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In Old West Norse there is mention of an Arctic skin and osier boat, which was paddled with Old West Norse (húð)keipr, diminutive keipull, formed on Germanic *kaip- ’bend, unfold’ according to the construction method. In East Norse there was a corresponding wooden boat, e.g. Swedish själ-myndrick, formed on mynda verb ‘paddle’ (&lt; Primitive Norse *mundian ‘aim at a certain goal, take aim’). In the provinces south of this verb’s area of distribution there occurs instead svepa verb ’paddle’ (&lt; Primitive Germanic *swaipōn ‘swing’). The earliest instances of Nordic rowing navigation are found in Norway and Denmark. Instances of rowing in the Baltic area are found on some picture stones from about the 6th century. But oarlocks with a grommet were probably used already for the steering oar in the paddled boats of the Bronze Age. An early oarlock (with a grommet) is that made of a goose-necked piece of wood, Old Swedish hār, Old West Norse hár (&lt; *hanhu-, *hanha- ‘branching, fork of a branch’) and Old West Norse keipr (&lt; *kaip- ‘something with a crooked or bent (-back) shape’. The word hár exists as a first element in Old Swedish hā-band ‘oar-loop’, Old West Norse há-bora ‘oar-port’ etc. Old West Norse keipr ‘oarlock’ has no ancient compounds. East Nordic hamna (&gt; Finnish hamina), Old Danish hafnæ (Old Frisian hevene) and West Nordic hamla (Faroese homla, Old English hamele, hamule) ‘oar-loop’ occurred early on the oarlock with a grommet; hamna may be a derivation of the stem in Primitive Norse *haƀan verb ‘hold (fast)’, alternatively *hafna- ‘clasp something’; hamla derives from a Germanic *hamilōn with the meaning ‘bridling band’. Centrally in the Nordic area hamna (Danish havne) and hamla ‘oar-loop’ were also used denominatively with the meaning ‘row pushing in a hamna/hamla (oar-loop)’. In addition there is the Swedish dialectal sväva (~ sveva, svävja) ‘row (back, break etc.) with pushing rowing’ and in the group of older verbs for rowing there is East Swedish hopa &lt; Primitive Norse *hōƀian ‘fix one’s eyes upon a certain goal (in the distance)’. With word formations on Germanic *þulna- ‘wooden plug’ there arose from the Middle Ages and in the North Sea countries a new terminology for the oarlock: Norse tull, toll ‘oarlock with a thole pin’. Even younger concepts are tullgång ‘oarlock with two thole pins’, årklyka, årgaffel ‘oar crutch’. A distinctive trait of Old Swedish hār and hamna, Old West Norse hár and hamla and keipr and other common words for the oarlock is in these words the shift of meaning ‘oarlock of a specific kind’ &gt; ‘almost any kind of oarlock’. Finally, the question arises whether or not the word svear of a tribe by Lake Mälaren could be tied to the paddling through a connection to the stem of the verbs svepa and sväva. / <p>Ingår även i serie: Studier till en svensk dialektgeografisk atlas, 8</p>

LIMA, Fabiana dos Santos. Atlas linguístico léxico-semântico de Iguatu (ALIg). 2009. 137f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernaculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-09T14:36:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_ FSLIMA.pdf: 4089481 bytes, checksum: 2e1298f75383d0a85acb6f77dd506d24 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-08-02T14:40:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_ FSLIMA.pdf: 4089481 bytes, checksum: 2e1298f75383d0a85acb6f77dd506d24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-02T14:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_diss_ FSLIMA.pdf: 4089481 bytes, checksum: 2e1298f75383d0a85acb6f77dd506d24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The lexical-semantical linguistic Atlas of Iguatu registers the local speech of the place, allowing to analyse lexical variation in language, in both the rural and the urban areas, ellaborate lexical charts equivalent to the semantic fields used to build the Atlas and offer important data to Geolinguistic research in Brazil and to the studies on Spoken Portuguese. This work is based in claims of modern Dialectology, such as exposed in authors as Aragão, Coseriu and Ferreira and Cardoso, and of pluridimensional Geolingusitics, as mentioned by Cardoso, Mota and Radtke and Thun. This research involves 06 places in which inquiery takes place, 04 of which in the urban area, the other 02 in the rural area. In each place 04 informers were interviewed, 02 men and 02 women, belonging to 02 distinct age groups, from 18 to 30 years old and from 45 to 60 years old. The years the informers spent at school varies from none to 09 years (Fundamental School). Places and informers were chosen according to orientation from the AliB Project (Linguistic Atlas of Brazil), as well as the Lexical-Semantical Questionnaire (LSQ), through which lexical items were to be obtained, and both the places’ and the informers’description. The archiving and the transcription of the corpus were also made according to AliB orientation, and registrations were made on appropriate places to informers. The Atlas of Iguatu has 53 lingusitic charts, divided in geographic charts and lexical-semantical ones. In them figures lexical variation of items suggested by the LSQ of the AliB Project and the frequency with which they occur among informers. / O Atlas Linguístico Léxico-semântico de Iguatu documenta a linguagem regional falada nessa localidade, com o objetivo de analisar as variações lexicais na linguagem, tanto na zona rural quanto na zona urbana de Iguatu, elaborar cartas léxicas equivalentes aos campos semânticos trabalhados para constituir o Atlas e oferecer subsídios importantes para a pesquisa Geolinguística no Brasil e para os estudos da Língua Portuguesa falada. Este trabalho fundamentou-se nos pressupostos da Dialetologia moderna, através de autores como Aragão, Coseriu e Ferreira e Cardoso e da Geolinguística pluridimensional, através de Cardoso, Mota e Radtke & Thun. A pesquisa possui uma malha de 06 pontos de inquéritos, divididos em 04 pontos na zona urbana e 02 na zona rural. Em cada ponto, foram entrevistados 04 informantes, 02 do sexo masculino e 02 do sexo feminino, pertencentes a duas faixas etárias distintas, a primeira entre 18 e 30 anos, e a segunda entre 45 e 60 anos. Além de pertencerem à escolaridade entre sem nenhuma instrução e 9º ano do Ensino fundamental. A escolha dos pontos e a caracterização dos informantes baseiam-se nas orientações do Projeto ALiB (Atlas Linguístico do Brasil), bem como o Questionário Semântico Lexical (QSL) para a obtenção dos itens lexicais, a ficha da localidade e do informante. O arquivamento e transcrição do corpus seguiu as mesmas orientações do ALiB, as gravações foram feitas em lugares apropriados para os informantes. O atlas compõe-se de 53 cartas divididas em cartas geográficas e semântico-lexicais em que se apresenta a variação lexical de itens sugeridos no QSL do Projeto ALiB e sua frequência de realização entre os informantes.

言語変化の原因については、比較言語学や言語地理学双方の立場から、様々な議論がなされてきたが、この問題に対し、変化の原因と変化の結果という関係を多変量的に捉えて知見を得る方法は、十分な議論があるとはいえない。そこで本研究では、これまでの言語変化の議論を踏まえつつ、具体的な事例について、系統推定や重回帰分析、対応分析といった数理的な手法を用いて多変量的な分析を行い、言語変化の原因や原因別の変化の特徴を明らかにした。 / 博士(文化情報学) / Doctor of Culture and Information Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University