under petroleum hydrocarbons influence. / Mestre

Η γεωφυσική διασκόπηση αποτελεί μια τεχνική διερεύνησης που χαρακτηρίζεται ως μη καταστροφική, με δυνατότητα εφαρμογής σε μεγάλη πλειονότητα προβλημάτων. Πραγματοποιήθηκε γεωφυσική έρευνα με εφαρμογή ηλεκτρικής χαρτογράφησης, ηλεκτρικής τομογραφίας, γεωραντάρ και καταγραφών εδαφικού θορύβου σε περιοχή της Πανεπιστημιούπολης. Σκοπός ήταν η λεπτομερής γεωφυσική διερεύνηση για τον εντοπισμό γεωλογικών ασυνεχειών στον ευρύτερο χώρο του Πανεπιστημίου. Οι προαναφερόμενες τεχνικές εφαρμόστηκαν στο πεδίο σε προκαθορισμένα γεωφυσικά δίκτυα (κάνναβοι) που απείχαν μεταξύ τους απόσταση 100 μέτρων, με σάρωση επάλληλων διατομών παράλληλα και κάθετα στην διεύθυνση του γεωμαγνητικού Βορρά. Ως πρώτη τεχνική επιλέχτηκε η ηλεκτρική χαρτογράφηση με χρήση της δίδυμης διάταξης και άνοιγμα ηλεκτροδίων 0.5-3 μέτρων, που απέδωσε την κατανομή της ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης του εδάφους επί οριζόντιου επιπέδου. Ως δεύτερη τεχνική εφαρμόστηκε η ηλεκτρική τομογραφία. Με χρήση 25 συνευθειακών ηλεκτροδίων σε απόσταση 1 μέτρου, μέσω της διάταξης Wenner-Schlumberger, επιτεύχθηκε η καταγραφή της κατανομής της φαινόμενης ειδικής αντίστασης επί κατακόρυφου επιπέδου και σε 8 διαφορετικά βάθη. Μέσω του ειδικού λογισμικού Res2DINV, υπολογίστηκε η τιμή της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης, με δημιουργία μαθηματικού προτύπου δύο διαστάσεων βασιζόμενο στα ελάχιστα τετράγωνα. Με την βοήθεια του ειδικού λογισμικού Geosoft Oasis Montaj, πραγματοποιήθηκε η επεξεργασία των δεδομένων της ηλεκτρικής χαρτογράφησης και της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης. Ως αποτέλεσμα ήταν η παραγωγή έγχρωμων χαρτών κατανομής της ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης, ενώ από την δεύτερη τεχνική παρήχθησαν οριζόντιες κατόψεις της ειδικής αντίστασης σε ορισμένο βάθος καθώς και τρισδιάστατη απεικόνιση αυτής. Οι γεωφυσικές έρευνες με χρήση του γεωραντάρ και των καταγραφών εδαφικού θορύβου χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επικουρικά για να ταυτοποιήσουν τα παραγόμενα αποτελέσματα των ηλεκτρικών μεθόδων γεωφυσικής διασκόπησης. Από την ερμηνεία των παραγόμενων χαρτών έγινε σαφής ο εντοπισμός της υπάρχουσας γεωλογικής ασυνέχειας στην παραπάνω περιοχή και κατασκευάστηκε τρισδιάστατο μοντέλο απεικόνισης κατανομής της ειδικής ηλεκτρικής αντίστασης. / Geophysical prospecting is a non catastrophic technique, which is applicable on a wide range of problems, including archaeological, environmental and geological problems. At Campus University of Patras, a detailed geophysical investigation applied in order to detect possible geological discontinuities, which produced serious problems at buildings and main roads of the Campus. As main technique used the electric mapping and electric imaging, which applied on already prepared geophysical grids by measuring parallel profiles with direction along and perpendicular to the geomagnetic north, while the two geophysical grids were 100 meters away each other. Firstly, an electric mapping procedure took place by using twin-probe array with four electrodes in distance between 0.5-3 meters. As a result was the recording of soil resistance on horizontal layer with constant depth. By processing the data through Geosoft Oasis Montaj software, the distribution of soil resistance was illustrated on color scale maps. Secondly, electric imaging technique applied with twenty-five equal space electrodes along straight lines, with one meter space by using the hybrid arrangement Wenner-Schlumberger. As a result was the recording of distribution of soil apparent resistivity on a vertical layer in eight separated depths. Resistivity calculated by processing imaging data with 2D mathematical algorithm based on least squares inversion (Res2Dinv). Further processing by Oasis Montaj, had as a result the production of horizontal slices and 3D maps, where the resistivity distribution was illustrated on separated depths, in color and grey schedule format. The combined geophysical investigation with the aid of ground penetrating radar and the HVSR (Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio) technique confirmed the existence of geological discontinuity.

This theses is focused on the description of subsurface in the area of interest - Kopaninský and Jenínský stream catchment - and consequently thy most accurate interpretation depth of impermeable bedrock. Geophysical multicable metod (ERT - electrical resistivity tomography") was selected for field measurements. This method of geophysical survey provides the information on subsurface structures, verifies hypotheses and brings new information on the lithological and structural conditions below the surface. ERT measurements were performed automatically by geoelektrical ARES device in combination with inteligent electrodes. The data obtained by field measurements were plotter in the form of resistive sections (using ReS2DInv software) which were used for the later interpretation. The given results determine the depth and process of impermeable bedrock which are important for more accurate data inputs like for modeling rainfall-runoff processes especially in the field of calibration and validation of each adjustment of models as well as for the next other hydrogical analyzes and studies carried out in the research projects. The purpose of this work is to determine the depth of impermeable bedrock and could serve as a data input for MIKE SHE hydrological modeling.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 baessa_mpm_me_rcla.pdf: 2451214 bytes, checksum: 3876fa480ca0e2bb77803a47b1630c54 (MD5) / Visando caracterizar assinaturas geoelétricas em áreas contaminadas por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, foram realizados levantamentos geofísicos utilizando-se os métodos da eletrorresistividade e análises hidroquímicas em área localizada no Pólo Industrial de Cubatão – SP. Foram realizadas 19 sondagens elétricas verticais (SEVs), 4 imageamentos elétricos 2D e 3 imageamentos elétricos 3D, tendo sido identificadas, por meio destas técnicas, 12, 21 e 9 anomalias, respectivamente. Constatou-se que a presença de anomalias condutivas na zona não saturada coincide com a ocorrência de fase livre nos poços de monitoramento. A identificação de NH4 +, subjacente à ocorrência de fase livre, confirmou a atuação de processo de denitrificação. As baixas concentrações dos íons sulfato (SO4 2-) e ferroso (Fe2+) indicam que os mesmos foram reduzidos biologicamente para sulfeto (S2-) e precipitado como sulfeto de ferro (FeS), respectivamente. Esses resultados permitem concluir que as anomalias condutivas estão diretamente associadas à presença de fase residual de hidrocarbonetos, em processo de biodegradação, na zona não saturada. Desta forma, os métodos de investigação geofísica utilizados permitiram identificar áreas sob influência de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. / Geophysical surveys using electroresistivity methods and hydrochemical analyses were applied aiming the characterization of geoelectrical signatures in hydrocarbon contaminated sites located in the Polo Industrial de Cubatão – SP. There have been accomplished nineteen vertical electric soundings (VESs), four 2D and three 3D electrical imaging, which identified 12, 21 and 9 geophysical anomalies respectively. It was verified that the presence of conductive anomalies within the non-saturated zone coincided with the occurrence of free phase on the monitoring wells. Ammonium (NH4 +) identification, underlying the free phase occurrence, reinforced the activity of denitrifying process. Additionally, low concentration values of sulfate (SO4 2-) and ferrous (Fe2+) ions indicated that they were, respectively, biologically reduced to sulfide (S2-) and precipitated as iron sulfide (FeS). Based on those results, it was concluded that the conductive anomalies detected inside the non-saturated zone were directly associated with the presence of hydrocarbon residual phase, with was undergoing a biodegradation process. Therefore, the geophysical methods applied in this study allowed the identification of sites under petroleum hydrocarbons influence.