The human face shape is constantly changing during human life, even after one`s development stop (Hennessy a Moss, 2001; Williams a Slice, 2010). This work applies geometric morphometry method on study of sexual dimorphism of human face through ageing. Sexual dimorphism can be defined as a systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex of the same kind (Samal et al., 2007). Morphological changes, related to the process of ageing of human face, were analysed on data obtained from 3D surface models of human faces using methods of geometric morphometry (Dense Correspondence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Shell-to-Shell Deviation) and multivariatel statistics (Scree Plot, Hotelling`s Tš-test, permutational test, MANOVA). The work results indicates that the form (size with shape) and shape of men and women faces significantly change through ageing. Individuals aged between 20-40 years differ in form of the face, however the oldest men aged between 61-82 years differ from women only in shape of the face. The biggest differences in sexual dimorphism are in the middle age category (41-60 years), where there are significant differences not only in form, but also considering shape alone. Key words: ageing, form and shape, geometric morphometry, human face, sexual dimorphism 7

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T13:25:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Penha Abreu.pdf: 668357 bytes, checksum: bda3e1a88cd78c2f25f3b992ee3057bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T13:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Penha Abreu.pdf: 668357 bytes, checksum: bda3e1a88cd78c2f25f3b992ee3057bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / CAPES, CNPQ / Hoplias malabaricus is a caraciforme of wide distribution, popularly known like traíra, that occurs in all the great Brazilian watersheds,presenting a small morphological differentiation and great karyotype variety.Since the population of H. malabaricus in the state of Maranhão presents only a cytotype recognized for this region, the present study examined its diversity in the Maranhão hydrographic region using geometric morphometry techniques and molecular diversity, associating the patterns found with geomorphological data and paleohydrologic processes of the drainage involved. Samples of H. malabaricus were collected from the rivers Turiaçu, Pindaré Mearim, Itapecuru, Munim, Gurupi, Parnaíba and Tocantins. The morphometric data, obtained from 15 anatomical landmarks, were submitted to a Canonical Variable Analysis (CVA). For molecular analysis two markers were used, the control region (D-Loop) of the mitochondrial DNA and the S7 intron 1 nuclear gene. Morphometric analyzes indicated significant variations among populations. In general, the differences were related in the variation of the head region and shortening / elongation of the caudal region. Molecular analysis Indicated the presence of eight Haplogroups (A-H) for D-loop and three groups (Group I, Group II and Group III) for the nuclear gene S7 íntron 1. The results found suggest high genetic diversity in specimens of H. malabaricus in the basins along the north-northeast region of Brazil with discreet morphometric variation. Such diversity seems to be related to the main events of diversification of freshwater fish, evidencing a possible speciation event cryptic of H. malabaricus in the studied region. / Hoplias malabaricus é um caraciforme de ampla distribuição, conhecido popularmente como traíra, que ocorre em todas as grandes bacias hidrográficas brasileiras, apresentando uma pequena diferenciação morfológica e grande variedade cariotípica. Uma vez que a população de H. malabaricus do estado do Maranhão apresenta apenas um citótipo reconhecido para essa região, o presente trabalho examinou sua diversidade críptica na região hidrográfica do Maranhão pelas técnicas de morfometria geométrica e diversidade molecular, associando os padrões encontrados com dados geomorfológicos e paleohidrológicos das drenagens envolvidas. Amostras de H. malabaricus foram coletados dos rios Turiaçu, Pindaré Mearim, Itapecuru, Munim, Gurupi, Parnaíba e Tocantins. Os dados morfometricos, obtidos a partir de 15 marcos anatômicos, foram submetidos a uma Análise das Variáveis Canônicas (AVC). Para a análise molecular foram utilizados dois marcadores, a região controle (D-Loop) do DNA mitocondrial e o gene nuclear S7 íntron 1. As análises morfometricas indicaram variações significativas entre as populações. De uma forma geral, as diferenças foram relacionadas na variação da região da cabeça e encurtamento/alongamento da região caudal. A análise molecular indicou a presença de oito Haplogrupos (A-H) para D-loop e três grupos (Grupo I, Grupo II e Grupo III) para o gene nuclear S7 íntron 1. Os resultados encontrados sugerem elevada diversidade genética em espécimes de H. malabaricus nas bacias hidrográficas ao longo da região norte-nordeste do Brasil com discreta variação morfométrica. Tal diversidade parece estar relacionada aos principais eventos de diversificação dos peixes de água doce, evidenciando um possível evento de especiação críptica de H. malabaricus em curso na região estudada.

The human face is not perfectly symmetrical, slight asymmetries commonly occur in every individual across all populations. The aim of the work was to monitor the asymmetry on the entire surface of the soft and hard tissues of the heads of individuals with respect to age and sexual dimorphism. The follow-up goal was then to evaluate the difference in asymmetry between the tissues. The material for the work was a transverse set of CT images of the adult Czech population in the age range of 21-84 years. Individuals were divided according to gender into 50 men and 48 women and according to age into groups up to 39 years, 40-59 years and over 60 years. Geometric morphometry methods (CPD - DCA, asymmetry analysis, per vertex T-test, superprojection methods) were used for data analysis. The results were visualized using color maps and significance maps that show asymmetry and statistical significance. The variability of the file was analyzed by principal component analysis. The results of the evaluation of hard tissues showed a right protrusion on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the skull, in both men and women at all age intervals. This asymmetry was statistically very significant, in contrast to the posterior region, which was evaluated protrusion on the left side and had lower p-value. On the soft...

Thesis deals with the study of palate morphology and variability of patients with UCLP, using modern methods of geometric morphometrics. Dental plaster casts of UCLP patients (average age 14,8) and the control group (average age 14,7) were used for evaluation. The models were scanned using a 3D scanner. For evaluation of total variability of patients with orofacial clefts, previously rated dental casts of BCLP patients (whose age ranged from 12,1 to 16,5) were also included. All patients were operated and treated at The Clinic of Plastic Surgery in Prague. The results are in accordance with literature, which describes the basic size and shape differences in the morphology of the palate in different types of clefts (e.g. narrowing of the palate in UCLP and BCLP and asymmetry of palatal vault in UCLP). Using "Dense correspondense models analysis" average surface models were computed and new informations about the shape and premaxila position were gained. Different location and slope of the palate in different types of clefts and within control group were detected by superimposition of average models and FESA. UCLP palate have typically asymetric palate vault with a maximum height in front of the cleft palate and at the back in the side without malformations. Variability of the shape of palate for each group...

Os mosquitos (Culicidae) compreendem um grupo monofilético, mas algumas relações dentro da família ainda não estão totalmente resolvidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma hipótese filogenética para os gêneros de Culicidae baseada nos caracteres de variabilidade genética e perfil proteico. Além disso, foi analisado como a forma da asa evoluiu dentro desse grupo. Utilizou-se 76 espécies diferentes abrangendo 20 gêneros. O formato alar mostrou-se um bom marcador taxonômico, já que as análises em cada tribo ou gênero revelaram grupos naturais. Análises com genes nucleares mostraram Anophelinae como grupo irmão de todos os outros Culicinae. A topologia construída com genomas mitocondriais revelou grupos bem suportados, com alguns discordantes da filogenia atual. Foram identificados 24 biomarcadores nas espécies analisadas usando espectrometria MALDI-TOF, que podem ter potencial na identificação taxonômica. A morfologia, a genética e os perfis proteicos não foram concordantes, e isso pode estar ocorrendo devido a taxas evolutivas distintas entre eles. / Mosquitoes (Culicidae) comprise a monophyletic group, but some relationships within the family are not fully resolved. The aim of this study was to elaborate a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genera Culicidae based on the characters of genetic variability and protein profile. In addition, it was analyzed how wing shape evolved within this group. It was used 76 different species covering 20 genera. The wing shape showed to be a good taxonomic marker, because the analyzes in each tribe or genus revealed natural groups. Analyzes with nuclear genes showed Anophelinae as sister group of all other Culicinae. The topology constructed with mitochondrial genomes revealed well supported groups, with some discordant of the current phylogeny. Twenty-four biomarkers were identified in the species analyzed using MALDI-TOF spectrometry, which may have potential in taxonomic identification. Morphology, genetics, and protein profiles were inconsistent, and this may be occurring due to distinct evolutionary rates between them.

Culex coronator Dyar & Knab e Culex usquatus Dyar são duas espécies irmãs, que fazem parte do Complexo Coronator, composto por mais quatro espécies (Culex usquatissimos Dyar, Culex ousqua Dyar, Culex camposi Dyar, Culex covagarciai Forattini). As fêmeas deste grupo são indistinguíveis por caracteres morfológicos, sendo a identificação possível somente através da distribuição e tamanho das cerdas apicais que ornamentam o gonocoxito da genitália masculina. Cx. coronator, é a espécie com maior distribuição geográfica, ocupando as Américas do Norte, Central e Sul. Já Cx. usquatus só foi registrado nas Américas Central e do Sul, ocorrendo em simpatria no Brasil com Cx. coronator. Apesar da semelhança morfológica das fêmeas das duas espécies, até o momento, somente Cx. coronator foi encontrado naturalmente infectado por diversas arboviroses. Considerando que estudos populacionais são importantes para compreender a evolução e a dinâmica de populações de pontencias vetores, e que a correta identificação de fêmeas é fundamental para estudos de competência vetorial, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) distinguir fêmeas adultas de Cx. coronator de Cx. usquatus (2) obter conhecimento da estrutura populacional de Culex coronator nas regiões Sul e Sudeste (3) examinar a possível existência de outras espécies não descritas e/ou incorretamente identificadas sob o epíteto de Cx. coronator. Para tanto foram utilizadas duas ferramentas: uma morfológica (morfometria de asa), e outra genética (4 loci de microssatélites e sequenciamento do fragmento barcode do gene COI). As análises dos três marcadores mostraram que as populações do Sudeste são geneticamente e morfologicamente diversas, mas não apresentam estrutura populacional, enquanto as populações do Sul são mais homogêneas, e diferentes das do Sudeste. Assim, tanto os microssatélites como a morfometria geométrica, mostraram alguma estruturação populacional em relação às macrorregiões Sul e Sudeste. A análise da morfometria da asa distinguiu as espécies de Cx. coronator e Cx. usquatus, enquanto a análise do COI barcode apresentou uma politomia das duas espécies. Nenhum marcador indicou a existência de um complexo de espécies sob o espíteto Culex coronator. / Culex coronator and Culex usquatus are sibling species belonging to Coronator Group, which comprises five other species (Culex usquatissimos Dyar, Culex ousqua Dyar, Culex camposi Dyar, Culex covagarciai Forattini). Except by Cx. yojae, the females of this group are indistinguishable, being the identification only possible by the analysis of the arrangement and number of appendicles on the apical lobe of the gonocoxite of the male genitalia. Cx. coronator is the most widely distributed species in the complex, occupying North, Central and South America, while Cx. usquatus was recorded only in Central and South America. Therefore, these species are sympatric in Brazil. Despite the morphological similarity of the females of both species, only Cx. coronator has epidemiological importance, being found infected with many arboviruses. Since studies focusing in population structure are important to understand the evolution and dynamics of potencial vectors and that the correct female identification is critical for development of vectorial competence studies, the aims of this study were to: (1) distinguish adult females of Cx. coronator from Cx. usquatus (2) obtain knowledge of the population structure of Culex coronator in Southern and Southeastern areas (3) examine the presence of undescribed and/or incorrectly identified species under Cx. coronator. Thereby, a survey was carried out using morphological (wing geometry) and genetic (4 microsatellite loci and barcode region of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) markers. Results showed genetic and morphological diversity of southeastern populations, with low population structure, while southern populations were more homogenous but different from those of Southeast Brazil. Thus, analysis of microsatellite and wing morphometry showed some populational structure according to South and Southeast macro-regions. Only wing morphometric analysis distinguished Cx. coronator from Cx. usquatus, while the COI barcode analysis showed a polytomy of the two species. No marker indicated Cx. coronator s.s as a group of cryptic species.

As abelhas da tribo Euglossini, possuem elevada representatividade nas florestas tropicais (25% da comunidade apícola existente) distribuindo-se do sul dos EUA ao centro da Argentina, sendo restritas à região Neotropical. A espécie Euglossa pleosticta, com ocorrência relatada exclusivamente no território brasileiro, possui hábito de vida solitário e costuma estar presente em levantamentos realizados em remanescentes da Mata Atlântica. Pouco se sabe sobre sua estrutura populacional e os efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre as mesmas. Sendo assim, a realização de um estudo populacional para esta espécie é algo relevante, uma vez que colabora para a compreensão dos efeitos da fragmentação florestal na variabilidade genética do grupo, sendo objetivo deste trabalho, caracterizar a variabilidade genética e morfológica desta espécie, utilizando ferramentas morfológicas (Morfometria Geométrica de asas e Assimetria Flutuante), e moleculares (DNA microssatélite e DNA mitocondriais). Sendo assim, trabalhamos com 293 amostras de E. pleosticta coletadas em três fragmentos de mata no Estado de São Paulo. Para as análises morfológicas, foram marcados 18 marcos anatômicos nas intersecções das nervuras das asas anterior direita de cada abelha. Nas análises de microssatélite, trabalhamos com oito loci heterólogos e para realizarmos as análises de DNA mitocondrial, analisamos 20 abelhas por localidade, amplificando segmentos do Citocromo B. Nas análises de Morfometria Geométrica e Microssatélites de DNA, as localidades estudadas formaram dois grupos, os quais corroboraram quanto às características de fitofisionomia, clima, altitude e distância geográfica compartilhadas entre as localidades. Nossos dados sugerem a presença de ecotipos localmente adaptados, o que pode ser explicado em função da plasticidade fenotípica, a qual é muito comum em insetos que vivem em ambientes variados. Na análise de Assimetria Flutuante, observamos valores significativos de assimetria flutuante e assimetria direcional para as três localidades estudadas. Já na análise de DNA mitocondrial, encontramos nove haplótipos, com diversidade nucleotídica (? = 0,01636) e diversidade haplotípica (Hd = 0,777), sendo apenas um destes haplótipos compartilhado (H2). O teste de Fst par a par indicou estruturação genética populacional, e na AMOVA a maior taxa de variação observada foi quando consideramos a estruturação de um único grupo com variação interpopulacional (61,9%). Os testes de Mantel realizados tanto para distância genética quanto para distância morfológica, não apresentaram correlação quando relacionadas com distância geográfica. A falta de concordância entre os marcadores moleculares, é algo que já foi relatado em outros trabalhos e pode ser explicado em função da diferente taxa de evolução dos mesmos, uma vez que o marcador mitocondrial é mais conservado quando comparado com o de microssatélite. Em conjunto, estes marcadores apontam para a formação de subpopulações localmente adaptadas (ecotipos) para a espécie de E. pleosticta, provavelmente em decorrência dos processos recentes de fragmentação de habitat. / The bees from Euglossini tribe have high representativeness in tropical forests (25% of existing bee community) and are distributed from the south of USA to the center of Argentina, being restricted to Neotropical region. The Euglossa pleosticta species, with occurrence reported exclusively in the Brazilian territory, has solitary behaviour and, according to some researches, use to be present in Atlantic forest remnants. Little is known about its population structure and the forest fragments effects over them. Therefore, the realization of a population study of this species is relevant, since it contributes to the comprehension of the forest fragmentation effects in the genetic variability of this group. The ultimate goal of this research was to characterize the genetic and morphological variability of this species, usinging morphological tools (Geometric Morphometrics of forewings and Fluctuation Asymmetry) and molecular tools (Microsatellite DNA and Mitocondrial DNA). Thus, we have worked with 293 samples of E. pleosticta, which were collected from three forest fragments in São Paulo state. For the morphological analyses, 18 landmarks were plotted in the vein intersections of the right forewing of each bee. On the Microsatellite DNA analysis, we have worked with eight heterologous loci and on the Mitocondrial DNA analysis, we amplified the Cytochrome B segments to 20 bees per locality. In the Geometric Morphometry and DNA Microsatellites analyzes, two groups were formed from the studied localities, which corroborated to the characteristics of phytophysiognomy, climate, altitude and geographic distance shared between the localities. Our data suggest the presence of locally adapted ecotypes, which can be explained by phenotypic plasticity, which is very common in insects living in different environments. In the Fluctuation Asymmetry analysis, we observed significant values of Fluctuation and Directional Asymmetry for all studied localities. In the mitochondrial DNA analysis, we found nine haplotypes with nucleotide diversity (? = 0.01636) and haplotypic diversity (Hd = 0.777), where only one was shared (H2). The Fst pairwise test indicated population genetic structuring and, in AMOVA, the highest rate of variation was observed when we considered the structuring of a single group with interpopulation variation (61.9%). The Mantel test performed for both genetic and morphological distances, did not present correlation when related to geographic distance. The disagreement between the molecular markers has already been reported in other studies and can be explained by the different rate of evolution of these markers, since the mitochondrial marker is more conserved when compared to the microsatellite. Together, these markers indicate the formation of locally adapted subpopulations (ecotypes) for the species E. pleosticta, probably due to the recent cases of habitat fragmentation.

As abelhas da tribo Euglossini, possuem elevada representatividade nas florestas tropicais (25% da comunidade apícola existente) distribuindo-se do sul dos EUA ao centro da Argentina, sendo restritas à região Neotropical. A espécie Euglossa pleosticta, com ocorrência relatada exclusivamente no território brasileiro, possui hábito de vida solitário e costuma estar presente em levantamentos realizados em remanescentes da Mata Atlântica. Pouco se sabe sobre sua estrutura populacional e os efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre as mesmas. Sendo assim, a realização de um estudo populacional para esta espécie é algo relevante, uma vez que colabora para a compreensão dos efeitos da fragmentação florestal na variabilidade genética do grupo, sendo objetivo deste trabalho, caracterizar a variabilidade genética e morfológica desta espécie, utilizando ferramentas morfológicas (Morfometria Geométrica de asas e Assimetria Flutuante), e moleculares (DNA microssatélite e DNA mitocondriais). Sendo assim, trabalhamos com 293 amostras de E. pleosticta coletadas em três fragmentos de mata no Estado de São Paulo. Para as análises morfológicas, foram marcados 18 marcos anatômicos nas intersecções das nervuras das asas anterior direita de cada abelha. Nas análises de microssatélite, trabalhamos com oito loci heterólogos e para realizarmos as análises de DNA mitocondrial, analisamos 20 abelhas por localidade, amplificando segmentos do Citocromo B. Nas análises de Morfometria Geométrica e Microssatélites de DNA, as localidades estudadas formaram dois grupos, os quais corroboraram quanto às características de fitofisionomia, clima, altitude e distância geográfica compartilhadas entre as localidades. Nossos dados sugerem a presença de ecotipos localmente adaptados, o que pode ser explicado em função da plasticidade fenotípica, a qual é muito comum em insetos que vivem em ambientes variados. Na análise de Assimetria Flutuante, observamos valores significativos de assimetria flutuante e assimetria direcional para as três localidades estudadas. Já na análise de DNA mitocondrial, encontramos nove haplótipos, com diversidade nucleotídica (? = 0,01636) e diversidade haplotípica (Hd = 0,777), sendo apenas um destes haplótipos compartilhado (H2). O teste de Fst par a par indicou estruturação genética populacional, e na AMOVA a maior taxa de variação observada foi quando consideramos a estruturação de um único grupo com variação interpopulacional (61,9%). Os testes de Mantel realizados tanto para distância genética quanto para distância morfológica, não apresentaram correlação quando relacionadas com distância geográfica. A falta de concordância entre os marcadores moleculares, é algo que já foi relatado em outros trabalhos e pode ser explicado em função da diferente taxa de evolução dos mesmos, uma vez que o marcador mitocondrial é mais conservado quando comparado com o de microssatélite. Em conjunto, estes marcadores apontam para a formação de subpopulações localmente adaptadas (ecotipos) para a espécie de E. pleosticta, provavelmente em decorrência dos processos recentes de fragmentação de habitat. / The bees from Euglossini tribe have high representativeness in tropical forests (25% of existing bee community) and are distributed from the south of USA to the center of Argentina, being restricted to Neotropical region. The Euglossa pleosticta species, with occurrence reported exclusively in the Brazilian territory, has solitary behaviour and, according to some researches, use to be present in Atlantic forest remnants. Little is known about its population structure and the forest fragments effects over them. Therefore, the realization of a population study of this species is relevant, since it contributes to the comprehension of the forest fragmentation effects in the genetic variability of this group. The ultimate goal of this research was to characterize the genetic and morphological variability of this species, usinging morphological tools (Geometric Morphometrics of forewings and Fluctuation Asymmetry) and molecular tools (Microsatellite DNA and Mitocondrial DNA). Thus, we have worked with 293 samples of E. pleosticta, which were collected from three forest fragments in São Paulo state. For the morphological analyses, 18 landmarks were plotted in the vein intersections of the right forewing of each bee. On the Microsatellite DNA analysis, we have worked with eight heterologous loci and on the Mitocondrial DNA analysis, we amplified the Cytochrome B segments to 20 bees per locality. In the Geometric Morphometry and DNA Microsatellites analyzes, two groups were formed from the studied localities, which corroborated to the characteristics of phytophysiognomy, climate, altitude and geographic distance shared between the localities. Our data suggest the presence of locally adapted ecotypes, which can be explained by phenotypic plasticity, which is very common in insects living in different environments. In the Fluctuation Asymmetry analysis, we observed significant values of Fluctuation and Directional Asymmetry for all studied localities. In the mitochondrial DNA analysis, we found nine haplotypes with nucleotide diversity (? = 0.01636) and haplotypic diversity (Hd = 0.777), where only one was shared (H2). The Fst pairwise test indicated population genetic structuring and, in AMOVA, the highest rate of variation was observed when we considered the structuring of a single group with interpopulation variation (61.9%). The Mantel test performed for both genetic and morphological distances, did not present correlation when related to geographic distance. The disagreement between the molecular markers has already been reported in other studies and can be explained by the different rate of evolution of these markers, since the mitochondrial marker is more conserved when compared to the microsatellite. Together, these markers indicate the formation of locally adapted subpopulations (ecotypes) for the species E. pleosticta, probably due to the recent cases of habitat fragmentation.

Le shoveling de l'incisive centrale maxillaire est une caractéristique dentaire non-métrique utilisée en anthropologie comme indicateur des relations entre les populations. Ce trait morphologique dentaire est défini comme le degré d'élévation des crêtes mésiales et distales marginales sur la surface linguale des incisives maxillaires avec des formes plus prononcées renfermant une fosse. Plusieurs tentatives ont été faites pour classer et évaluer les différences de shoveling entre les populations humaines modernes et fossiles, en utilisant d'abord des approches descriptives détaillées et en élaborant par la suite des systèmes de notation ordinale des traits. A ce jour, la technique gold standard pour l'analyse du shoveling est basée sur une échelle ordinale de sept grades qui a été adaptée et intégrée à un système formel de notation des traits non métriques de la morphologie dentaire: le Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Ce protocole standard est basé sur des plaques de plâtre de référence représentant les moulages de dents sélectionnées montrant un gradient d'expression d'un trait particulier. La notation ordinale, même si elle est contrôlée par des définitions strictes des caractéristiques, des références visuelles et l'expérience de l'observateur, comprend une part inévitable de subjectivité. De plus, les supports d'information conventionnels utilisés par ASUDAS peuvent entrainer des pertes d'information dans le temps. Dans un premier temps, nous avons élaboré une nouvelle approche morphométrique quantitative pour évaluer la variation du shoveling des incisives centrales maxillaires humaines modernes (UI1). Nous avons analysé par imagerie virtuelle 87 UI1 humaines modernes (Europe, Afrique, Asie) et les 7 UI1 de la plaque de référence ASU-UI1 en utilisant la morphométrie géométrique et le positionnement de points de repères glissants. Les résultats de la répartition du shoveling en fonction des populations selon notre nouvelle méthode morphométrique sont en étroite corrélation avec la répartition du shoveling largement décrite dans la littérature. En outre, nos résultats ont mis en évidence certaines limites dans l'utilisation des plaques ASUDAS, laissant supposer qu'elles ne représentent pas nécessairement un gradient objectif d'expression de cette caractéristique dentaire non métrique. [...] / The shoveling of the maxillary central incisor is a non-metric dental characteristic frequently used in anthropology as an indicator of population relations for its taxonomic and phylogenetic relevance for many decades. This dental morphological feature is defined as the degree of elevation of the mesial and distal marginal ridges on the lingual surface of the maxillary incisors, canines and mandibular incisors, with more pronounced pit-like forms. From the 19th century until today, several attempts have been made to classify and assess the shoveling differences between fossil and modern human populations, first using detailed descriptive approaches and later developing ordinal feature notation systems. The standard gold technique for shoveling analysis is based on a seven-grade ordinal scale that has been adapted and integrated into a formal system for scoring non-metric features of dental morphology: the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). This widely-used standard protocol is based on reference plaster plaques representing the casts of selected teeth showing a gradient of expression of a particular trait. Ordinal notation, even if controlled by strict definitions of characteristics, visual references, and observer experience, includes an inevitable element of subjectivity. Moreover, the conventional information support used by ASUDAS can lead to loss of information over time. Some researchers have attempted to reduce visual subjectivity by measuring the depth of lingual shoveling, but with little success in their results due to method accuracy problems. First, we developed a new quantitative morphometric approach to assess the shoveling variation of modern human maxillary central incisors (UI1). We analyzed by virtual imaging 87 modern human UI1 (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the 7 UI1 of the ASU-UI1 reference plaque using geometric morphometry and the positioning of sliding reference points. The results of the distribution of shoveling according to populations according to our new morphometric method are in close correlation with the distribution of shoveling widely described in the literature. In addition, our results showed some limitations in the use of ASUDAS plaques, suggesting that they do not necessarily represent an objective gradient of expression of this non-metric dental characteristic. [...]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloALF_DISSERT.pdf: 2064193 bytes, checksum: f7bd272b82440f00076ae87259d903f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The fishes of the order Perciformes are characterized as an important model for understanding the genetic structure of marine populations, because besides they present examples of conservation chromosomal, also they present the karyotype diversification for some groups. Gobiidae family is the most specious in the marine environment. Among its representatives, many species are part of a cryptic fauna little noticed and studied, a wide distribution with behavioral and reproductive characteristics, that make them conducive to the action of biogeographical barriers. Morphologically this family presents reduced body structures through simplification and regressions. Despite their importance in evolutionary inferences, cytogenetics data are incipient facing their species diversity, especially with western Atlantic species. In order to estimate the evolutionary diversity in Gobiidae, it were developed cytogenetic analysis and the standards body, through geometric morphometrics in five species on the Brazilian coast, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, Bathygobius mystacium, B. soporator, Ctenogobius smaragdus e C. Boleosoma. The data show significant karyotype and morphological diversity among the species. The pericentric inversions and mergers play an important role in chromosomal evolution of this family, causing karyotypic structural and numerical differences in all species. Karyotypic and morphological comparisons among geographic samples of B. soporator from the coast of Maranh?o, Rio Grande do Norte and Bahia showed cytogenetics patterns commons, but different morphological patterns. A sample from the Atol das Rocas revealed conspicuous morphological and karyotypic differentiation of another continental populations, confirming the presence of a new island species. The approaches done reveal diversification consistent with characteristics of a group of low vagile and largely able to environmental selection due from peculiar ecological requirements / Os peixes da ordem Perciformes caracterizam-se como um modelo importante para o entendimento da estrutura gen?tica de popula??es marinhas, pois apresentam tanto exemplos de conserva??o cromoss?mica como de diversifica??o cariot?pica para alguns grupos. Gobiidae ? a fam?lia mais especiosa no ambiente marinho. Entre seus representantes, muitas esp?cies fazem parte de uma fauna cr?ptica pouco percebida e estudada, apresentando ampla distribui??o com caracter?sticas comportamentais e reprodutivas que as tornam prop?cias ? a??o de barreiras biogeogr?ficas. Morfologicamente esta fam?lia apresenta estruturas corporais reduzidas atrav?s de simplifica??es e regress?es. Dados citogen?ticos, apesar da import?ncia em infer?ncias evolutivas, s?o incipientes frente sua diversidade de esp?cies, sobretudo para esp?cies do Atl?ntico Ocidental. Visando estimar a diversidade evolutiva em Gobiidae foram desenvolvidas an?lises citogen?ticas e dos padr?es corporais, atrav?s de morfometria geom?trica, em cinco esp?cies presentes no litoral brasileiro, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, Bathygobius mystacium, B. soporator, Ctenogobius smaragdus e C. Boleosoma. Os dados obtidos demonstram marcante diversidade cariot?pica e morfol?gica entre as esp?cies. As invers?es peric?ntricas e fus?es desempenham papel importante na evolu??o cromoss?mica desta fam?lia, ocasionando diferen?as cariot?picas estruturais e num?ricas em todas as esp?cies. Compara??es cariot?picas e morfol?gicas entre amostras geogr?ficas de B. soporator provenientes do litoral do Maranh?o, Rio Grande do Norte e Bahia evidenciaram padr?es citogen?ticos comuns, mas padr?es morfol?gicos diferentes. Uma amostra proveniente do Atol das Rocas revelou consp?cua diferencia??o cariot?pica e morfol?gica das demais popula??es continentais, confirmando a presen?a de uma nova esp?cie insular. As abordagens empregadas revelam diversifica??es compat?veis com um grupo com caracter?sticas de baixa vagilidade e amplamente sujeito a sele??o ambiental decorrente de exig?ncias ecol?gicas peculiares