Bibliography: pages 182-202. / Cladosporium, in general, is the dominant atmospheric fungal spore. Fungal spores are, quantitatively, the dominant partner in the atmosphere. Meteorological factors such as wind speed and wind direction, precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and atmospheric stability have been identified as affecting air spora concentrations and an attempt is made to explain the relationships involved. A thorough review of particle behaviour and current sampling methods indicates that the Burkard volumetric sampler was best suited for airspora sampling in Cape Town. Results of the research confirm that Poacear is the dominant pollen, but basidiospores are the dominant nant spores in the atmosphere.

Bibliography: leaves 187-197. / Botswana has been considered as one of the few post-independence development successes in Africa. The country's recent status is attributable to the growth of the minerals sector, with diamonds and copper/nickel matte forming the basis of exports and government development revenues. Mining has not only been responsible for boosting export earnings, but has also stimulated most recent urbanisation, resulting in the some of the highest urban growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa. The problem of urban in-migration has been compounded by a bias in development expenditure, with the towns receiving a disproportionately large share of scarce resources. All new towns since independence have been established as service centres for the mines, with limited wider development occurring. Resultant vulnerability and instability in the urban sphere has been reflected in the case of Selebi-Phikwe, where a decline in the copper/nickel industry has threatened the future integrity of the town. That mining has not contributed towards development which is sustainable over the long terms calls into question, the resilience of Botswana's progress. A political-economic analysis of the development history of Botswana indicates a continuity between colonial neglect and the migrant labour system, and the current problems of dependence on the mining sector and external employment opportunities. The reasons for the dearth in diversified productive activity in mining towns in Botswana are related to an externally orientated development policy, with dependence on the world mineral markets. As the mining industry is based on the extraction of finite, non-renewable resources and is susceptible to fluctuations in mineral pricing, towns exclusively based on mining are latently unstable and have similarly finite lives. The problem is compounded by the lack of a local entrepreneurial class capable of stimulating the 'modern' sector which is related to the historical lack of an urban elite in the country. Given that there has been minimal associated development of productive opportunities outside of the primary sector in Selebi-Phikwe, the Government has instituted a crisis management strategy to deal with the situation. Proposals to diversify the economic base of Selebi-Phikwe are focused on attracting foreign investment, as a means of stimulating local, export-orientated industrialisation. As the incentives for locating in the town are primarily based on cheap, malleable, labour supplies, transnational investment is likely to be of a highly mobile nature and is unlikely to sustain employment and development in Selebi-Phikwe Certain conclusions are drawn from the experience of Selebi-Phikwe: Firstly, the problem of continuity in Selebi-Phikwe has historical roots indicating that short term panaceas are unlikely and that structural solutions are needed. Secondly, the town's fate holds important implications for the maintenance and support of the wider urban system in Botswana. Thirdly, expectations of indefinite economic prosperity have been generated in part, by continual Government emphasis on urban infrastructural development, something which is potentially problematic given the potential for urban discontinuity. A more rational evaluation of the urban sector in Botswana is required. With the precarious foundations of urbanisation in Botswana borne in mind, surplus revenues generated by mining should be channelled into rural employment creation rather than urban areas. An approach which treats the urban question in its entirety is required. There is thus a real need for a national development programme which integrates population and environmental policy with rural and urban sector planning, and which bases future development on the criteria of equity and sustainability.

Bibliography: leaves 124-131. / Photochemical smog is the name given to a complex sequence of chemical reactions that occurs in the presence of sunlight. These reactions comprise a mix of organic and inorganic compounds, including a number of toxic secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate. These substances are commonly referred to as oxidants and are the result of numerous reactions of primary pollutants or precursors (including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non- methane hydrocarbons (NHHC)) emitted from vehicle exhausts and to some extent industry, O3 is the major constituent of the photochemical oxidants, and its concentration is often used to determine the severity of photochemical smog. Limited research on photochemical smog in Cape Town has been undertaken, and this study has concentrated on providing a more detailed understanding of photochemical precursor and oxidant levels in the urban atmosphere of Greater Cape Town. This was approached by the investigation and assessment of the spatial and temporal behaviour of photochemical pollutants, making use of automatic monitor data collected from 1984 to 1986, and supplemented by data collected during a spatial survey in April and Hay of 1987. Precursor levels were found to be strongly influenced by the seasonal cycle of the weather and were highest in winter when stable atmospheric conditions prevailed, particularly during morning rush hours, O3 behaviour was complex and lacked any definite relationship to season or to selected meteorological variables, although the limited data indicated high levels during the early spring months. Peak levels were generally experienced on fair weather days during the early afternoon hours at the time of maximum ultraviolet radiation, O3 levels did not exceed the USEPA 1-hour standard of 0.12ppm during 1985 and 1986. The spatial distribution of precursor and oxidant concentrations showed the NOx levels to be spatially dependent, following the major arterial roads. NHHC levels were spatially less well defined than NOx, and O3 levels were spatially relatively uniform, exhibiting depletion due to scavenging by nitric oxide (NO) in areas close to main traffic routes. High NOx levels were experienced predominantly in the city centre, while the suburbs tended to experience the higher O3 levels. Cape Town was not considered to have a photochemical smog problem of the same magnitude as Los Angeles or Sydney, ( due to a number of factors which contributed to the complex situation (such as high NO levels, relatively low NMHC levels and strong winds in summer). However in the Northern Suburbs, the absence of high NO levels together with additional NMHC emissions from nearby industry led to the recognition of this area as one of potential photochemical smog formation.

Bibliography: p. 121-134. / The potential of teachers to educate for improved environments is powerful. It is urgent that this largely latent energy be translated into action in South Africa, where, despite significant political progress, the experience of the total environment for the majority of South Africans, is one of severe compromise. Environmental education for teachers is, therefore, considered to be an essential component of any strategy aimed at effecting environmental and societal reform in South Africa. Such education requires a clear conceptual basis if it is to be successfully applied in schools. Accordingly, a conceptual framework, informed by established theory in environmental education, and within a compatible paradigm of environmentalism, is developed. The framework is, however, primarily shaped by its contextual foundation in a South African environment of non-egalitarianism. International and local experience of environmental teacher education is evaluated against the demands of this conceptual approach. The opportunities and constraints of different types of implementation are examined, and it is concluded that to prescribe a strategy would be to contradict the fundamental aims of both environmental education and the present study. A process for the development of environmental teacher education is therefore designed and tested in lieu of a rigid formula for national imposition. This process is presented in the form of guidelines which promote a policy and procedure for introducing an environmental teacher education which represents the needs and strengths of local communities in South Africa. It is believed that unless such a strategy is pursued, the current and historic forces eroding people's learning and living environments throughout South Africa, will persist.

O estudo que apresentamos traduz a busca pelo conhecimento do lugar assumido pelo turismo no contexto da ciência geográfica com o objetivo de amealhar contribuições que dêem suporte teórico-prático aos docentes envolvidos com a formação do geógrafo nos cursos de licenciatura e de bacharelado. De início, analisamos o caráter dual do turismo como prática social e atividade produtiva. Em seguida fazemos uma revisão teórica das categorias geográficas Território, Lugar e Paisagem sem perder de vista esse caráter dual na perspectiva de uma abordagem geográfica. O resultado obtido nos conduz à visão preliminar de contribuições teórico-metodológicas na área de interceção da Geografia com o Turismo. Empreendemos, num \"tour epistemológico\", a busca das raízes do interesse do geógrafo por esta temática. Recuperamos a historicidade desse conhecimento, identificando-o com a própria evolução do pensamento geográfico. Iniciamos essa viagem de estudos no período clássico, passamos pela Geografia Moderna e daí às renovações paradigmáticas dos anos 50 e 70 do século XX, com as contribuições das abordagens Pragmática, Crítica, Humanista, Cultural e Socioambiental. A análise de modelos elaborados por geógrafos internacionais, inicialmente neopositivistas e, posteriormente, voltados para a abordagem sinalizadora da pluralidade paradigmática, evidencia a preocupação epistêmica com a organização do espaço turístico. Esses estudos tematizam e colocam desafios à produção desse conhecimento, cuja discussão se apresenta indispensável ao seu avanço e aprimoramento. Tomando esse construto como referência, partimos para conhecer a produção acadêmica brasileira em dissertações e teses, num universo de 162 produções, defendidas em 22 departamentos de geografia de instituições pública e privada do país. Essa pesquisa nos revela a tendência pluriparadigmática formadora, tanto da base de sustentação teórica, como da base conceitual e temática que referencia a produção brasileira na abordagem geográfica do turismo. No sentido de verticalizar nossa contribuição à formação do geógrafo, relatamos uma experiência pedagógica na disciplina \"Geografia do Turismo\" do Departamento de Geografia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da USP, da qual participamos no ano de 2002 e analisamos programas de ensino da disciplina Geografia do Turismo, desenvolvidos no Departamento de Geografia da Universidade Federal do Paraná - Brasil, e em mais cinco países - Itália, Espanha, Costa Rica, Canadá e EUA. A avaliação de nosso experimento somada às análises curriculares que empreendemos coloca em evidência a pluralidade de focos, enfoques e bases conceituais que as abordagens geográficas do turismo ensejam / The study we hereby present, translates an investigation about the role played by tourism within the geographic sciences, aiming at gathering enough facts to provide theoretical and practical support to professors involved in the training and teaching of geographers and geography teachers. To start off, we analyze this dual role played by tourism, both as social practice and productive activity. Following that, we make a theoretical review of geographic categories such as Territory, Place and Landscape, without loosing track of this dual role in considering a geographical approach. The result attained brings us a preliminary view of the theoretical and methodological issues present where geography interfaces with tourism. We then take an \"epistemological tour\" in searching the root-causes for the interest a geographer might have for such a theme. We recover the history behind this knowledge, correlating it with the very evolution of the geographical thinking. We commence this study voyage on the Classical Period, we then move through Modern Geography, and from there, we get to the paradigmatic renovations of the 50´s and the 70´s on the XX century, with the support from Pragmatic, Critical, Humanistic, Cultural and Socio-Environmental issues. As we analyze models created by foreign geographers, initially neopositivists and, later, with an approach that hints to a paradigmatic plurarity, we notice this epistemic concern towards organizing the touristic space. These studies organize knowledge production into themes, and places hurdles along the way, in such fashion that this discussion is paramount to progress and improvement. Taking this statement as a reference point, we began to study the Brazilian academic production among thesis and dissertations, in a realm of 162 papers, presented in 22 Geography Departments of both public and private institutions in our country. This research unveils this pluriparadigmatic teaching trend, of theoretical basis as well as conceptual and thematic, which references the Brazilian academic research production within this geographical approach in tourism. In order to verticalize our contribution to the training of new geographers, we report a teaching experience in the discipline \"Geography of Tourism\", from the Department of Geography of the School of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences of the University of São Paulo, which we took part in the year of 2002, when we analyzed Geography and Tourism teaching programs developed at the Department of Geography of the Federal University of Parana - Brazil, and in five other countries, namely Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Canada and the USA. The assessment of our experiment, plus the curricular analysis we did, highlights the plurality of focus, methods and conceptual basis for geographic approaches to tourism

O estudo que apresentamos traduz a busca pelo conhecimento do lugar assumido pelo turismo no contexto da ciência geográfica com o objetivo de amealhar contribuições que dêem suporte teórico-prático aos docentes envolvidos com a formação do geógrafo nos cursos de licenciatura e de bacharelado. De início, analisamos o caráter dual do turismo como prática social e atividade produtiva. Em seguida fazemos uma revisão teórica das categorias geográficas Território, Lugar e Paisagem sem perder de vista esse caráter dual na perspectiva de uma abordagem geográfica. O resultado obtido nos conduz à visão preliminar de contribuições teórico-metodológicas na área de interceção da Geografia com o Turismo. Empreendemos, num \"tour epistemológico\", a busca das raízes do interesse do geógrafo por esta temática. Recuperamos a historicidade desse conhecimento, identificando-o com a própria evolução do pensamento geográfico. Iniciamos essa viagem de estudos no período clássico, passamos pela Geografia Moderna e daí às renovações paradigmáticas dos anos 50 e 70 do século XX, com as contribuições das abordagens Pragmática, Crítica, Humanista, Cultural e Socioambiental. A análise de modelos elaborados por geógrafos internacionais, inicialmente neopositivistas e, posteriormente, voltados para a abordagem sinalizadora da pluralidade paradigmática, evidencia a preocupação epistêmica com a organização do espaço turístico. Esses estudos tematizam e colocam desafios à produção desse conhecimento, cuja discussão se apresenta indispensável ao seu avanço e aprimoramento. Tomando esse construto como referência, partimos para conhecer a produção acadêmica brasileira em dissertações e teses, num universo de 162 produções, defendidas em 22 departamentos de geografia de instituições pública e privada do país. Essa pesquisa nos revela a tendência pluriparadigmática formadora, tanto da base de sustentação teórica, como da base conceitual e temática que referencia a produção brasileira na abordagem geográfica do turismo. No sentido de verticalizar nossa contribuição à formação do geógrafo, relatamos uma experiência pedagógica na disciplina \"Geografia do Turismo\" do Departamento de Geografia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da USP, da qual participamos no ano de 2002 e analisamos programas de ensino da disciplina Geografia do Turismo, desenvolvidos no Departamento de Geografia da Universidade Federal do Paraná - Brasil, e em mais cinco países - Itália, Espanha, Costa Rica, Canadá e EUA. A avaliação de nosso experimento somada às análises curriculares que empreendemos coloca em evidência a pluralidade de focos, enfoques e bases conceituais que as abordagens geográficas do turismo ensejam / The study we hereby present, translates an investigation about the role played by tourism within the geographic sciences, aiming at gathering enough facts to provide theoretical and practical support to professors involved in the training and teaching of geographers and geography teachers. To start off, we analyze this dual role played by tourism, both as social practice and productive activity. Following that, we make a theoretical review of geographic categories such as Territory, Place and Landscape, without loosing track of this dual role in considering a geographical approach. The result attained brings us a preliminary view of the theoretical and methodological issues present where geography interfaces with tourism. We then take an \"epistemological tour\" in searching the root-causes for the interest a geographer might have for such a theme. We recover the history behind this knowledge, correlating it with the very evolution of the geographical thinking. We commence this study voyage on the Classical Period, we then move through Modern Geography, and from there, we get to the paradigmatic renovations of the 50´s and the 70´s on the XX century, with the support from Pragmatic, Critical, Humanistic, Cultural and Socio-Environmental issues. As we analyze models created by foreign geographers, initially neopositivists and, later, with an approach that hints to a paradigmatic plurarity, we notice this epistemic concern towards organizing the touristic space. These studies organize knowledge production into themes, and places hurdles along the way, in such fashion that this discussion is paramount to progress and improvement. Taking this statement as a reference point, we began to study the Brazilian academic production among thesis and dissertations, in a realm of 162 papers, presented in 22 Geography Departments of both public and private institutions in our country. This research unveils this pluriparadigmatic teaching trend, of theoretical basis as well as conceptual and thematic, which references the Brazilian academic research production within this geographical approach in tourism. In order to verticalize our contribution to the training of new geographers, we report a teaching experience in the discipline \"Geography of Tourism\", from the Department of Geography of the School of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences of the University of São Paulo, which we took part in the year of 2002, when we analyzed Geography and Tourism teaching programs developed at the Department of Geography of the Federal University of Parana - Brazil, and in five other countries, namely Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Canada and the USA. The assessment of our experiment, plus the curricular analysis we did, highlights the plurality of focus, methods and conceptual basis for geographic approaches to tourism