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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

Characterization of fold-related fractures in the carbonate rocks of the Cingoli anticline, northern Apennines, Italy

Petracchini, Lorenzo <1979> 19 April 2013 (has links)
Thrust fault-related folds in carbonate rocks are characterized by deformation accommodated by different structures, such as joints, faults, pressure solution seams, and deformation bands. Defining the development of fracture systems related to the folding process is significant both for theoretical and practical purposes. Fracture systems are useful constrains in order to understand the kinematical evolution of the fold. Furthermore, understanding the relationships between folding and fracturing provides a noteworthy contribution for reconstructing the geodynamic and the structural evolution of the studied area. Moreover, as fold-related fractures influence fluid flow through rocks, fracture systems are relevant for energy production (geothermal studies, methane and CO2 , storage and hydrocarbon exploration), environmental and social issues (pollutant distribution, aquifer characterization). The PhD project shows results of a study carried out in a multilayer carbonate anticline characterized by different mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to understand the factors which influence the fracture formation and to define their temporal sequence during the folding process. The studied are is located in the Cingoli anticline (Northern Apennines), which is characterized by a pelagic multilayer characterized by sequences with different mechanical stratigraphies. A multi-scale analysis has been made in several outcrops located in different structural positions. This project shows that the conceptual sketches proposed in literature and the strain distribution models outline well the geometrical orientation of most of the set of fractures observed in the Cingoli anticline. On the other hand, the present work suggests the relevance of the mechanical stratigraphy in particular controlling the type of fractures formed (e.g. pressure solution seams, joints or shear fractures) and their subsequent evolution. Through a multi-scale analysis, and on the basis of the temporal relationship between fracture sets and their orientation respect layering, I also suggest a conceptual model for fracture systems formation. / Le anticlinali carbonatiche presentano un’intensa fratturazione indotta dalla deformazione durante il piegamento. Caratterizzare e comprendere lo sviluppo dei sistemi di fratture collegati al processo plicativo risulta essere di notevole interesse sia da un punto di vista scientifico che applicativo. I sistemi di fratture forniscono un contributo fondamentale per la comprensione dell’evoluzione cinematica della pieghe, inoltre, la comprensione delle relazioni tra sistemi di fratture e pieghe può contribuire a definire l'evoluzione strutturale dell'area di studio. Da un punto di vista applicativo è ormai noto come i sistemi di fratture incidono enormemente sulla circolazione dei fluidi. Di conseguenza la loro definizione trova un'applicazione importante nel settore energetico (flussi geotermici, stoccaggio gas e CO2, esplorazione petrolifera), ambientale (dispersione di inquinanti nel sottosuolo), e sociale (caratterizzazione degli acquiferi ecc.). La tesi di Dottorato presenta uno studio sull’analisi e la caratterizzazione di sistemi di fratture in un’anticlinale carbonatica caratterizzata da un multistrato con diverse caratteristiche meccaniche. Il progetto di Dottorato si pone l’obiettivo di comprendere i fattori che maggiormente influenzano le proprietà dei sistemi di fratture e di definire la loro evoluzione nel tempo. A tal fine è stata analizzata l’anticlinale di Cingoli (Appennino settentrionale) che espone una serie di interessanti affioramenti in calcari pelagici. Attraverso analisi a diverse scale di osservazione sono stati quindi caratterizzati i sistemi di fratture in affioramenti posizionati lungo tutta l’anticlinale e in diverse posizioni strutturali. Nel lavoro è stato osservato e discusso come la posizione strutturale e soprattutto la stratigrafia meccanica influiscono sulla formazione dei sistemi di fratture. In particolare è stato osservato come i modelli proposti in letteratura sintetizzano e schematizzano bene l’assetto geometrico di alcune fratture osservate a Cingoli. In questo lavoro, però, si è evidenziato come la stratigrafia meccanica ha un ruolo decisivo soprattutto per quanto riguarda la tipologia meccanica di fratture.
192

Beach inundation and morphological changes during storms using video monitoring techniques

Sancho García, Amanda 16 November 2012 (has links)
The predictability of beach inundation is mainly related to wave runup and most of the formulations that have been developed focus on the hydrodynamics, disregarding the morphological changes caused during storms. For these reasons, the aim of this thesis is to provide more insight into beach inundation processes at embayed and open beaches and to determine how morphological changes can interfere with these processes. To this end, video measurements of beach inundation and the characteristic morphological changes were carried out at two stretches of coast with different wave climates: the stretch comprising La Barceloneta, Somorrostro and Nova Icaria, which are three artificial, tideless embayed beaches located in Barcelona, Spain (NW Mediterranean); and Noordwijk beach, which is an open, microtidal multibarred beach located in Noordwijk, the Netherlands (North Sea). The effects of a submerged and a detached breakwaters on the morphological and hydrodynamic changes occurring at La Barceloneta during storms is examined in chapter 2. The shoreline response before and after the beach nourishment and the construction of the protective structures was compared using a ten-year video-recorded dataset and hydrodynamics modelled using the SMC model. As a result of the protection works, La Barceloneta was divided into two beaches separated by a salient. A new methodological approach to analyzing beach rotation which eliminates the morphological effect is presented. Results indicate that the beach rotation process has been modified caused by a change in the wave-induced current system from a single dominant alongshore current to one composed of two dominant alongshore currents with opposite directions. In chapter 3, beach inundation affecting the three embayed beaches of Barcelona during the 17 strongest storm events of the period 2001-2008 is analyzed using daily time-exposure images. The shoreline variability due to storms was split into beach planform and morphological features in order to determine its influence on beach inundation measurements. The characterization of the inundation depended on the orientation with respect to the wave direction approach and the morphological features. Beach planform changes are the foremost influence on the inundation of Barcelona beaches. The inundation at the multibarred beach of Noordwijk during the seven strongest storms in the period between 1998 and 2005 is estimated, also using video monitoring techniques in chapter 4. Additionally, the influence of subtidal sandbars on the inundation is analyzed using the XBeach model. To this end, six simulations were carried out using barred profiles measured at Noordwijk but differing in sandbar height and location, and one simulation using a synthetic barless profile. Inundation values ranged from 22 to 105 m, with considerable alongshore variation before the peak of each storm because of the presence of the intertidal bars. The mean inundation values along the beach are well estimated using a simple inundation parameter. The XBeach model shows that the inundation is only affected by the morphology close to the shoreline (i.e. by the intertidal bars or the inner bar if it is wide and closer to shoreline). The outer bar does not seem to influence Beach inundation prediction at Somorrostro beach is evaluated in chapter 5. To this end, inundation measurements using video observations are compared with estimations including the tidal variations and the wave runup formulation of Stockdon et. al (2006) introducing deep water and local wave measurements and computations. The inundation is overestimated if any of the wave heights in the formulation are used. Estimations improved if a local wave height is used, in particular for waves approaching the shore obliquely. Finally, the alongshore variability of the inundation is better captured if the wave runup is assumed proportional to the breaking wave heightBARCELONA07 / Las costas están expuestas a la erosión y la inundación producida por los temporales, los cuales son muy frecuentes y pueden producir grandes daños y pérdidas económicas. La inundación producida por los temporales es debida a la marea astronómica y meteorológica y al remonte del oleaje. La predicción de la inundación de la playa está principalmente relacionada con el remonte y la mayoría de las formulaciones propuestas se centran en parámetros hidrodinámicos sin tener en cuenta los cambios morfológicos causados durante los temporales. Por todo ello, el principal objetivo de esta tesis es proporcionar un mayor conocimiento de los procesos de inundación en playas encajadas y abiertas y determinar cómo los cambios morfológicos pueden interferir con estos procesos. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo medidas de la inundación y de los cambios morfológicos característicos utilizando imágenes de video en dos tramos de costa con climas de oleaje diferente: el tramo que comprende las playas de La Barceloneta, Somorrostro and Nova Icaria, las cuales son tres playas artificiales, encajadas y sin marea localizadas en Barcelona, España (NO Mediterráneo); y la playa de Noordwijk, la cual es una playa abierta, multibarrada y micromareal localizada en Noordwijk, Holanda (Mar del Norte). Los efectos de un dique sumergido y un dique exento en los cambios morfológicos e hidrodinámicos ocurridos en la playa de La Barceloneta durante temporales se examinan en el capítulo 2. La respuesta de la línea de orilla antes y después de la regeneración de la playa y de la construcción de las estructuras de protección se compara utilizando 10 años de video imágenes y la hidrodinámica modelada utilizando el Sistema de Modelado Costero (SMC). Como resultado de estas obras de protección, La Barceloneta quedó dividida en dos playas independientes separadas por un saliente. Una nueva metodología para analizar la rotación de la playa que elimina los cambios morfológicos es propuesta. Los resultados indican que la tendencia erosiva previamente observada en la zona noreste de la playa sigue estando presente en la actual playa noreste y está relacionada con el nuevo dique sumergido. Además, el proceso de rotación de la playa se ha modificado, produciéndose solamente en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj en la playa noreste y en sentido horario en la playa suroeste. Este nuevo comportamiento es debido al cambio en el patrón de corrientes previamente formado por una corriente longitudinal dominante, a un sistema de corrientes compuesto por dos corrientes longitudinales en direcciones opuestas. En el capítulo 3, la inundación producida en las tres playas encajadas de Barcelona durante los 17 temporales más energéticos del periodo 2001-2008 es analizada utilizando imágenes diarias promediadas. La variabilidad de la línea de orilla debida a los temporales es discriminada en cambios en la forma en planta y morfologías (cúspides de playa, megacúspides, ondulaciones y saliente) para determinar su influencia en las medidas de inundación de la playa. La caracterización de la inundación dependió de la orientación respecto de la dirección de aproximación del oleaje y de las morfologías. Los cambios en la forma en planta de la playa son la máxima influencia en la inundación de las playas de Barcelona. Los cambios en la forma en planta hacia tierra y los cambios en el saliente suponen casi un 50% de la máxima inundación medida, mientras que las megacúspides y la ondulación suponen aproximadamente el 25%. El efecto de las cúspides de playa en la inundación es despreciable. Consecuentemente, la variación en la línea de orilla durante temporales influye significativamente los valores de inundación, especialmente en playas con pendientes fuertes. Pequeñas variaciones en la pendiente de la playa pueden sin embargo afectar sustancialmente la inundación en playas con pendientes suaves. La inundación de la playa multibarrada de Noordwijk durante los 7 temporales más fuertes ocurridos en el periodo comprendido entre 1998 y 2005 es también estimada utilizando medidas de video monitorización en el capítulo 4. Además, la influencia de las barras submareales en la inundación es analizada utilizando el modelo XBeach. Para ello, se realizaron siete simulaciones 1-D sin considerar los cambios morfológicos; seis simulaciones utilizando perfiles barrados medidos en la playa de Noordwijk pero que difieren en altura y localización de las barras, y una simulación utilizando un perfil ideal sin barras. Los valores de inundación oscilaron entre 22 y 105 m, con variaciones considerables a lo largo de la playa antes del pico del temporal debido a la presencia de barras intermareales. La inundación promedio a lo largo de la playa es estimada considerablemente bien utilizando un parámetro de inundación sencillo que incluye la pendiente intermareal y supramareal, la altura de ola y la longitud de onda en aguas profundas y la marea meteorológica. El modelo XBeach muestra que la inundación está solamente afectada por la morfología próxima a la línea de orilla, esto es, por las barras intermareales o por la barra interna si es ancha y próxima a la orilla. La barra externa no parece tener influencia en el comportamiento de la inundación. La predicción de la inundación en la playa de Somorrostro es evaluada en el capítulo 5. Para ello, medidas de la inundación utilizando observaciones de imágenes de video se comparan con estimaciones de la inundación incluyendo las variaciones de la marea y el fórmula del remonte de Stockdon et al. (2006), introduciendo medidas locales y en aguas profundas del oleaje así como oleaje modelado. Debido a que las observaciones corresponden a un remonte medio y las estimaciones usan el remonte excedido un 2% (R2%), la inundación es sobreestimada para cualquier altura de ola utilizada en la fórmula. Sin embargo, las estimaciones mejoran si una altura de ola medida a 10 m es utilizada en la fórmula en particular para oleajes con una aproximación oblicua a la línea de orilla. Finalmente, las diferencias entre las observaciones y las estimaciones varían a lo largo de la playa, siendo mayores en la zona de curvatura de la playa. La variabilidad de la inundación a lo largo de la playa es mejor caracterizada si el remonte se asume igual que la altura de ola en rotura.
193

Transform Tectonics and Non-Volcanic Oceanic Islands / Dinamica trasforme e formazione di isole oceaniche non-vulcaniche

Palmiotto, Camilla <1985> 07 April 2014 (has links)
Oceanic islands can be divided, according to their origin, in volcanic and tectonic. Volcanic islands are due to excess volcanism. Tectonic islands are mainly formed due to vertical tectonic motions of blocks of oceanic lithosphere along transverse ridges flanking transform faults at slow and ultraslow mid-ocean ridges. Vertical tectonic motions are due to a reorganization of the geometry of the transform plate boundary, with the transition from a transcurrent tectonics to a transtensive and/or transpressive tectonics, with the formation of the transverse ridges. Tectonic islands can be located also at the ridge–transform intersection: in this case the uplift is due by the movement of the long-lived detachment faults located along the flanks of the mid-ocean ridges. The "Vema" paleoisland (equatorial Atlantic) is at the summit of the southern transverse ridge of the Vema transform. It is now 450 m bsl and it is capped by a carbonate platform 500 m-thick, dated by 87Sr/86Sr at 10 Ma. Three tectonic paleoislands are on the summit of the transverse ridge flanking the Romanche megatrasform (equatorial Atlantic). They are now about 1,000 m bsl and they are formed by 300 m-thick carbonate platforms dated by 87Sr/86Sr, between 11 and 6 Ma. The tectonic paleoisland “Atlantis Bank" is located in the South-Western Indian Ridge, along the Atlantis II transform, and it is today 700 m bsl. The only modern example of oceanic tectonics island is the St. Paul Rocks (equatorial Atlantic), located along the St. Paul transform. This archipelago is the top of a peridotitic massif that it is now a left overstep undergoing transpression. Oceanic volcanic islands are characterized by rapid growth and subsequent thermal subsidence and drowning; in contrast, oceanic tectonic islands may have one or more stages of emersion related to vertical tectonic events along the large oceanic fracture zones.
194

Comparazione di metodi per l'elaborazione di mappe di vulnerabilità degli acquiferi

Lagomarsino, Daniela <1980> 14 June 2010 (has links)
Lo scopo di questa tesi di dottorato è la comparazione di metodi per redarre mappe della vulnerabilità degli acquiferi all’inquinamento. Sono state redatte le mappe di vulnerabilità dell’acquifero della conoide del Reno utilizzando i metodi parametrici SINTACS (Civita e De Maio, 1997) e DRASTIC (Aller et al., 1987). E' stato elaborato un modello tridimensionale del flusso tramite l'utilizzo del software di modellistica numerica FEFLOW. I risultati ottenuti sono stati confrontati con le mappe derivanti dall'appllicazione dei PCSM. E’ stato, inoltre, approfondito lo sviluppo di un modello inverso, che, partendo dalla distruzione del carico piezometrico, fornisce la distribuzione della conducibilità idraulica dell’acquifero.La conoscenza di questo parametro è, infatti, il punto di partenza per lo sviluppo di un nuovo metodo per la definizione della vulnerabilità basato sulla caratterizzazione dell'area di acquifero potenzialmente inquinabile rispetto ad uno sversamento in superficie di un inquinante.L’indice di vulnerabilità viene definito sulla lunghezza del cammino che un inquinante percorrere nell’arco di un anno.
195

Contributo della modellistica idrologica all'analisi di suscettività alle frane superficiali in argilla

Leoni, Eros <1971> 27 June 2008 (has links)
L'Appenino Emiliano è tra le zone più franose al mondo; i fenomeni che la interessano sono abbastanza lenti e quindi mai catastrofici, ma, vista la loro diffusione, molto dannosi per le infrastrutture. La ricerca della pericolosità associata alle frane si distingue in previsione spaziale e previsione temporale; la prima, detta anche suscettività, è il tema del presente lavoro. La suscettività è volta alla realizzazione di carte di propensione al dissesto, relative e indipendenti dal tempo. Dall'inizio degli anni '90 sono disponibili in letteratura diversi modelli per rispondere a questa esigenza, i quali sono generalmente costituiti da una componente geo-meccanica (di solito il modello del Pendio Infinito) e una idrologica. Il presente lavoro si concentra su quest'ultima che, nei diversi modelli, presenta la maggiore varietà, e cerca di capire quale sia il contributo che questa componente può dare all'analisi di suscettività in un'area argillosa. Per valutare questo contributo, sono stati applicati ad un'area di studio rappresentativa, diversi modelli fisicamente basati noti in letteratura o creati appositamente. Le informazioni dinamiche dei modelli transitori sono state integrate nel tempo secondo diversi metodi che tengono conto della permanenza delle condizioni critiche nel versante. I risultati dell'analisi suggeriscono che, nell'area di studio, e presumibilmente nelle aree a prevalenza argillosa in genere, per la determinazione della suscettività alle frane, il contributo di un modello fisicamente basato, completo di componente geo-meccanica e componente idrologica accoppiate, è assolutamente trascurabile rispetto ad un semplice modello geo-meccanico basato sulla sola pendenza come quello del Pendio Infinito. Le indicazioni provenienti da un modello completo possono essere ridondanti o addirittura fuorvianti se questo non è adatto alle caratteristiche dell'area in studio e ben calibrato.
196

Studio dell'intrusione salina all'interno di un acquifero freatico costiero (Ravenna; Italia) / Study of saltwater intrusion in a phreatic coastal aquifer (Ravenna, Italy)

Capo, Donato <1980> 13 April 2012 (has links)
L’acquifero freatico costiero ravennate è intensamente salinizzato fino a diversi km nell’entroterra. Il corpo dell’acquifero è formato da sabbie che poggiano su un substrato argilloso ad una profondità media di 25 m, i depositi affioranti sono sabbie e argille. Il lavoro svolto consiste in una caratterizzazione dello stato di salinizzazione con metodologie indirette (geoelettrica) e metodologie dirette (letture dei parametri fisici delle acque in pozzo). I sondaggi elettrici verticali (V.E.S.) mostrano stagionalità dovuta alle differenti quantità di pioggia e quindi di ricarica, le aree con depositi superficiali ad alta conducibilità idraulica (sabbie) hanno una lente d’acqua dolce compresa tra 0,1 e 2,25 m di spessore, al di sotto della quale troviamo una zona di mescolamento con spessori che vanno da 1,00 a 12,00 m, mentre quando in superficie abbiamo depositi a bassa conducibilità idraulica (limi sabbiosi e argille sabbiose) la lente d’acqua dolce scompare e la zona di mescolamento è sottile. Le misure dirette in pozzo mostrano una profondità della tavola d’acqua quasi ovunque sotto il livello del mare in entrambi i mesi monitorati, Giugno e Dicembre 2010, presentando una profondità leggermente maggiore nel mese di Dicembre. Dalla ricostruzione litologica risulta un acquifero composto da 4×109 m3 di sabbia, per cui ipotizzando una porosità media del 30% sono presenti 1,2×109 m3 di acqua. Dalla modellazione numerica (Modflow-SEAWAT 2000) risulta che l’origine dell’acqua salata che si trova in falda trova più facilmente spiegazione ipotizzando la sua presenza fin dalla formazione dell’acquifero, residuo delle acque marine che regredivano. Un’altra problematica analizzata è valutare l’applicazione della metodologia a minifiltri in uno studio sulla salinizzazione delle acque di falda. É stata implementata la costruzione di un transetto sperimentale, che ha permesso la mappatura dell’interfaccia acqua dolce/salmastra/salata con una precisione finora non raggiungibile. / The coastal phreatic aquifer of the Ravenna province is salinized up to several kilometers inland. The aquifer is mostly made up of sand and overlays a clay substrate at an average 25 m depth. A characterization of the salinization has been carried out with indirect methods (Geoelectrical method) and direct methods (Physical parameters measurements of groundwater in wells). The vertical electrical sounding (V.E.S.) method shows a seasonality of the salinization of the water due to a different rainfall rate in time, furthermore, where the top of the aquifer has a high hydraulic conductivity (sand) there are freshwater lenses (between 0.1 and 2.25 m in thickness) floating on saltwater and a thick mixing zone (between 1.00 and 12 m in thickness), whereas if the top of the aquifer has a low hydraulic conductivity (silty sand, clayish sand), the freshwater lens is absent and the mixing zone is thin. In most of the area the water table is below mean sea level in both the monitoring periods, June and December 2010. In December, it is a bit deeper than in June. From the lithological reconstruction, an aquifer composed by 4×109 m3 of sand results, assuming a porosity of 30% there are 1,2×109 m3 of water. The numerical modeling (Modflow-SEAWAT 2000) shows that the origin of the salt water in the aquifer is more easily explained by assuming its presence since the formation of the aquifer, a remnant of the marine waters recede. Finally, another issue addressed in this thesis is the monitoring method to be applied in a study on salinization of groundwater. To do this we have tested the experimental methodology of mini filters.This method allowed mapping of the interfaces fresh/ brackish/salt water with an accuracy previously not attainable.
197

Evoluzione Morfotettonica delle Aree Alpine "Sempione" e "Brennero" attraverso Studi Termocronologici di bassa temperatura / Morphotectonical evolution of "Simplon" and "Brenner" Alpine regions through low temperature thermochronological studies

Di Fiore, Giorgio <1984> 13 April 2012 (has links)
E’ mostrata l’analisi e la modellazione di dati termocronologici di bassa temperatura da due regioni Alpine: il Sempione ed il Brennero. Le faglie distensive presenti bordano settori crostali profondi appartenenti al dominio penninico: il duomo metamorfico Lepontino al Sempione e la finestra dei Tauri al Brennero. I dati utilizzati sono FT e (U-Th)/He su apatite. Per il Sempione i dati provengono dalla bibliografia; per il Brennero si è provveduto ad un nuovo campionamento, sia in superficie che in sotterraneo. Gli attuali lavori per la galleria di base del Brennero (BBT), hanno consentito, per la prima volta, di raccogliere dati di FT e (U-Th)/He in apatite in sottosuolo per la finestra dei Tauri occidentale. Le analisi sono state effettuate tramite un codice a elementi finiti, Pecube, risolvente l’equazione di diffusione del calore per una topografia evolvente nel tempo. Il codice è stato modificato per tener conto dei dati sotterranei. L’inversione dei dati è stata effettuata usando il Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA), per ottenere il più plausibile scenario di evoluzione morfotettonico. I risultati ottenuti per il Sempione mostrano: ipotetica evoluzione dello stile tettonico della faglia del Sempione da rolling hinge a low angle detachment a 6.5 Ma e la cessazione dell’attività a 3 Ma; costruzione del rilievo fino a 5.5 Ma, smantellamento da 5.5 Ma ad oggi, in coincidenza dei cambiamenti climatici Messiniani e relativi all’inizio delle maggiori glaciazioni; incremento dell’esumazione da 0–0.6 mm/anno a 0.6–1.2 mm/anno a 2.4 Ma nell’emisfero settentrionale. I risultati al Brennero mostrano: maggiore attività tettonica della faglia del Brennero (1.3 mm/anno), maggiore attività esumativa (1–2 mm/anno) prima dei 10 Ma; crollo dell’attività della faglia del Brennero fra 10 Ma e oggi (0.1 mm/anno) e dell’attività esumativa nello stesso periodo (0.1–0.3 mm/anno); nessun aumento del tasso esumativo o variazioni topografiche negli ultimi 5 Ma. / This work concerns the uplift and exhumation history of Simplon and Brenner Alpine regions by means of low-temperature thermochronological analysis (apatite FT and U-Th/He) and modeling. Simplon and Brenner normal faults border deep crustal sectors belonging to the Penninic domain: Lepontine dome core complex for Simplon; ophiolitic units and Penninic basement and covers units for Brenner. Data were collected from literature for the Simplon, whereas a surface and subsurface sampling was provided for the Brenner. In the latter case the realization of the Brenner tunnel (BBT) allowed, for the first time, to collect underground apatite FT and (U-Th)/He data for the western Tauern window. Modeling was made using: a finite elements code that computes the solution of the heat diffusion equation for a time varying topography, Pecube (whose code was modified during this thesis in order to take into account underground data; an inversion procedure by the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA), with the aim to obtain the most plausible morphotectonic scenario. Results for the Simplon region show: an hypothetic change of the tectonic style of the Simplon fault from rolling hinge to low angle detachment at 6.5 Ma, and the cessation of its activity at 3 Ma; relief construction until 5.5 Ma followed by dismantle between 5.5 and 0 Ma, during the climatic changes of Messinian age and related to glacial cycles onset on the northern hemisphere; increment of exhumation activity (0–0.6 mm/yr to 0.6–1.2 mm/yr) when glaciations on the northern hemisphere began. Brenner results show: major fault (1.3 mm/yr) activity of the Brenner line as well as a major exhumation (1 - 2 mm/yr) before 10 Ma; fault activity (0.1 mm/yr) and exhumation (0.1–0.3 mm/yr) decrease between 10 and 0 Ma; no exhumation rate increase or evident topographic changes during the glacial cycles.
198

Estimation of aquifers hydraulic parameters by three different tecniques: geostatistics, correlation and modeling

Barahona-Palomo, Marco 28 February 2014 (has links)
Characterization of aquifers hydraulic parameters is a difficult task that requires field information. Most of the time the hydrogeologist relies on a group of values coming from different test to interpret the hydrogeological setting and possibly, generate a model. However, getting the best from this information can be challenging. In this thesis, three cases are explored. First, hydraulic conductivities associated with measurement scale of the order of 10−1 m and collected during an extensive field campaign near Tübingen, Germany, are analyzed. Estimates are provided at coinciding locations in the system using: the empirical Kozeny-Carman formulation, providing conductivity values, based on particle size distribution, and borehole impeller-type flowmeter tests, which infer conductivity from measurements of vertical flows within a borehole. Correlation between the two sets of estimates is virtually absent. However, statistics of the natural logarithm of both sets at the site are similar in terms of mean values and differ in terms of variogram ranges and sample variances. This is consistent with the fact that the two types of estimates can be associated with different (albeit comparable) measurement (support) scales. It also matches published results on interpretations of variability of geostatistical descriptors of hydraulic parameters on multiple observation scales. The analysis strengthens the idea that hydraulic conductivity values and associated key geostatistical descriptors inferred from different methodologies and at similar observation scales (of the order of tens of cm) are not readily comparable and should not be embedded blindly into a flow (and eventually transport) prediction model. Second, a data-adapted kernel regression method, originally developed for image processing and reconstruction is modified and used for the delineation of facies. This non-parametric methodology uses both the spatial and the sample value distribution, to produce for each data point a locally adaptive steering kernel function, self-adjusting the kernel to the direction of highest local spatial correlation. The method is shown to outperform the nearest-neighbor classification (NNC) in a number of synthetic aquifers whenever the available number of data is small and randomly distributed. Still, in the limiting case, when the domain is profusely sampled, both the steering kernel method and the NNC method converge to the true solution. Simulations are finally used to explore which parameters of the locally adaptive kernel function yield optimal reconstruction results in typical field settings. It is shown that, in practice, a rule of thumb can be used to get suboptimal results, which are best when key prior information such as facies proportions is used. Third, the effect of water temperature fluctuation on the hydraulic conductivity profile of coarse sediments beneath an artificial recharge facility is model and compared with field data. Due to the high permeability, water travels at a high rate, and therefore also water with different temperature is also present on the sediment under the pond at different moments, this translates into different hydraulic conductivity values within the same layer, even though all the other parameters are the same for this layer. Differences of almost 79% in hydraulic conductivity were observed for the model temperatures (2 °C – 25 °C). This variation of hydraulic conductivity in the sediment below the infiltration pond when water with varying temperature enters the sediment, causes the infiltration velocity to change with time and produces the observed fluctuation on the field measurements. / La caracterización de los parámetros hidráulicos de los acuíferos es una tarea difícil que requiere información de campo. La mayoría de las veces el hidrogeólogo se basa en un grupo de valores procedentes de diferentes pruebas para interpretar la configuración hidrogeológica y posiblemente , generar un modelo . Sin embargo, obtener lo mejor de esta información puede ser un reto. En esta tesis se analizan tres casos. Primero, se analizan las conductividades hidráulicas asociadas a una escala de medición del orden de 10 m− 1 y obtenidas durante una extensa campaña de campo cerca de Tübingen, Alemania. Las estimaciones se obtuvieron en puntos coincidentes en el sitio, mediante: la formulación empírica de Kozeny - Carman, proporcionando valores de conductividad, con base en la distribución de tamaño de partículas y las pruebas del medidor de caudal de tipo impulsor en el pozo, el cual infiere las medidas de conductividad a partir de los flujos verticales dentro de un pozo. La correlación entre los dos conjuntos de estimaciones es prácticamente ausente. Sin embargo, las estadísticas del logaritmo natural de ambos conjuntos en el lugar son similares en términos de valores medios y difieren en términos de rangos del variograma y varianzas de muestra. Esto es consecuente con el hecho de que los dos tipos de estimaciones pueden estar asociados con escalas de apoyo de medición diferentes (aunque comparables). También coincide con los resultados publicados sobre la interpretación de la variabilidad de los descriptores geoestadísticos de parámetros hidráulicos en múltiples escalas de observación . El análisis refuerza la idea de que los valores de conductividad hidráulica y descriptores geoestadísticos clave asociados al inferirse de diferentes metodologías y en las escalas de observación similares (en el caso del orden de decenas de cm) no son fácilmente comparables y debe ser utilizados con cuidado en la modelación de flujo (y eventualmente, el transporte) del agua subterránea. En segundo lugar, un método de regresión kernel adaptado a datos, originalmente desarrollado para el procesamiento y la reconstrucción de imágenes se modificó y se utiliza para la delimitación de las facies. Esta metodología no paramétrica utiliza tanto la distribución espacial como el valor de la muestra, para producir en cada punto de datos una función kernel de dirección localmente adaptativo, con ajuste automático del kernel a la dirección de mayor correlación espacial local. Se demuestra que este método supera el NNC (por su acrónimo en inglés nearest-neighbor classification) en varios casos de acuíferos sintéticos donde el número de datos disponibles es pequeño y la distribución es aleatoria. Sin embargo, en el caso límite, cuando hay un gran número de muestras, tanto en el método kernel adaptado a la dirección local como el método de NNC convergen a la solución verdadera. Las simulaciones son finalmente utilizadas para explorar cuáles parámetros de la función kernel localmente adaptado dan resultados óptimos en la reconstrucción de resultados en escenarios típicos de campo. Se demuestra que, en la práctica, una regla general puede ser utilizada para obtener resultados casi óptimos, los cuales mejoran cuando se utiliza información clave como la proporción de facies. En tercer lugar, se modela el efecto de la fluctuación de la temperatura del agua sobre la conductividad hidráulica de sedimentos gruesos debajo de una instalación de recarga artificial y se compara con datos de campo. Debido a la alta permeabilidad, el agua se desplaza a alta velocidad alta, y por lo tanto, agua con temperatura diferente también está presente en el sedimento bajo el estanque en diferentes momentos, esto se traduce en diferentes valores de conductividad hidráulica dentro de la misma capa, a pesar de que todos los demás parámetros son los mismos para esta capa. Se observaron diferencias de casi 79 % en la conductividad hidráulica en el modelo, para las temperaturas utilizadas (2 º C - 25 º C ). Esta variación de la conductividad hidráulica en el sedimento por debajo de la balsa de infiltración cuando el agua de temperatura variable entra en el sedimento, causa un cambio en la velocidad de infiltración con el tiempo y produce las fluctuacciones observadas en las mediciones de campo.
199

Sunken islands of the Mid-Pacific Mountains

Hamilton, Edwin Lee. January 1956 (has links)
Part of thesis, Stanford University. / Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, new ser., no. 830. U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory professional contribution no. 7. Bibliography: p. 87-91.
200

Geological and hydrogeological features affecting migration, multi-phase partitioning and degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons through unconsolidated porous media.

Filippini, Maria <1986> January 1900 (has links)
Chlorinated solvents are the most ubiquitous organic contaminants found in groundwater since the last five decades. They generally reach groundwater as Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL). This phase can migrate through aquifers, and also through aquitards, in ways that aqueous contaminants cannot. The complex phase partitioning to which chlorinated solvent DNAPLs can undergo (i.e. to the dissolved, vapor or sorbed phase), as well as their transformations (e.g. degradation), depend on the physico-chemical properties of the contaminants themselves and on features of the hydrogeological system. The main goal of the thesis is to provide new knowledge for the future investigations of sites contaminated by DNAPLs in alluvial settings, proposing innovative investigative approaches and emphasizing some of the key issues and main criticalities of this kind of contaminants in such a setting. To achieve this goal, the hydrogeologic setting below the city of Ferrara (Po plain, northern Italy), which is affected by scattered contamination by chlorinated solvents, has been investigated at different scales (regional and site specific), both from an intrinsic (i.e. groundwater flow systems) and specific (i.e. chlorinated solvent DNAPL behavior) point of view. Detailed investigations were carried out in particular in one selected test-site, known as “Caretti site”, where high-resolution vertical profiling of different kind of data were collected by means of multilevel monitoring systems and other innovative sampling and analytical techniques. This allowed to achieve a deep geological and hydrogeological knowledge of the system and to reconstruct in detail the architecture of contaminants in relationship to the features of the hosting porous medium. The results achieved in this thesis are useful not only at local scale, e.g. employable to interpret the origin of contamination in other sites of the Ferrara area, but also at global scale, in order to address future remediation and protection actions of similar hydrogeologic settings.

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